Armed Conflict Two In Pakistan

Armed Conflict Two in Pakistan

• Introduction• The presentation contains information about

the armed conflicts in Pakistan, The losses suffered by Pakistan due to its internal conflicts. Pakistan has lost millions of people due to internal conflicts. All these conflicts are discussed in this presentation.

Military Stand-off 2001-2002

Introduction

• The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff between India and Pakistan.

• The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a terrorist attacks on the indian parliament on 13 December 2001. (during which twelve people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed).

• December–January• In late December, both countries moved ballistic missiles closer

to each other's border, and mortar and artillery fire was reported in Kashmir.

• By January 2002, India had mobilized around 500,000 troops and three armored divisions on the Pakistan's border concentrated along the line of contorl in Kashmir. Pakistan responded similarly, deploying around 300,000 troops to that region. On 12 January 2002, president Pervez Musharraf gave a speech intended to reduce tensions with India. The Indian Prime Minister told his generals that there would be no attack "for now."

• Tensions escalated significantly in May. On 14 May, three gunmen killed 34 people in an army camp near jammu, most of them the wives and children of Hindu and Sikh soldiers serving in Kashmir.

• The Indian Army was angered by the attack. On 18 May, India expelled the Pakistani High Commissioner.

• The Indian Navy was a part of the joint forces exercise, Operation parakarm, during the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.

• This was the only operation to include Cadets in the history of Indian Defence.

Casualties

• The standoff inflicted heavy, non-combat, casualties. 789 Indian soldiers were killed, all as a result of mine laying operations. Further, the total Indian losses were 1,874, which included killed or wounded.

Cost of standoff

• The Indian cost for the buildup was 216 billion (US$3.5 billion) while Pakistan's was $1.4 billion.

Threat of nuclear war

• President Masharraf refused to renounce the use of nuclear weapons even after pressure by the international comunity. whereas PrimeMinister Vajpayee asserted from the beginning that nuclear weapons would only be used if the other side used them first.

Conclusion

• In reality the main motives of the Indians were completely achieved with the Indian infiltrators were now inside Pakistan, all prepared to create havoc in the country.

LAL MASJID CONFLICT

Introduction

• The Lal Masjid was built in 1965 and is named after its red walls and interiors.

• Maulana Muhammad Abdullah was appointed its first imam.

• It has been prestigious religious institution during soviet war(1979-1989).

• Lal masjid and jamiahafsa government officials, media personal’s persuaded army chief and president of the Pakistan Pervez Musharraf over challenge of rit of state

Conflict

• Lal masjid issue became a burning issue during 2007, conflictarose, when capital development authority demolished 7 mosques .

• The two brothers took stand against this issue .• This issue was conflagrated when Maulana

Abdul Aziz's Fatwa came into limelight in which he stated that: "No Pakistani Army officer could be given an Islamic burial if died fighting the Taliban.

Siege of lal masjid:

• On July 3, 2007, the stand-off between the students barricaded inside the mosque .

• Reportedly mostly people were killed and few were injured.

• Goverment authorities paved a way through a delegation led by political leaders to give them safe passage and offered to leave premises then agreement was done.

Aftermath

• The bodies of those killed were buried in temporary graves, awaiting collection from family members.

• Abdul Rashid Ghazi's supporters attended his funeral in his Punjabi village, amid calls for holy war the police and military were placed on high alert.

• Pervez Musharraf, said I will not allow any madrassa to be used for extremism." Musharraf went on to say that those members of the military who died had given their blood for the country.

2008 Lal Masjid bombing• In the Lal Masjid bombing of 6 July 2008 at 7:50 pm

local time, a 30-year old suicide bomber blew himself up near the Lal Masjid mosque in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, killing 18 policemen and 1 civilian.

• The bombing occurred on the first anniversary of the Siege of Lal Masjid and It was likely a revenge attack. The attack occurred even amid tight security in Islamabad, where thousands of Islamic students in Pakistan came to mark the day when Pakistani troops stormed Lal Masjid. Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik, who visited the blast site, said about 12,000 students attended the rally and the attack was directed at police.

Conclusion

• If we come to conclude over lal masjid conflict, it has contributed to address issue’s where authorities were unable to implement however the method being adopt to tackle such conflict was improper and against the law and constitution of country.

• Hardline religious leaders always reminded of that day as a black day in the history of country resulting deaths and causalities of daughters and sons of nation.

Introduction • The mountain valley of Swat, covering 10,360 sqkm, is about 170km north-east

of the NWFP capital, Peshawar, and about 160km north-west of Islamabad. • Swat is one of the seven districts of the Malakand Division in Pakistan’s North-

West Frontier Province, or NWFP• Talibanization in Swat brought destruction to the peaceful area, and hundreds of

people--anti-Taliban and bystanders were gunned down, beheaded, kidnapped, or expelled from their homes. These violent excesses and the reactions throughout Pakistan to them finally forced the Pakistani government to take serious action.

