Cells & Tissues

Unit #2 – Part #1

Cells - Overview1600s Robert Hooke, plants cells that looked like monk’s rooms = CELLS

They are the smallest unit of all living things

Human body = TRILLIONS, many different roles/functions

Made up elements60% waterConstantly bathed in diluted saltwater = INTERSTITIAL FLUID (comes from blood)

Size ranges from 2 micrometers (1/12000th of an inch) to over 1 meter (3 feet)

Disk-shaped, threadlike extensions, toothpick shaped, etc…

Anatomy of a Generalized CellNucleus – headquarters, contains DNA

(important in making proteins and cell repro.), surrounded by the nuclear envelope/membrane and contains nucleoli and chromatin NE= selectively permeable, larges pores, made

of nucleoplasm with suspends other substances Nucleoli= round bodies, makes ribosomes (site

of protein synthesis) Chromatin= when not dividing DNA is mixed

with protein to forms threadsWHEN THE CELL IS DIVIDING, IT COILS TO

FORM RODLIKE BODIES CALLED CHROMOSOMES

Plasma/Cell Membrane = separates cell from outside, lipid bilayer, selectively permeable, contains of TONS of proteins carrying out specialized functions Can contain microvilli = little shaggy hairs that

increase SA Can contain membrane junctions

Tight junctions that bind cell together so things can’t pass (ex: small intestine so enzymes do get through)

Desmosomes help to anchor cells that do ‘hard’ work (ex: skin cells), filament like/wire like

Gap junctions (ex: heart) that help to communicate/pass nutrients or ions through, connected with connexons (hollow tubes)

CytoplasmCellular material that fills up the cell,

where most activities of the cell take place, contains: Cytosol that is the fluid which other things float

in Organelles with other jobs found here

Mitochondria - energy in the form of ATPRibosomes – made of proteins and rRNA,

some float and others attached to RERER – used in transportation, SER helps with

lipid metabolismGolgi apparatus – modify and package

proteins, when full the secretory vesicles pinch off

Lysosomes- ‘garbage collector’Peroxisomes – detoxify the badCytoskeleton – provide a framework

(made of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfliaments)

Centrioles – helps to make microtubules, important in cell repro.

Cilia – projections, on the outside to help move things along

Flagella – longer projections to propel self (EX: sperm only one)

Inclusions which are chemical substances, vary from cell to cell type

Cell Diagram & Cell Diversity1.Label & color the

generalized cell diagram using Chapter 3 in your textbook

2.Using page 74-75, name the 7 mentioned cell specialists and describe each in your notes sections.

Cell Physiology WS Packet & Links

Complete the Cell Physiology WS Packet using page 76-82 in your textbook

http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/membrane_transport/index.html

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/membrane_transport/membrane_transport.htm

A Closer Look

Read page 80-81, write down five complete facts in your notes section.

Cell Division WS Packet & LinksComplete the Cell Division WS Packet using page 83-88 in your textbook

Watch this video on Cell Reproduction

Watch this video on Protein Synthesis

Body TissuesGroups of cells that are similar in structure & function

4 main groups: epithelium (covering), connective (support), nervous (control) & muscle (movement)

Epithelial Tissue Functions include: protection, absorption,

filtration and secretion Most fit closet together (except grandular), held

together by desmosomes One free surface called apical surface exposed to

body’s surface Basement membrane = lower surface No blood supply of their own and depend on

diffusion from capillaries in connective tissue for food and oxygen

If nourished, regenerate Classified by # of layers and cell shape

Epithelia Tissue Types ActivityIn your notes section, list and describe each type of simple epithelia and stratified epithelia tissue mentioned, do the same for glandular tissue

Connective TissueConnects body parts, found everywhere,

most abundantProtects, supports and bindsMost connective tissue is well vascularized

(tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply and cartilages are avascular – heal slowly)

Made up several types of cells and other non-living goo called extracellular matrix Made of ground substance (water, proteins,

polysaccharides) Made of fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular fibers)

Types of Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage

1. Hyaline2. Fibrocartilage3. Elastic cartilageDense Connective Tissue

Tendons Ligaments

Loose Connective Tissue Areolar tissue Adipose tissue

Reticular Connective TissueBlood

Connective Tissue ActivityIn your notes sections, list and describe each type of connective tissue mentioned

Muscle TissueHighly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

In your notes sections, list and describe each type of muscle tissue

Nervous Tissue Made of neurons = receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from 1 area of the body to another

All composed of supporting cells = insulate, support and protect

Slide LabUsing the light/compound microscope, draw/color/label/etc… for each of the slides provided

Tissue Repair 1. Human body has built in defense systems

Inflammatory response = attempts to prevent further injury

Immune response =‘attack’s the invaders

2. Repair occurs through regeneration (forms new of the same cells) or fibrosis (replaces old with scar tissue3. Types depends on the type of tissue damaged and the injury4. Steps• capillaries become permeable• granulation tissue forms• surface epithelium regenerates

Developmental Aspects of Cells & Tissues

Read page 101 & 104 in your textbook, complete the WS provided

Cancer – The Intimate EnemyRead page 102-103 in your textbook, write down 5 main points

Watch this VIDEO, add 5 more main facts

Have you read the Chapter 3 summary?