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ANTIBIOTICS USED IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE
PRESENTED BY:DR. HAFSA SARA ZUBAIRBDS
OBJECTIVES:• What is periodontal disease? • How periodontal pockets are formed?
• How to treat periodontal pockets?
• What are antiinfective agents?
• Guidelines for use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy.
• systemic administration of antibiotics
• common antibiotics regimens to treat periodontal disease.
• Serial or combination antibiotics.
• Local delivery agents
WHAT IS PERIODONTAL DISEASE?
Periodontal disease refer to all the diseases of peridontium; this means that a periodontal disease is any pathological state that involves the supporting tissue of the teeth.
•Usually caused by bacterial infections.
HOW PERIODONTAL POCKETS ARE FORMED?
THIS SUPRAGINGIVAL PLAQUE BECOMES COMPLEX
AFTER TEETH HAVE BEEN CLEANED
BACTERIA BEGINS TO REATTACH AND FORM BIOFILM
EVENTUALLY BONE IS DESTROYED A PERIODONTAL POCKET IS FORMED
BACTERIAL GROWS IN APICAL DIRECTION AND BECOME SUBGINGIVAL
LEADING TO SUCCESSION OF BACTERIA
HOW TO TREAT PERIODONTAL POCKETS??
• BY MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF LOCAL FACTORS:calculusplaque
MECHANICAL REMOVAL INCLUDES:1. Manual instrumentation
a. Scalingb. root planing
2. Machine drive instrument Ultrasonic scalers
• THESE PROCEDURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ANTIINFECTIVE THERAPY
ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS:
“A Anti-infective agent is a chemotherapeutic agent that act by reducing the number of bacteria present. It destroys or inhibits the growth of selective microorganisms .”
• Can be administered ORALLY OR LOCALLY.
•SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTICS controls bacterial infections.
•LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS provide greater concentration directly to the infected area and reduce possible side effects.
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
Clinical diagnosis and situation dictate the need for possible antibiotic therapy.
Antibiotics should be selected based on patient’s medical and dental status ,current medications,and plaque sampling analysis.
Adjunct therapy has shown more benefits in periodontal treatment rather than alone therapy.
Biofilm should be disrupted physically so that antibiotics can access to periodontal pathogens
SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTICS
CATEGORY AGENT MAJOR FEATURES
Penicillin Amoxicillin
Augmentin
• Extended spectrum of antimicrobial activity; excellent oral absorption used systemically.• Extended against penicillinase producing microorganisms ; used systemically.
Tetracycline MinocyclineDoxacycline
Tetracycline
• effective against broad spectrum of microorganism; used systemically, applied locally ( subgingivally)• used systemically; applied locally.•Used in sub-antimicrobial dose for host modulation.
CATEGORY AGENT MAJOR FEATURES
Quinolone Ciprofloxacin • Effective against gram negative rods, promotes health associated microflora.
Macrolide Azithromycin • concentrate at site of inflammation; used systemically.
Lincomycin derivatives Clindamycin •Used in penicillase-allergic patients; effective against anaerobic bacteria; used systemically.
Nitroimidazole Metronidazole •Effective against anaerobic bacteria; used systemically and applied locally (subgingivally) as gel.
CONT……
COMMON ANTIBIOTICS REGIMENS USED TO TREAT PERIODONTAL DISEASE
SINGLE AGENT REGIMENS DOSAGE/DURATION
Amoxicillin 500mg Three times daily for eight days.
Azithromycin 500mg Once daily for 4-7 days
Ciprofloxacin 500mg Twice daily for 8 days
Clindamycin 300mg Three times daily 10 days
Doxacycline or minocycline 100-200mg Once daily for 21 days
Metronidazole 500mg Three times daily for 8 days
COMBINATION THERAPY REGIMENS DOSAGE/DURATION
Metronidazole + amoxicillin 250mg of each Three times daily for 8 days
Metronidazole + ciprofloxacin 500mg of each Twice daily for 8 days
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Binds reversibly to 30s ribosome subunit
Blocks bacterial translocation.
This prevent binding of aminoacly tRNAs to A-site of the ribosome.
• used to treat:
- Aggressive periodontitis in children.
• GI disturbance• Photosensitivity• Hypersensitivity• Increase blood urea nitrogen• Blood dyscrasias• Dizziness• Headache• Tooth discoloration occurs when administered to children up to age 12 years.
TETRACYCLINE
MINOCYCLINE
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Binds reversibly to 30s ribosome subunit
Blocks bacterial translocation.
This prevent binding of aminoacly tRNAs to A-site of the ribosome.
• Used to treat: - Adult periodontitis by suppressing spirochetes and motile rods.
• GI disturbance• Renal toxicity• Photo toxicity• Hypersensitivity• Blood dycrasias• Increase blood urea nitrogen• Dizziness• Headache• vertigo
DOXYCYCLINE:MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Binds reversibly to 30s ribosome subunit
Blocks bacterial translocation.
