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February 9, 2012 Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Aeronautical Information Manual Official Guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures An electronic version of this publication is on the internet at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs

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  1. 1. February 9, 2012 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation AdministrationAeronautical Information ManualOfficial Guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC ProceduresAn electronic version of this publication is on the internet at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs
  2. 2. AIMRecord of Changes Change NumberChange FiledComments
  3. 3. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation AdministrationAERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUALChange 1 July 26, 2012REPLACES BASIC DATEDFEBRUARY 9, 2012
  4. 4. AIM7/26/12Aeronautical Information Manual Explanation of Changes Effective: July 26, 2012 a. 117. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) This change explains why slaved compass systems may be susceptible to heading errors on the ground and alerts pilots to the fact that the systems erroneous heading may not self-correct. It also offers mitigation strategies to avoid a possible heading misalignment at takeoff. b. 1115. LORAN This change addresses the termination of U.S. LORAN-C signals on 8 Feb 2010 and removes outdated material.g. 518. Flight Plan (FAA Form 7233-1) Domestic IFR Flights This change updates the IFR Flight Plan section of the AIM to match requirements of FAA Order JO 7110.10, Flight Services, and JO 7340.2, Contractions, by expanding items that may be pertinent in the Remarks field of an IFR flight plan, in particular the radiotelephony requirements, plus notes of explanation concerning radiotelephony.c. 122. Required Navigation Performance (RNP)And, this change addresses the termination of U.S. LORAN-C signals on 8 Feb 2010 and removes outdated material.This change updates the guidance to the new terminology used for these procedures in TBL 121. U.S. Standard RNP Levels.h. 5416. Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS PRM Approaches (Independent) and Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA)d. 4120. Transponder Operation This change assigns beacon code 1202 for gliders that are VFR and not in contact with ATC. The change also adds beacon code 1255 for aircraft engaged in fire fighting and beacon code 1277 for authorized SAR missions. e. 513. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System; 519. International Flight Plan (FAA Form 72334) IFR Flights (For Domestic or International Flights); 714. Preflight Briefing; 915. Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas This change addresses the termination of U.S. LORAN-C signals on 8 Feb 2010 and removes outdated material. f. 514. Flight Plan - VFR Flights This change updates the VFR Flight Plan section of the AIM to match requirements of FAA Order JO 7110.10, Flight Services, and JO 7340.2, Contractions, by expanding items that may be pertinent in the Remarks field of a VFR flight plan. Since this particular paragraph pertains to VFR flight plans, pertinent to ATC is deleted since ATC would not normally see VFR flight plan remarks, and the deletion is replaced with information that may aid FSS in search and rescue.Explanation of ChangesThis change removes the requirement of pilots not qualified to accept PRM approaches to contact the FAA Command Center prior to departure. i. 5418. RNP AR Instrument Approach Procedures This change updates the guidance to the new terminology used for these procedures. j. 7126. Microbursts This change removed FWA from the ASRWSP wind shear systems in FIG 7116. NAS Wind Shear Product Systems. k. 765. Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO); and Appendix 4. Abbreviations/Acronym This change introduces, explains and updates the guidance to the new terminology used for Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO). l. Entire publication. Editorial/format changes were made where necessary, to include recent organization name changes. Revision bars were not used when changes are insignificant in nature.E of Chg1
  5. 5. AIM7/26/12AIM Change 1 Page Control Chart July 26, 2012 REMOVE PAGESEntire Basic Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOTEDATED2/9/12INSERT PAGESDATEDEntire Change 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7/26/12Because the Pilot /Controller Glossary is an appendix to several other publications it will contain pages dated 2/9/12. The entire AIM including its Pilot/Controller Glossary are printed in its entirety in this Change 1 package.Page Control Chart1
  6. 6. 7/26/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPAGEDATECover7/26/1211127/26/12Record of ChangesN/A11137/26/12Exp of ChgBasic7/26/1211147/26/1211157/26/1211167/26/1211177/26/122117/26/1211187/26/122127/26/1211197/26/122137/26/127/26/1211207/26/122147/26/127/26/1211217/26/122157/26/127/26/1211227/26/122167/26/127/26/1211237/26/122177/26/12CK57/26/1211247/26/122187/26/12CK67/26/1211257/26/122197/26/1211267/26/1221107/26/127/26/1211277/26/1221117/26/127/26/1211287/26/1221127/26/127/26/1211297/26/1221137/26/127/26/1211307/26/1221147/26/127/26/1211317/26/1221157/26/127/26/1211327/26/1211337/26/1211347/26/1211357/26/12Checklist of Pages CK1 CK2 CK3 CK4Subscription Info Comments/Corr Comments/Corr Basic Flight Info Publication Policy Reg & Advis CirTable of Contents i7/26/12Chapter 2. Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids Section 1. Airport Lighting AidsSection 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting 2217/26/122227/26/12ii7/26/12iii7/26/12iv7/26/12v7/26/12vi7/26/122317/26/127/26/122327/26/127/26/122337/26/127/26/122347/26/127/26/122357/26/127/26/122367/26/122377/26/122387/26/122397/26/1223107/26/1223117/26/12vii viii ix x xiChapter 1. Air Navigation Section 1. Navigation AidsSection 3. Airport Marking Aids and SignsSection 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)1117/26/121217/26/121127/26/1223127/26/121227/26/121137/26/1223137/26/121237/26/121147/26/1223147/26/121247/26/121157/26/1223157/26/121257/26/121167/26/1223167/26/121267/26/121177/26/1223177/26/121277/26/121187/26/1223187/26/121197/26/1223197/26/1211107/26/1223207/26/1211117/26/1223217/26/12Checklist of PagesCK1
  7. 7. AIM7/26/12Checklist of Pages PAGEDATE23227/26/1223237/26/1223247/26/122325PAGEDATEChapter 4. Air Traffic Control Section 1. Services Available to PilotsPAGEDATE4397/26/1243107/26/1243117/26/127/26/1243137/26/1223267/26/124117/26/1243147/26/1223277/26/124127/26/1243157/26/1223287/26/124137/26/1243167/26/1223297/26/124147/26/1243177/26/1223307/26/124157/26/1243187/26/1223317/26/127/26/1243197/26/127/26/1243207/26/127/26/1243217/26/12 7/26/12416 417Chapter 3. Airspace Section 1. General418 4197/26/1243223117/26/1241107/26/1243237/26/123127/26/1241117/26/1243247/26/1241127/26/1243257/26/1241137/26/1243267/26/127/26/1243277/26/1243287/26/12Section 2. Controlled Airspace 3217/26/1241143227/26/1241157/26/123237/26/1241167/26/127/26/1241177/26/123257/26/1241187/26/123267/26/1241197/26/124417/26/127/26/1241207/26/124427/26/127/26/1241217/26/124437/26/127/26/124447/26/127/26/124457/26/124467/26/124477/26/124487/26/124497/26/12324327 