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Biology 2nd Semester
and Evolution
Diversity, Genetics
genetwo lines, turns
Big Ideas / Major
Understandings:
The DNA molecule
What determines structure and function of cells?
Offspring receive genetic information (DNA) from their
parents.
Chromosomal mutations may lead to
genetic variation
Unity and Diversity
Explain the structural properties of
and the
role of DNA in
and
heredity
protein synthesis
DNA
passing of traits to offspring
production of protein
Assessment
Diagram and explain the role of DNA in heredity :
DNA replication
translation
transcription producing mRNA from DNA
and protein synthesis which includes
replicating DNA
making protein using tRNA and ribosomes (rRNA)
Explain Mendel's laws of heredity
And how can the laws can be used to determine the traits of possible offspring
1 the Law of Segregation and
2 the Law of Independent Assortment
The Law of Segregation states that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive one allele or the other. The Law of Independent assortment states that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.
Assessment Use Mendel's laws to predict the potential offspring of two parents:
Both
phenotype
and genotype
Explain possible causes of
chromosomal mutations
and their effects on genetic variation
Assessment Name human chromosomal disorders
Sickle cell anemia
Down Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosisand describe the cause and symptoms of each
Week 21
DNA and Genes – Let’s Make a Protein!!
Ch 11.1-2 Pg 280 Week 21
DNA / Nucleus / Gene / Chromosomes / Protein use these words in two sentences
In the ________ there are _____________ that are made of ________________ acid.
nucleus chromosomes
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a _______.
Deoxyribonucleic
gene
(aka (DNA))
Enzymes__________ are proteins that control _________ ___________.chemical reactions
enzyme
activator
substrateproducts
NucleotidesNucleic Acids are made of
these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
DNA RNA
DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous basesA T G C• Adenine (A) and• Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) and • Cytosine (C)
_______________ proposed that DNA is composed of two strands twisted together in a double ____.
Watson and Crick
helix
DNA replication
A process in which DNA in the chromosomes is copied (replicated)
Click to see
What are the 3 steps of DNA replication
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond
protein / polymer / amino acid – write as sentenceProteins are ___________composed of
strands of 40 or more ___________ polymersamino acids
3 ways RNA differs from DNA
RNA is • 1) single stranded (DNA is _________stranded)• 2) has ribose sugar (DNA has ____________)• 3) contains uracil (U) (DNA has __________
(T))
double
Thyminedeoxyribose
nucleic acid
nucleic acid
(mRNA)
Takes instructions (a
message)for making proteins from
the
DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
• The assembly line for producing proteins, bonds amino acids together
(rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transcription
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene
Introns
Sections of gene that are expressed
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressedExons
expressed
Not expressed
codon / base / amino acid
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in a gene that code for an ______ acid is called a ______
baseaminocodon
Translation After transcription,
mRNA goes to the ribosome and begins a process which converts mRNA code into a protein
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
Amino acid
protein
AND NOW THE QUIZ
1
A process in which DNA in the chromosomes is copied
Click to see
2
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond
3Proteins are ___________composed of
strands of 40 or more ___________ polymers
4) 2 ways RNA differs from DNARNA is • 1) ________ stranded • 2) has _______ sugar
nucleic acid
Takes instructions (a
message)for making proteins from
the
DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
5
rRNA
6
In the ________ there are _____________ that are made of ________________ acid.
nucleus
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a _______.
Deoxyribonucleic (aka (DNA))
7_________ are proteins that control _________ ___________.chemical reactions
8The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA
9
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
10
• The assembly line for producing proteins, bonds amino acids together
11
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene
Introns
Sections of gene that are expressed
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed12
expressed
Not expressed
_______________ proposed that DNA is composed of two strands twisted together in a double ____.
13
helix
14The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA
codon / base / amino acid
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in a gene that code for an ______ acid is called a ______
baseamino15
16
A process which converts mRNA into a protein
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
Amino acid
protein
Mahalo!