This prevent binding of aminoacyl tRNAs to A-site of the ribosome.
• Used to treat: - Adult periodontitis by suppressing spirochetes and motile rods
• GI disturbance• Photosensitivity• Hypersensitivity• Increase blood urea nitrogen• Blood dyscrasias• Dizziness• Headache• Tooth discoloration occurs when administered to children up to age 12 years.
..METRONIDAZOLE:
MECHANISM OF ACTION CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Entry into the microorganism
Reductive activation by intracellular transport proteins- Metronidazole is reduced by the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase system in the mitochondria of obligate anaerobes, which alters its chemical structure.
Reduced intermediate particle interacts with intracellular targets- Cytotoxic intermediate particles interact with host cell DNA, resulting in DNA strand breakage.
Breakdown of cytotoxic intermediate products
•Used to treat: - Gingivitis - ANUG - Chronic periodontitis - Aggressive periodontitis
• When combined with amoxicillin, metronidazole is used in the management of patient with LAP or refractory periodontitis.
• Has an antabuse effect when alcohol is ingested and can result in : - Cramps - Nausea - Vomiting - Metallic taste
• Alcohol products should be avoided.• pt undergoing anticoagulant therapy should avoid metronidazole.• should be avoided in pt who are taking lithium.
PENICILLINS:
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
It inhibit cell wall synthesis by following ways:
- Inactivates protien present on the bacterial cell membrane. - Inhibit transpeptidase catalayzed reaction. - By production of autolysins
There use in periodontal therapy does not appear to be justified.
• Allergic reactions• Hypersensitivity• Nephritis• Neurotocxicity• hematologic toxicity• Cation toxicity
CEPHALOSPORINS:
MECHANISM OF ACTION CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
It inhibit cell wall synthesis by following ways:
- Inactivates protien present on the bacterial cell membrane. - Inhibit transpeptidase catalayzed reaction. - By production of autolysins
Not used to treat dental related infections.
• Rash• fever• GI disturbance
CLINDAMYCIN:
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Binds to 50s subunit
Inhibit protein synthesis
Used to treat - Periodontitis
• Diarrhea• Rash• Neutropenia
CIPROFLOXACIN:
MECHANISM OF ACTION CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis thereby killing bacteria.
• may facilitate the establishment of microflora associated with periodontal health.
• Nausea• Headache• Metallic taste• Abdominal discomfort
MACROLIDES: (erythromycin, spiramycin, and azithromycin)MECHANISM OF ACTION CLINICAL USE SIDE EFFECTS
Binds irreversibly to a site of 50s subunit of bacterial ribosome
Inhibit the translocation step of protein synthesis
•Spiromycin is used as adjunct to periodontal treatment.• Azithromycin can be used to treat - Aggressive periodontitis - gingival enlargement
• Epigastric distress• ototoxicity• cholestatic jaundice
SERIAL OR COMBINATION ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY:
• In some cases it is necessary to use more then one antibiotic, either serially or in combination.
EXAMPLES:
• Metronidazole-amoxicillin and metronidazole-augmentin combination provide excellent elimination of organism in adult and LAP
• Metronidazole-ciprofloxacin is effective against A. actinomycetemcomitans
LOCAL DELIVERY AGENTS:• They control growth of bacteria on barrier membranes.
•AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PERIODONTAL STATED:
“ The clinician decisions to use LDA should be based upon clinical
findings, patient's dental and medical history, patient preference and advantages
and disadvantages of therapies.”
SUBGINGIVAL CHLORHEXIDINE:
This include:• Periochip is a small chip composed of:
• Biodegradable hydrolysed gelatin matrix• glycerin• water into which 2.5 chlorhexidine gluconate
has been incorporated per chip.• This system releases chlorhexidine and maintain
drug cocentration in GCF.• Chips biodegrades in 7-10days.
PLACEMENT OF CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE CHIP.
TETRACYCLINE CONTAINING FIBRES:
•An ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer fibre containing tetracycline 12.7mg per 9 inches.
•When packed into periodontal pocket it inhibit the growth of pathogens.
•Tetracyclin fibres reduce - probing depth - bleeding on probing - periodontal
pathogens
SUBGINGIVAL DOXYCYCLINE:
•Gel system using syringe with 10% doxycycline.
•It reduces:- probing depth- bleeding on probing- growth of oral pathogens
PLACEMENT OF 10% DEOXYCYCLINE GEL.
SUBGINGIVAL MINOCYCLINE:
• 2% minocycline is encapsulated into bioresorbable microspheres in a gel carrier.
•It reduces:- probing depth- bleeding on probing- growth of oral pathogens
PLACEMENT OF MINICYCLINE MICROSPHERE.
SUBGINGIVAL METRONIDAZOLE:
• contain oil-based metronidazole 25% dental gel.
•Applied in viscous consistency to the pockets.
•It reduces:- probing depth- bleeding on probing- growth of pathogens
REFRENCES:
CARRANZAIMAGES FROM GOOGLE