• Signs of trouble first appeared in the Swat Valley following the rise to power of the radical cleric Sufi Muhammad, a local leader. Sufi Muhammad began a relatively peaceful campaign on a slogan “shariat ya shahadat”(sharia or martyrdom).Then the His son in law Maulana Fazalullah emerged as the new leader of the TSNM. Now he was the main military leader in Swat.

Status of Swat

 Main Event

• The roots of militancy in Pakistan can be traced back to the commencement of the Afghan War in 1979. This war in Afghanistan caused the rise of militancy and emergence of many militant organizations and Jihadi movements in Pakistan.

• Maulana Sufi Muhammad, a cleric from district Dir, came on the scene in 1989 with the demand to enforce Shariah in Malakand, and formed Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi (TNSM - Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Shariah).

• Due to heavy death toll and casualties during TSNM , he was arrested on his own request by the government and was jailed.

• His son in law Maulana Fazalullah emerged as the new leader of the TNSM. He started an illegal FM radio channel in 2004 .

• Maulana Fazalullah and his companions had established themselves in Swat, controlling majority areas of the district and the districts of upper and lower Dir and started attacking checkposts of Pakistan Army.

• Pakistan Army launched an operation against the insurgents.

 Operation Black Thunderstorm

• It was an aggressive military operation that commenced on April 26,2009

conducted by the Pakistan Army, with the aim of retaking Buner, Lower

Dir, Swat and Shangla districts from the Taliban after the militants took

control of them since the start of the year.

 Operation Rah-e-Nijat

• After failing to persuade the Taliban to vacate Buner, Dir, and Swat, where the militants had consolidated control in the first several months of 2009, the Pakistani army began another full-fledged operation on 16 June, 2009.

• On May 20, 2009, in Khyber Pass, Pakistan Army sent a small teams of Special Service Group (SSG) Commandos, along with small teams of Army Rangers's Ninth Wing Company.

• As the teams progressed, the Pakistani commandos had confronted a large numbers of foreign fighters with a full-backing support of Taliban militant fighters.

• According to army figures, nearly 1,300 militants were killed in the 2009 operations in Swat, Dir, Buner, and Shangla districts, and hundreds more were arrested.

Operation Rah-e-Haq (Just Path)• On June 27, 2008, after disagreements over the sequencing of the truce

terms–Fazlullah insisted that the Pakistani government withdraw troops from Swat before his fighters would lay down their arms, while the government wanted the Swat Taliban to disarm first—Fazlullah.

• Fazlullah renounced the May 21 pact and ordered his armed volunteers to attack Pakistani security forces on suspicion that Pakistani intelligence services were spying on his fighters.

• He prompted the army to start new operations on June 29. • In late June the militants blew up Pakistan’s only ski resort, the

beautiful PTDC Motel in the town of Malam Jabba, and accelerated their targeted killings and attacks on security forces.

• The Pakistani police were able to operate only in the town of Mingora, while the rest of Swat was controlled by the Taliban, which ran its own courts and frequently punished locals for alleged wrongdoing.

• The NWFP government agreed to enforce the Nizam-i-Adl Regulation, a new act implementing sharia in Malakand, and another peace agreement was reached on February 15, 2009. This move was difficult for the secular ANP.

• When Pakistani security forces tried to enforce the treaty, the militants continued killing government officials, while spreading the violence from Swat to other parts of Malakand.

• Within two months of the peace deal, the Taliban also spread to Buner district, just 70 miles from Islamabad, with armed patrols in several areas, capturing the town of Daggar and some villages, in what is widely believed to have been the TNSM’s moment of overreach.

• After Pakistan Army full-fledged operation against militants, Swat then as of July 2009 the militants have either been killed, fled the area, or gone into hiding.

PTDC Motel Before and after the attack of Taliban

IDPS situation

• The operation caused large scale devastation to the social and physical infrastructure. Hundreds of thousands of people were internally displaced.

• These Internally Displaced People (IDPs) have now returned back to their communities, but are facing immense and multi-ferrous post conflict complications

• The people of Swat had to pay a huge cost in terms of losses to local economy and their livelihood.

• Preliminary reports estimated 141,582 families were internally displaced from District Swat as a result of the military operation against the militants.

Analysis

• Three specific targets of this operation were : To discredit and demonise the Taliban. To create legitimacy for the military operation, and, selectively, for the ‘war

on terror’. To build consensus for the operation.• The swat operation brought calm back to the valley ending the frequent

bombing of girls’ schools, hospitals, and police stations, the beheading of opponents and law enforcement personnel, and the kidnappings and suicide bombings.

• Many people in Swat are now relatively confident that security forces will not allow Taliban resurgence; in any case, they feel prepared to meet this challenge if necessary.