328 3297/26/124122 4123Section 3. Class G Airspace 3317/26/12Section 4. Special Use Airspace 3417/26/123427/26/12Section 5. Other Airspace Areas 3517/26/123527/26/123547/26/123557/26/123567/26/123577/26/123587/26/123597/26/124217/26/1244107/26/124227/26/1244117/26/124237/26/124247/26/124257/26/124267/26/124517/26/124277/26/124527/26/124287/26/124537/26/124547/26/124557/26/12 7/26/127/26/12353Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and TechniquesSection 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft SeparationSection 3. Airport OperationsSection 5. Surveillance Systems4317/26/124564327/26/124577/26/124337/26/124587/26/124347/26/124597/26/124357/26/1245107/26/124367/26/1245117/26/124377/26/1245127/26/127/26/1245137/26/12438CK2Checklist of Pages
  8. 8. 7/26/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATE45147/26/1251137/26/1245157/26/1251147/26/125417/26/1245167/26/1251157/26/125427/26/1245177/26/1251167/26/125437/26/1245187/26/1251177/26/125447/26/1245197/26/1251187/26/125457/26/1245207/26/1251197/26/125467/26/1251207/26/125477/26/1251217/26/125487/26/1251227/26/125497/26/1251237/26/1254107/26/1251247/26/1254117/26/1251257/26/1254127/26/12Section 6. Operational Policy/ Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIRPAGEDATESection 4. Arrival Procedures4617/26/1251267/26/1254137/26/124627/26/1251277/26/1254147/26/124637/26/1251287/26/1254157/26/124647/26/1251297/26/1254167/26/124657/26/1251307/26/1254177/26/124667/26/1251317/26/1254187/26/124677/26/1254197/26/124687/26/1254207/26/124697/26/1254217/26/1246107/26/12Section 2. Departure Procedures54227/26/1246117/26/125217/26/1254237/26/125227/26/1254247/26/125237/26/1254257/26/125247/26/1254267/26/125257/26/1254277/26/125267/26/1254287/26/125277/26/1254297/26/125287/26/1254307/26/125297/26/1254317/26/1254327/26/1254337/26/12Section 7. Operational Policy/ Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative 4717/26/124727/26/124737/26/124747/26/124757/26/12Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures Section 1. Preflight 5117/26/125127/26/125137/26/125147/26/125157/26/125167/26/125177/26/125187/26/125197/26/1251107/26/1251117/26/125112Section 3. En Route Procedures54347/26/125317/26/1254357/26/125327/26/1254367/26/125337/26/1254377/26/125347/26/1254387/26/125357/26/1254397/26/127/26/1254407/26/125377/26/1254417/26/125387/26/1254427/26/125397/26/1254437/26/1253107/26/1254447/26/1253117/26/1254457/26/1253127/26/1254467/26/1253137/26/1254477/26/127/26/1254487/26/127/26/12Checklist of Pages5365314CK3
  9. 9. AIM7/26/12Checklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPAGEDATE54497/26/126277/26/1271197/26/1254507/26/126287/26/1271207/26/1254517/26/126297/26/1271217/26/1254527/26/1262107/26/1271227/26/1254537/26/1262117/26/1271237/26/1254547/26/1262127/26/1271247/26/1254557/26/1271257/26/1254567/26/1271267/26/1254577/26/1271277/26/1254587/26/126317/26/1271287/26/1254597/26/126327/26/1271297/26/1254607/26/126337/26/1271307/26/126347/26/1271317/26/127/26/1271327/26/126367/26/1271337/26/126377/26/1271347/26/1271357/26/1271367/26/1271377/26/127/26/1271387/26/127/26/1271397/26/127/26/1271407/26/127/26/1271417/26/1271427/26/1271437/26/1271447/26/12Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 5517/26/125527/26/125547/26/125557/26/125567/26/126357/26/12553Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures557 558Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures 561 562 563 564Section 4. Twoway Radio Communications Failure 641 642Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications7/26/126517/26/1271457/26/127/26/126527/26/1271467/26/127/26/1271477/26/127/26/1271487/26/1271497/26/1271507/26/1271517/26/1271527/26/1271537/26/1271547/26/1271557/26/1271567/26/1271577/26/1271587/26/1271597/26/1271607/26/1271617/26/1271627/26/1271637/26/1271647/26/1271657/26/1271667/26/1271677/26/125657/26/125667/26/125677/26/125687/26/125697/26/12Chapter 7. Safety of Flight Section 1. Meteorology 711 712 713 714 715Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures Section 1. General 6117/26/12716 7177/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/127187/26/127197/26/127110Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots7/26/127111 71127/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/126217/26/1271136227/26/1271146237/26/1271156247/26/1271166257/26/1271177/26/126267/26/1271187/26/12CK47/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12Checklist of Pages
  10. 10. 7/26/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATE71687/26/1271697/26/1210217/26/1271707/26/127617/26/1210227/26/1271717/26/127627/26/1210237/26/1271727/26/127637/26/1210247/26/1271737/26/1210257/26/1210267/26/1210277/26/1210287/26/12Section 2. Altimeter Setting ProceduresPAGEDATESection 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard ReportsChapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots Section 1. Fitness for FlightPAGEDATESection 2. Special Operations7217/26/128117/26/1210297/26/127227/26/128127/26/12102107/26/127237/26/128137/26/12102117/26/127247/26/128147/26/12102127/26/127/26/12102137/26/127/26/12102147/26/127/26/12102157/26/12 7/26/12 7/26/12815Section 3. Wake Turbulence8167317/26/127327/26/128187/26/12102167337/26/128197/26/12102177347/26/127357/26/127367/26/127377/26/127387/26/12Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests817Chapter 9. Aeronautical Charts and Related Publications Section 1. Types of Charts AvailableAppendices Appendix 117/26/12EnvN/AAppendix 217/26/12Appendix 317/26/129117/26/12Appendix 417/26/129127/26/12Appendix 427/26/129137/26/12Appendix 437/26/127417/26/129147/26/12Appendix 447/26/127427/26/129157/26/12Appendix 457/26/129167/26/129177/26/129187/26/12Section 5. Potential Flight HazardsPilot/Controller Glossary PCG17/26/127517/26/129197/26/12PCG A12/9/127527/26/1291107/26/12PCG A22/9/127537/26/1291117/26/12PCG A32/9/127547/26/1291127/26/12PCG A42/9/127557/26/1291137/26/12PCG A52/9/127567/26/12PGC A62/9/127577/26/12PCG A72/9/127587/26/12PCG A82/9/127597/26/12PCG A92/9/1275107/26/12PCG A102/9/1275117/26/1210117/26/12PCG A112/9/1275127/26/1210127/26/12PCG A122/9/1275137/26/1210137/26/12PCG A132/9/1275147/26/1210147/26/12PCG A142/9/1210157/26/12PCG A152/9/1210167/26/12PCG A162/9/1210177/26/12PCG B12/9/12Checklist of PagesChapter 10. Helicopter Operations Section 1. Helicopter IFR OperationsCK5
  11. 11. AIM7/26/12Checklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPAGEDATEPCG C12/9/12PCG M12/9/12PCG S82/9/12PCG C22/9/12PCG M22/9/12PCG T12/9/12PCG C32/9/12PCG M32/9/12PCG T22/9/12PCG C42/9/12PCG M42/9/12PCG T32/9/12PCG C52/9/12PCG M52/9/12PCG T42/9/12PCG C62/9/12PCG M62/9/12PCG T52/9/12PCG C72/9/12PCG N12/9/12PCG T62/9/12PCG C82/9/12PCG N22/9/12PCG T72/9/12PCG C92/9/12PCG N32/9/12PCG T82/9/12PCG D12/9/12PCG N42/9/12PCG U12/9/12PCG D22/9/12PCG O12/9/12PCG V12/9/12PCG D32/9/12PCG O27/26/12PCG V22/9/12PCG D42/9/12PCG O37/26/12PCG V32/9/12PCG E12/9/12PCG O47/26/12PCG V42/9/12PCG E22/9/12PCG P12/9/12PCG W12/9/12PCG F12/9/12PCG P22/9/12PCG F22/9/12PCG P32/9/12PCG F32/9/12PCG P42/9/12I17/26/12PCG F42/9/12PCG P57/26/12I27/26/12PCG F52/9/12PCG Q12/9/12I37/26/12PCG G12/9/12PCG R12/9/12I47/26/12PCG G22/9/12PCG R22/9/12I57/26/12PCG H12/9/12PCG R32/9/12I67/26/12PCG H22/9/12PCG R42/9/12I77/26/12PCG H32/9/12PCG R52/9/12I87/26/12PCG I12/9/12PCG R62/9/12I97/26/12PCG I22/9/12PCG R72/9/12I107/26/12PCG I32/9/12PCG R82/9/12I117/26/12PCG I42/9/12PCG S12/9/12I127/26/12PCG I52/9/12PCG S22/9/12I137/26/12PCG J12/9/12PCG S32/9/12PCG K12/9/12PCG S42/9/12Back CoverN/APCG L12/9/12PCG S52/9/12PCG L22/9/12PCG S62/9/12PCG L32/9/12PCG S72/9/12CK6IndexChecklist of Pages
