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What is a GMO?What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?Where are they grown?Where are they grown?
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/infographic/pdf/B49-MapInfographic-English.pdf
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?
Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millenniafor millennia
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millenniaMan has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millenniaMan has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?
Transgenic -Transgenic - a gene is moved from one non- a gene is moved from one non-closely related species to anotherclosely related species to another
Cisgenic - Cisgenic - a gene is within the same species or a a gene is within the same species or a closely related species to anotherclosely related species to another
Subgenic -Subgenic - a gene is edited to amplify, delete, a gene is edited to amplify, delete, insert, silence or repress the gene.insert, silence or repress the gene.
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Herbicide tolerance -Herbicide tolerance - crop can withstand herbicide crop can withstand herbicide applicationsapplications
Insect tolerance -Insect tolerance - plant produces toxin to kill pest plant produces toxin to kill pest Improved nutrition –Improved nutrition – plant produces a substance of plant produces a substance of
nutritive value or is changed to not produce an nutritive value or is changed to not produce an antinutrientantinutrient
Disease resistant – Disease resistant – crop is resistant to certain diseasecrop is resistant to certain disease Stress Tolerance – Stress Tolerance – crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient
levels or excess nutrientslevels or excess nutrients Increased Storage – Increased Storage – crop can be stored longer to avoid crop can be stored longer to avoid
spoilage lossesspoilage losses Medicinal uses – Medicinal uses – crops that produce medicines or vaccinescrops that produce medicines or vaccines Industrial uses – Industrial uses – crops to make more efficient industriescrops to make more efficient industries
What is a GMO?What is a GMO?
GE Crops that have been commercialized in USGE Crops that have been commercialized in US
GE Crops that have been approved but not GE Crops that have been approved but not commercialized in UScommercialized in US
Arctic AppleArctic Apple
Innate PotatoInnate Potato
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Decreased tillageDecreased tillageLess soil erosionLess soil erosionCO2 sequestrationCO2 sequestrationIncrease soil organic matterIncrease soil organic matterReduced trips through the fieldReduced trips through the field
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide ResistanceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
ConcernsConcerns Weed resistanceWeed resistanceGene flow to closely related speciesGene flow to closely related speciesRoundup/2,4-D toxicityRoundup/2,4-D toxicity
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide ResistanceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
ConcernsConcerns Weed resistanceWeed resistanceGene flow to closely related speciesGene flow to closely related speciesRoundup/2,4-D toxicityRoundup/2,4-D toxicity
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide ResistanceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
ConcernsConcerns Weed resistanceWeed resistanceGene flow to closely related speciesGene flow to closely related speciesRoundupRoundup/2,4-D toxicity/2,4-D toxicity
http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/03/23/glyphosate-carcinogenic-independent-global-scientists-weigh-in/
Known carcinogens - Sunshine, ethanol in alcoholic beverages, acrylamide etc.
Probable carcinogens - night shifts , wood smoke, glyphosate
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide ResistanceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
ConcernsConcerns Weed resistanceWeed resistanceGene flow to closely related speciesGene flow to closely related speciesRoundupRoundup/2,4-D toxicity/2,4-D toxicity
The U.S. EPA classified glyphosate as Group E, evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans. The U.S. EPA does not consider glyphosate to be a human carcinogen based on studies of laboratory animals that did not produce compelling evidence of carcinogenicity.
German Risk Agency “In conclusion of this re-evaluation process of the active substance glyphosate by BfR the available data do not show carcinogenic or mutagenic properties of glyphosate nor that glyphosate is toxic to fertility, reproduction or embryonal/fetal development in laboratory animals.
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority “The APVMA currently has no data before it suggesting that glyphosate products registered in Australia and used according to label instructions present any unacceptable risks to human health, the environment and trade …”“The weight and strength of evidence shows that glyphosate is not genotoxic, carcinogenic or neurotoxic. “
World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety “Animal studies show that glyphosate is not carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.”
Herbicide ResistanceHerbicide ResistanceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
ConcernsConcerns Weed resistanceWeed resistanceGene flow to closely related speciesGene flow to closely related speciesRoundup/Roundup/2,4-D toxicity2,4-D toxicity
Agent orange was a mixture of herbicides containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The 2,4,5-T, not the 2,4-D was contaminated with dioxin
Insect ResistanceInsect Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Decreased Insecticide ApplicationsDecreased Insecticide Applications
U.S. Insecticide use in Corn (M lbs) of active ingredient)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service
Insect ResistanceInsect Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Decreased Insecticide ApplicationsDecreased Insecticide Applications
X
Improved NutritionImproved Nutrition
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
X
One acre of omega-3 producing soybeans yields as much oil as 10,000 fish!
X
Allergy-Free PeanutsPeanut – RNAi suppression Ara h2
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Improved NutritionImproved NutritionGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Disease ResistanceDisease Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Decreased Fungicide and Insecticide ApplicationsDecreased Fungicide and Insecticide Applications
X
Disease ResistanceDisease Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Decreased Insecticide ApplicationsDecreased Insecticide Applications
X
Stopping Citrus Greening Stopping Citrus Greening Spinach defensin,
NPR1, Lytic peptides
Many show promise
Earliest deregulation is 2019
Disease ResistanceDisease Resistance
X
X Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
GE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Species RestorationSpecies Restoration
X
X
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Stress ToleranceStress ToleranceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
X
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Stress ToleranceStress ToleranceGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
http://earthsky.org/human-world/pamela-ronald-has-developed-a-more-flood-tolerant-rice
Non Browning Apples and PotatoesSilencing a gene that leads to discoloration
XX
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Increased StorageIncreased StorageGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
A Potato a Day Keeps the Cholera AwayA Potato a Day Keeps the Cholera Away
Biologist are using genetic engineering to insert a new gene into potatoes. These gene causes the plants to produce a chemical, called a B-protein, that is a harmless part of cholera toxin, or poison. When children eat a certain amount of these genetically altered potatoes, they become vaccinated against cholera.
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Medicinal UsesMedicinal UsesGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
X
Farmers
Consumers
Environment
Needy
Industrial UsesIndustrial UsesGE Crop TraitsGE Crop Traits
Enogen corn, developed by Syngenta, contains a microbial Enogen corn, developed by Syngenta, contains a microbial gene that causes it to produce an enzyme (alpha amylase) that gene that causes it to produce an enzyme (alpha amylase) that breaks down corn starch into sugar, the first step toward breaks down corn starch into sugar, the first step toward making ethanol.making ethanol.
100 million gallon/year plant can save:100 million gallon/year plant can save:
450,000 gallons of water450,000 gallons of water1.3 million KWh of electricity 1.3 million KWh of electricity 244 billion BTUs of natural gas244 billion BTUs of natural gas
reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 106 million poundsreducing carbon dioxide emissions by 106 million pounds
X
Who benefits most from crop biotech (GMO)?Who benefits most from crop biotech (GMO)?
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n4/pdf/nbt0410-319.pdf
Who benefits most from crop biotech (GMO)?Who benefits most from crop biotech (GMO)?
True or False? True or False?
“Terminator” Seeds
True or False?
Kathage and Qian 2012
True or False? True or False?
True or False? True or False?
True or False?
What the Report Really Said:
You could detect glyphosate at a few ng / m3 close to a cotton field when glyphosate had been recently applied
Glyphosate replaced other more toxic herbicides
The use of GM cotton has reduced insecticide use, massively
Change in Change in herbicide useherbicide use
Change in Change in insecticide useinsecticide use
Are non-GMO foods Are non-GMO foods necessarily more healthy?necessarily more healthy?