• There are few people still clamoring for the implementation of sharia, as Sufi Muhammad is back in jail, and Fazlullah and his commanders have either been killed or disappeared.

1970s operation in Balochistan

Introduction

• The 1970s operation in Balochistan was a five-year military conflict in Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan.

• The operation was between the Pakistan Army and Baloch Separatists and tribesmen that lasted from 1973 to 1978.

• The ethno-separatist rebellion of Balochistan of the 1970s, the most threatening civil disorder to Pakistan since Bangladesh's secession, now began.

Launch of Bhutto’s Millitary Operation

• The operation began in 1973 shortly after then-Pakistani President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto dismissed the elected provincial government of Balochistan, on the pretext that arms had been discovered in the Iraqi Embassy ostensibly for Baloch rebels.

• The ensuing protest against the dismissal of the duly elected government also led to calls for Balochistan's secession, met by Bhutto's ordering the Pakistan Army into the province. Akbar Khan Bugti.

• The operation itself was led by General Tikka Khan and provided military support by, Iran against the resistance of some 50,000 Baloch fighters

Iranian aid of operation

• When the operation was begun,Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran and Bhutto ally, feared a spread of the greater ethnic resistance in Iran.

• The Imprial Iranian Army began providing Pakistan with military hardware and financial support.

• . Among Iran's contribution were 30 Huey Cobra attack helicopters and $200 million in aid.

End of action

• Although major fighting had broken down, ideological Schisms caused splinters groups to form and steadily gain momentum.

• On July 5, 1977, the Bhutto government was overthrown by General Zia-ul-Haq and martial law was imposed.

• Lieutenant General Rahimuddin Khan as governor under martial law.

• Atullah Mengaland, Khair Bakhsh Marri sardars , were isolated by Rahimuddin.

• .The insurgency fell into decline after a return to the four-province structure and the abolishment of the Sardari system.

Operation Zarb e Azb

Introduction• Pakistan Army launched operation against terrorists

on 15-june-2014.• It was launched in North Waziristan and some parts

of FATA along with Afghan border.• Up to 30,000 soldiers are taking part in this

operation.

Location Of The Operation

Name of the operation • The operation was named Zarb e Azb

giving reference to the sword of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) which he (SAW) used in the battles of Badr and Uhud.

Reasons behind the operation• Failure of negotiations.• Jinnah Airport attack.• Attainment of peace.

Preparations

• The Pakistani military had prepared for the operation long before, and the government prepared for a three-front operation;

• Isolating targeted militant groups.• Obtaining support from the political

parties. • Saving civilians from the backlash of the

operation.

Beginning Of The Operation• The Pakistani Military launched a series

of aerial strikes on militant hideouts.

• At least 25 militants including foreign fighters were killed on 10 June.

• On 15 June the Pakistani military intensified air strikes in North Waziristan and bombed eight foreign militant hideouts, killing as many as 140 militants.

Pakistani officials requested the Afghan National Security Force (ANSF) to seal the border on their side so that militants do not escape.

The operation involved the Pakistan Air Force, Artillery. Tanks and Ground troops.

Many insurgents were killed by SSG snipers while planting IED in Miranshah.

More than 40 percent of North Waziristan was cleared of militants in the first three days of the operation.

In addition to PAF jet planes, Army Aviation also took part in the

operation.

More then 1100 militants have been killed since the inception of this

operation.Security forces have seized 132.5

tonnes of explosives and more than 12000 different types of weapons during the clearance operation.

More than 82 soldiers have been martyred in this operation.

Outcomes Of Operation Zarb e Azb• Terrorists attack wagah border on 2 Nov

2014 which killed 60 people and injured more than 100 people.

Second and the major outcome was attack on APS Peshawar.

Terrorists attacked APS Peshawar on 16 Dec 2014 an killed at least 130 people which included teachers and students.

This is said to be the biggest terrorist activity after the operation.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP's)

• As a result of the operation, 929,859 displaced civilians were registered by Pakistani authorities on 14 July 2014.

• Financial support, relief goods and food packages were being distributed and 59 donation points were established across Pakistan by the army.

• Camps were formed for IDP’s at Bannu.

Conclusion

• Both Pakistan Army and civilians have suffered due to these conflicts but CIVIC’s research shows that civilians have suffered on a much broader range.

• During the military standoff both Pakistan and India refused to use their nuclear weapons which was a good decision as the use of nuclear weapons was devastating for both countries.

• Lal masjid conflict was a big event which claimed the lives of more than 1000 pakistani soldiers, hundreds of civilians and 1500 militants.

• Swat operation was a great success of Pakistan Army, they cleared the place and made it safe for the locals to live in.

• As operation zarb e azb is the ongoing operation so we can not conclude it but this operation is moving forward with high success rate and less causality rate so we can say that this operation will be much bigger success than any previous operation.