  12. 12. ERRATA SHEET SUBJECT: Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Effective February 9, 2012.This errata sheet transmits revised pages for AIM Basic edition, effective February 9, 2012. REMOVE PAGESE of Chg1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7143 through 7146 . . . . . . .DATED2/9/12 2/9/12INSERT PAGESE of Chg1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7143 through 7146 . . . . . . .DATED2/9/12 2/9/12Note Due to a printer error the AIM Basic edition was bound. AIM Change 1 will reissue the entire manual in looseleaf format.Attachment
  13. 13. 2/9/12AIMExplanation of Changes Basic Effective: February 9, 2012 a. 216. Runway Status Light (RWSL) System This change make minor editorial and system updates b. 217. StandAlone Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS) This new paragraph explains the StandAlone Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS) system. c. 4120. Transponder Operation This change explains that transponders should be turned on prior to moving on the airport surface - as opposed to as soon as possible. d. 4323. Use of Aircraft Lights This change aligns the AIM guidance on the use of aircraft lights with AC 120-74A. e. 443. Clearance Items This change adds language to inform pilots of what to expect from controllers concerning clearance limits and associated phraseology. f. Chapter 4 Air Traffic Control, Section 7. Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative This new section describes the Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative. g. 537. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) This new paragraph explains to pilots that the published minimum enroute altitude (MEA) may not be sufficient for obstacle clearance when a turn is required over a fix, NAVAID, or waypoint, and that they need to use MTAs when indicated. h. 5516. RNAV and RNP Operations This change provides guidance for the definition of established for RNAV and RNP operations.Explanation of Changesi. 718. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) Continuous was deleted from the first sentence since TIBS recordings have never been continuous. The recording is always heard from the beginning, not joined in progress. Content was consolidated among subparagraphs and changes made due to the way TIBS are produced and a consolidation of FSS facilities outside Alaska. Expanded information was added to indicate where specific TIBS telephone numbers may be located. j. 7110. Inflight Weather Broadcasts This change adds additional notes to concerning HIWAS in relation to Weather Advisory Broadcasts by ARTCCs and terminal facilities and a statement to subparagraph b advising pilots to contact FSS with questions about weather different than forecasted or apparent errors in the HIWAS broadcast. Editorial changes were also made for clarification. k. Entire publication. In compliance with FAA Order 1000.36, FAA Writing Standards, as a word of requirement, must is replacing the word shall. l. Entire publication. Now that Flight Service Stations (FSS) nationwide are using modern automated operational systems, there is no longer a need for identifying certain sites as automated. Therefore, the term has been removed from the publication. m. Entire publication. Editorial/format changes were made where necessary, to include recent organization name changes. Revision bars were not used when changes are insignificant in nature.E of Chg1
