UntitledUnit 3:  Cells & Tissues Chapter 3 ­ Cells Chapter 4 ­ Tissues
1.  Nucleus: > Control center > Houses genetic material
   *3 distinct regions of the nucleus: > Nuclear membrane ­ controls what 
enters & leaves nucleus > Chromatin ­ genetic material > Nucleolus ­ synthesis of ribosomes
I.  Anatomy of a Cell (3 regions)
2.  Plasma Membrane:  controls what enters & leaves the cell Structure: > 2 Lipid layers (phospholipids) & cholesterol
– hydrophobic & hydrophyllic ends
« Determine blood type
> Microvilli – Help      surface area – Found on cells that function in absorption
3.  Cytoplasm > Area between nucleus & plasma membrane where most 
cellular activities happens
– Anatomy: « Plasma membrane fused together like a "zipper"
– Function:   « Leak proof, prevents substances from passing through extra 
cellular space « Found in small intestine - keep enzymes from "seeping" into our
bloodstream
« Adhesion junctions (anchoring) ­ connected together by protein  filaments
– Function: « Prevent cells from being pulled apart when subjected to stress « Holds skin together 
II.  Cellular Junctions cont'd
« Membranes held together with hollow protein  filaments
– Function: « Communication between cells « Nutrients & ions pass directly from cell to cell « Found in Cardiac muscle tissue ------
II.  Cellular Junctions cont'd
1.  Cytosol:  liquid portion suspends other elements
2.  Inclusions:  chemical substances found in cells « Stored nutrients « Pigments in skin
3.  Organelles:  metabolic machinery of the cell
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RER ­ membrane factory - transport proteins made from ribosomes
C.  Golgi Apparatus ­ modify & package proteins
D.  Lysosomes ­ breakdown materials (digestive enzymes)
E.  Peroxisomes ­ detoxify
G.  Cytoskeleton ­ cell shape, supports other organelles, intracellular support, transport
H.  Centrioles ­ cell division (mitotic spindle)
I.  Cilia & Flagella ­ movement
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IV.  Cell Transport
> Solution ­ homogenous mixture of 2 or more  components – solute vs solvent ("universal solvent" = H2O)
> Intracellular fluid ­ cytoplasm & nucleoplasm
being dissolved doing the dissolving
V.  Movement of Substances:  Passive or Active Transport
• Passive Transport:  no cellular energy is required, go with the  concentration gradient
A.  Diffusion ­ process in which molecules move from an area of higher  concentration to an area of lower concentration 
*speed of diffusion depends on concentration, size, & temperature
> Simple Diffusion ­ – Molecules are small enough to pass directly through pores in 
membrane – Molecules are lipid soluble
> Osmosis ­ diffusion of water (aquaporins)
> Facilitated Diffusion ­ – Molecule is too large to pass through pores – Not lipid soluble – Transport protein (specific) needed to bring it across cell membrane
-O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroids
-glucose, amino acids, ions
> Hypertonic:
> Hypotonic:
> Isotonic
B.  Tonicity:  compare [solute] of 2 solutions
> Hypertonic:
> Hypotonic:
> Isotonic
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Solute "A" = NaCl Solute "B" = Glucose
Scenarios: 1. What environment is the cell in? 2. Explain osmosis. 3. How would NaCl diffuse if it was impermeable? 4. How would NaCl diffuse if it was permeable? 5. How would Glucose diffuse if it was permeable?
Will discuss concentrations of solute  "A" & "B" in class.  Please get set  up in your notes.
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C.  Filtration > Water & solutes are pushed across the cell membrane by hydrostatic 
pressure
– ex. takes place in the kidneys
V.  Movement of Substances cont'd
• Active Transport:  go against concentration gradient & requires ATP
A.  Solute Pumping > Uses protein carriers and ATP to drive       or pump molecules against       concentration gradient
– ex.  Na+/K+ pump
cell – Golgi complex ­ creates vesicles that 
release molecules
V.  Movement of Substances cont'd
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• Cell's life • For cells that can divide:
> 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells – For growth & repair
growth
• Metaphase > Sister chromatids in middle
• Anaphase > Sister chromatids "pulled" to opposite poles
• Telophase > Chromosomes to chromatin > Nuclear membrane / nucleoli reappear > Spindle breaks down
Cytokinesis > Division of cytoplasm
– Cleavage furrow (animal cells)
Mitosis:
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• Cell Differentiation: > when a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell with a 
specific function
VII.  Cell Cycle cont'd
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• Gene ­ sequence of nucleotides that determines physical traits
• Transcription:  DNA to mRNA
1. DNA unwinds & unzips
*Coding Regions Proteins
1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
2. Ribosome "reads" codons (start codon) – each codon specifies for an aa
3. aa brought to ribosome by tRNA
4. Anticodon (tRNA) base pairs w/ Codon (mRNA) – Ensures proper sequence of aa!!!!!!
5. Ribosome continues down mRNA – tRNA brings down next aa – peptide bond forms between aa – this step repeats until..........
6. Ribosome reads a stop codon & aa sequence is released – aa sequence = polypeptide
mRNA: holds instructions on how to make proteins
VIII.  Protein Synthesis:  Transcription & Translation cont'd Translation Video Intro Translation Video
Anatomy & Physiology Name/Hr:__________________________
____2. Assembles & packages materials to be secreted b. Lysosomes
____3. Uses digestive enzymes to break down materials in the cell c. Mitochondria
____4. Synthesize ribosomes d. Nucleolus
____5. Site of protein synthesis e. Ribosomes
Multiple Choice:
6. Which of the following junctions allows cells to communicate by allowing nutrients and ions to pass from cell to cell?
a. gap junctions b. Golgi junctions c. desmosomes d. tight junctions
7. The plasma membrane consists primarily of
a. sugars and starch c. lipids and proteins
b. proteins and starch d. lipids and sugars
8. Microvilli
a. are responsible for protein synthesis
b. are found in cells that do not function in absorption
c. function in movement
d. help increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
9. Osmosis
a. does not require any cellular energy d. both a and b
b. moves water up the concentration gradient e. both a and c
c. is the diffusion of water
10. In the figure below, which of the following environments is the red blood cell in?
a. isotonic c. hypertonic
For questions 11 & 12, use the diagram to the right.
11. The solution outside the bag would be referred to as…
a. hypotonic c. isotonic
b. hypertonic d. idontknowtonic
12. Which of the following statements below is NOT true?
a. The glucose will move into the bag
Beaker
c. The NaCl will travel out of the bag
d. Water will travel into the bag
Organic Compound
Monomer(s)
XC: Unit 2 - List the 4 organic compounds we discussed in class. What are the building blocks/monomers for each compound?
SMART Notebook
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