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Presentation given to the Tasmanian Wine industry at the 2011 Field Day. What I learnt from travelling through European vineyards, learning about sustainable vineyard and business practices. And how they relate to Tasmanian vineyards.
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The Alcorso Foundation’s
Dr Don Martin
Sustainable Viticulture
Fellowship
Partners for the 2012 fellowship:
• Conference on the “Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens”
• Visited 22 producers in Champagne, Alsace, Burgundy and England
• Visited Plumpton College, England. Host of the 2016 ICCS
What Did I Do?
Vineyard Comparison
• Size
• Organic Viticulture
• Mechanisation
Biocontrol
• Modes
• Induced Systemic Resistance
Sustainability
• English System
What Did I Learn?
Vineyard - Size
What is the median size of a vineyard in Tasmania?
3 Ha
What is the median size of a sustainable vineyard
in Champagne/Alsace/Burgundy?
10 Ha
Vineyard - Size
3 Ha => 6 Ha
Gilles Ballorin
Domaine Ballorin
Started in 2005 0.6 Ha
• 0.2 Ha was bought
• 0.4 Ha was leased
Now has 5 Ha
• owns some
• leases some
• buys some grapes
We need to have the conversation, What do we want
the Tasmanian Wine Industry to look like in X years
Vineyard – Organics
Every vineyard I visited was using organic practices
Only several were certified
The idea was to be organic
• for themselves
• for their future
• not as a marketing tool
Vineyard – Organics
2012 Vintage in Europe
Wet, warm
Stuffed?
Organic methods are less effective at reducing/preventing
disease
Equipment is very important
Vineyard – Organics
Random dude in the street, Burgundy
Vineyard – Organics
Domaine Parent, Burgundy
Vineyard – Organics
Alsace
Vineyard – Organics
Stopham, England
Lipco Tunnel
Sprayer
Vineyard – Organics
Very little herbicide is used for weed management
Mostly cultivation
With a little mowing
Vineyard – Organics
Cultivation: Burgundy and Champagne
• Vine spacing: 1m x 1m
• No room for covercrop
• 100% bare soil
• Equipment?
Vineyard – Organics
Cultivation: Domaine Ballorin, Burgundy
Vineyard – Organics
Cultivation: Burgundy
Vineyard – Organics
Cultivation: Paul Ginglinger, Alsace
Vineyard – Organics
Cultivation: Josmeyer, Alsace
Vineyard – Organics
Should Tasmania be organic?
Pragmatic Vineyards
Used some synthetic fungicide, still need to get a crop to
get an income
Dogmatic Vineyards
Have disease, reduced crop, reduced quality
Which is the sustainable method?
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Cost of Labour Australia:
$22/Hr
Cost of Labour France:
$11/Hr
Cost of Labour UK:
$9/Hr
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Labour costs are the highest input
into vineyards in Tasmania
Reducing the amount of labour
hours will increase our
sustainability
Areas that Tasmania can improve:
• Leaf Plucking
• Shoot Positioning
• Pruning
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Leaf Plucking
Domaine Gibourg Robert
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Leaf Plucking
Souslikoff Effeuilleuse
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Leaf Plucking
Video Souslikoff Effeuilleuse
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Leaf Plucking
Contract Rate: ~$1000
Cost of Labour: $22/hr
Speed: 100hrs
Saving: $1,200
And 100hrs!
ERO Roller Defoliator
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Shoot Positioning
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Shoot Positioning
Video Shoot Positioning
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Shoot Positioning
ERO Shoot Binder 250
ERO Shoot Binder 500
ERO Shoot Binder 4000
Cost of Machine: ~$30,000
Running Costs: $60/hr
Speed: 4 km/h
Cost of Labour: $22/hr
Speed: 200 hrs
Repayment Period: 6.5 years
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Pruning
One of the two most expensive operations in the
vineyard
Unavoidable in Tasmania
3 main operations:
• Cutting (arm selection and trimming)
• Pulling Out
• Tying Down
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Pruning - Cutting
Cost of Machine: ~$2400
Running Costs: $22/hr
Speed: 70 hours (2 weeks)
Cost of Hand Labour: $22/hr
Speed: 140 hours (4 weeks)
Repayment Period: 1.6 years
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Pruning – Pulling Out
Contractor
Costs: ~$1000
Speed after machine: 210 hrs (6w)
Cost of hand labour: $22/hr
Speed w/o machine: 420 hrs (12w)
Yearly savings: $3600
Vineyard – Mechanisation
Pruning – Tying Down
Cost of Machine: ~$2000
Running Costs: $22/hr
Speed: 70 hours (2 weeks)
Cost of Hand Labour: $22/hr
Speed: 140 hours (4 weeks)
Repayment Period: 1.3 years
Pellenc AP25
Questions?
Conference
International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC)
Phytopathogens Group
“Biological control of fungal and bacterial plant
pathogens”, Reims, 24-27 June 2012
150 Plant Pathologists
And me
Conference
There is a very big drive to find alternatives to chemical
pesticides and fungicides in Europe
Directive 2009/128/EC
Sustainable Use Directive
“establishes a framework for Community action to achieve
the sustainable use of pesticides”
In 2014 Integrated Pest Management will be mandatory
Conference – Biological Control
What is it?
Bugs eating bugs
Trichogramma wasp larvae inside LBAM eggs
Conference – Modes of Action
4 modes of action
• Parasitism
• Competition
•Antibiosis/Antagonistic
• Induced Systemic Resistance
Conference – Parasitism
Bugs eating bugs (Fungi)
Trichoderma is a common genus used for Biocontrol
Tasmanian product Trichoderma koningii Td67
“Colonizer” by Dean Metcalf
Controls Botrytis cinerea through parasitism
Conference – Competition
Aim to outcompete the pathogen by:
a. Adding large amounts of benign microorganism/s
b. Adding a stimulant/nutrient to promote the growth of
benign microorganism/s
Aerated Compost Tea
• Has been shown to reduce the severity of Powdery
Mildew
• Contains large amounts of microorganisms
Conference – Antibiosis (antagonistic)
Pseudozyma flocculosa
Produces a glycolipid called flocculosin, known to have
microbial effect against Powdery mildew in vitro
Commercial product: Sporodex L
Not available in Australia (?)
Conference – Induced Systemic Resistance
(ISR)
“Plants fighting for themselves”
Grapevines have natural Systemic Resistance to pathogens
such as Powdery Mildew
• Older leaves are resistant to infection
• Berries larger than pea size are resistant to infection
• Ontogenic Resistance
How can biocontrol induce resistance?
Conference – ISR
The genome has been mapped
Conference – ISR
The future:
We will able to trick grapevines into using their own
defence mechanisms to protect against common diseases
• it may cost energy
• it may be temporary
English Sustainability System
Plumpton College
English Sustainability System
Late 2007
• EU put through Wine Reforms to reduce the “wine
lake” including a vine pull scheme
• The UK was approached with cash to pull their vines
• 992 hectares and growing
What the English industry wanted was not cash for a vine
pull scheme but a scheme for training and being sustainable
Enter Wine Skills
English Sustainability System
www.wineskills.co.uk/sustainability
•A system of self training with mentors and workshops
• System was designed by growers for growers
• Based purely on training
• not regulated
• not audited
• not for marketing purposes
English Sustainability System
Thank you
?