  14. 14. 2/9/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPAGEDATECover2/9/1211122/9/12Record of ChangesN/A11132/9/12Exp of ChgBasic2/9/1211142/9/1211152/9/1211162/9/1211172/9/122112/9/1211182/9/122122/9/1211192/9/122132/9/122/9/1211202/9/122142/9/122/9/1211212/9/122152/9/122/9/1211222/9/122162/9/122/9/1211232/9/122172/9/12CK52/9/1211242/9/122182/9/12CK62/9/1211252/9/122192/9/1211262/9/1221102/9/122/9/1211272/9/1221112/9/122/9/1211282/9/1221122/9/122/9/1211292/9/1221132/9/122/9/1211302/9/1221142/9/122/9/1211312/9/1221152/9/122/9/1211322/9/1211332/9/1211342/9/1211352/9/122212/9/1211362/9/122222/9/1211372/9/1211382/9/1211392/9/1211402/9/122312/9/1211412/9/122322/9/1211422/9/122332/9/122/9/122342/9/122/9/122352/9/122/9/122362/9/122372/9/122382/9/122392/9/1223102/9/1223112/9/12Checklist of Pages CK1 CK2 CK3 CK4Subscription Info Comments/Corr Comments/Corr Basic Flight Info Publication Policy Reg & Advis CirTable of Contents i ii2/9/12 2/9/12iii2/9/12iv2/9/12v2/9/12vi2/9/12vii viii ix x xi2/9/12 2/9/12Chapter 1. Air Navigation Section 1. Navigation AidsSection 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)Chapter 2. Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids Section 1. Airport Lighting AidsSection 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction LightingSection 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs1112/9/121212/9/121122/9/1223122/9/121222/9/121132/9/1223132/9/121232/9/121142/9/1223142/9/121242/9/121152/9/1223152/9/121252/9/121162/9/1223162/9/121262/9/121172/9/1223172/9/121272/9/121182/9/1223182/9/121192/9/1223192/9/1211102/9/1223202/9/1211112/9/1223212/9/12Checklist of PagesCK1
  15. 15. AIM2/9/12Checklist of Pages PAGEDATE23222/9/1223232/9/1223242/9/122325PAGEDATEChapter 4. Air Traffic Control Section 1. Services Available to PilotsPAGEDATE4392/9/1243102/9/1243112/9/122/9/1243132/9/1223262/9/124112/9/1243142/9/1223272/9/124122/9/1243152/9/1223282/9/124132/9/1243162/9/1223292/9/124142/9/1243172/9/1223302/9/124152/9/1243182/9/1223312/9/122/9/1243192/9/122/9/1243202/9/122/9/1243212/9/12 2/9/12416 417Chapter 3. Airspace Section 1. General418 4192/9/1243223112/9/1241102/9/1243232/9/123122/9/1241112/9/1243242/9/1241122/9/1243252/9/1241132/9/1243262/9/122/9/1243272/9/1243282/9/12Section 2. Controlled Airspace 3212/9/1241143222/9/1241152/9/123232/9/1241162/9/122/9/1241172/9/123252/9/1241182/9/123262/9/1241192/9/124412/9/122/9/1241202/9/124422/9/122/9/1241212/9/124432/9/122/9/124442/9/122/9/124452/9/124462/9/124472/9/124482/9/124492/9/12324327 328 3292/9/124122 4123Section 3. Class G Airspace 3312/9/12Section 4. Special Use Airspace 3412/9/123422/9/12Section 5. Other Airspace Areas 3512/9/123522/9/123542/9/123552/9/123562/9/123572/9/123582/9/123592/9/124212/9/1244102/9/124222/9/1244112/9/124232/9/124242/9/124252/9/124262/9/124512/9/124272/9/124522/9/124282/9/124532/9/124542/9/124552/9/12 2/9/122/9/12353Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and TechniquesSection 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft SeparationSection 3. Airport OperationsSection 5. Surveillance Systems4312/9/124564322/9/124572/9/124332/9/124582/9/124342/9/124592/9/124352/9/1245102/9/124362/9/1245112/9/124372/9/1245122/9/122/9/1245132/9/12438CK2Checklist of Pages
