KINGDOM PLANTAEVascular Plants Vascular Plants

Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta

SeedsSeedsSeeds Seeds ‘‘nakednaked’’

Seeds Seeds enclosedenclosed

GymnospermsGymnosperms

MONOCOTSMONOCOTSDICOTSDICOTS

AngiospermsAngiosperms

AngiospermsPhylum Tracheophyta

Fruits

Vegetables

Flowering Trees

Lilies

Cactus Flowers

Poppies

Orchids

Oddballs

Examples – flowering plantsfruit trees, vegetable plants, tulips, grass

Angiosperm Characteristics:

• Enclosed seeds and protected inside a fruit of the flower

• Have flowers• Vascular tissue• Alternation of

generations• Meristem tissue,

parenchyma, stoma, guard cells, and epidermis (cuticle)

Dermal tissue

• Epidermis – Contains guard cells which surround the stomata

(the hole in the leaf) that allows to control water retention or loss and amount CO2

– Releases waxy cuticle (prevents water from getting in or out)

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General cells• Parenchyma – site of metabolism and

photosythesis• Collenchyma (c for celery) – durable cells in

celery to provide support• Schlerenchyma – really durable tissue

(wooded portions). Eg. Hemp rope– Core of an apple– Grit on inside of pear

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Vascular

• Xylem – moving water (very internal)• Phloem – moves sugars up and down the

plant

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Growth of a plant• Story – “if you place a spike in a 16 ft tree 3 feet

up in a tree and came back 40 years later to a very tall tree (60 ft tall), where would that spike be?”– Same spot– Trees grow from roots and shoots, middle will stay the

same (bark will grow up)– Primary growth – apical meristem (like stem cell)

• RAM – root apical meristem (growing down) – root cap• SAM – shoot apical mertistem (growing up)

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Secondary growth

• Allows plants to get wider– Xyleum (water) and phoem (sugar) are produced

by vascular cambium– Cork cambium – makes waterproof cork– Rings are xyleum (seasons)

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Alternation of generations• There are female parts

and male parts to flowers• The ovules, or eggs, in

flowering plants are completely surrounded by the protective wall of the ovary, which will form the fruit. (ovule = megaspore)

• Pollen (microspore) is produced by the anthers and is the male part of the flower.

Alternation of generations continued

• Pollen is transferred from flower to flower by wind, a bee, an insect or other animal.

• These are called pollinators or pollinating agents.

• The stigma of the flower (female) is sticky so that as an insect crawls past it, the pollen sticks to the stigma.

• A pollen tube forms and grows from stigma to ovule

Double fertilization: alternation of generations

• Occurs where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the seed

• The other sperm fertilizes the endosperm to form the fruit.

• Self- fertilization can occur

Angiosperm life cycle

Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups:

1. monocots

2. dicots

Monocots• Angiosperms whose

seeds have only one cotyledon or seed leaf.

• Have vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) scattered throughout the stem

• Leaf veins are parallel• Floral parts are in 3’s or

multiples of 3.Ex) grasses, wheat, corn,

water lilies, barley

Monocots

Dicots• Angiosperms whose

seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves.

• Have vascular bundles arranged in a circle or ring in the stem

• Leaf veins are branched or netlike

• Floral parts are in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4 or 5.

Ex) oaks, cacti, maples

Moncots vs Dicots

Function of floral parts:Name of floral part Function of the part

Stamen – male partsAnther

Filament

Pollen

Pistil – female partsStigma

Ovary

Ovule

Style

Sepal

Petal

Function of floral parts ANSWERS:Name of floral part Function of the part

Stamen – male parts

Anther Produces pollen (with sperm inside)

Filament Raises anther so pollen can be dispersed or picked up by an insect

Pollen Vessel for dispersal of sperm

Pistil – female parts

Stigma Sticky to capture pollen

Ovary Becomes fruit to protect seed

Ovule Seeds

Style Protects pollen tube, raises stigma to catch pollen

Sepal Encloses flower bud, protection

Petal Attract pollinators