  16. 16. 2/9/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATE45142/9/1251132/9/1245152/9/1251142/9/125412/9/1245162/9/1251152/9/125422/9/1245172/9/1251162/9/125432/9/1245182/9/1251172/9/125442/9/1245192/9/1251182/9/125452/9/1245202/9/1251192/9/125462/9/1251202/9/125472/9/1251212/9/125482/9/1251222/9/125492/9/1251232/9/1254102/9/1251242/9/1254112/9/1251252/9/1254122/9/12Section 6. Operational Policy/ Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIRPAGEDATESection 4. Arrival Procedures4612/9/1251262/9/1254132/9/124622/9/1251272/9/1254142/9/124632/9/1251282/9/1254152/9/124642/9/1251292/9/1254162/9/124652/9/124662/9/1246754172/9/1254182/9/122/9/12Section 2. Departure Procedures54192/9/124682/9/125212/9/1254202/9/124692/9/125222/9/1254212/9/1246102/9/125232/9/1254222/9/1246112/9/125242/9/1254232/9/125252/9/1254242/9/125262/9/1254252/9/125272/9/1254262/9/125282/9/1254272/9/125292/9/1254282/9/1254292/9/1254302/9/1254312/9/122/9/1254322/9/125322/9/1254332/9/125332/9/1254342/9/125342/9/1254352/9/125352/9/1254362/9/125362/9/1254372/9/125372/9/1254382/9/125382/9/1254392/9/122/9/1254402/9/1253102/9/1254412/9/12Section 7. Operational Policy/ Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative 4712/9/124722/9/124732/9/124742/9/124752/9/12Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures Section 1. Preflight 5112/9/125122/9/125132/9/125142/9/125152/9/125162/9/125172/9/125182/9/12519Section 3. En Route Procedures 531539 53112/9/1254422/9/1253122/9/1254432/9/1253132/9/1254442/9/1253142/9/1254452/9/122/9/1254462/9/1251102/9/1254472/9/1251112/9/1254482/9/1251122/9/12Checklist of PagesCK3
  17. 17. AIM2/9/12Checklist of Pages PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPAGEDATE54492/9/126272/9/1271192/9/1254502/9/126282/9/1271202/9/1254512/9/126292/9/1271212/9/1254522/9/1262102/9/1271222/9/1254532/9/1262112/9/1271232/9/1254542/9/1262122/9/1271242/9/1254552/9/1271252/9/1254562/9/1271262/9/1254572/9/1271272/9/1254582/9/126312/9/1271282/9/1254592/9/126322/9/1271292/9/1254602/9/126332/9/1271302/9/126342/9/1271312/9/122/9/1271322/9/126362/9/1271332/9/126372/9/1271342/9/1271352/9/1271362/9/1271372/9/122/9/1271382/9/122/9/1271392/9/122/9/1271402/9/122/9/1271412/9/1271422/9/1271432/9/1271442/9/12Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 5512/9/125522/9/125542/9/125552/9/125562/9/126352/9/12553Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures557 558Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures 561 562 563 564Section 4. Twoway Radio Communications Failure 641 642Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications2/9/126512/9/1271452/9/122/9/126522/9/1271462/9/122/9/1271472/9/122/9/1271482/9/1271492/9/1271502/9/1271512/9/1271522/9/1271532/9/1271542/9/1271552/9/1271562/9/1271572/9/1271582/9/1271592/9/1271602/9/1271612/9/1271622/9/1271632/9/1271642/9/1271652/9/1271662/9/1271672/9/125652/9/125662/9/125672/9/125682/9/125692/9/12Chapter 7. Safety of Flight Section 1. Meteorology 711 712 713 714 715Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures Section 1. General 6112/9/12716 7172/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/127182/9/127192/9/127110Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots2/9/127111 71122/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/126212/9/1271136222/9/1271146232/9/1271156242/9/1271166252/9/1271172/9/126262/9/1271182/9/12CK42/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/12 2/9/12Checklist of Pages
  18. 18. 2/9/12AIMChecklist of Pages PAGEDATE71682/9/1271692/9/1210212/9/1271702/9/127612/9/1210222/9/1271712/9/127622/9/1210232/9/1271722/9/127632/9/1210242/9/1271732/9/1210252/9/1210262/9/1210272/9/1210282/9/122/9/1210292/9/12102102/9/12Section 2. Altimeter Setting ProceduresPAGEDATESection 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard ReportsChapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots Section 1. Fitness for FlightPAGEDATESection 2. Special Operations7212/9/127222/9/128122/9/127232/9/128132/9/12102112/9/127242/9/128142/9/12102122/9/122/9/12102132/9/122/9/12102142/9/122/9/12102152/9/122/9/12102162/9/122/9/12102172/9/12811815Section 3. Wake Turbulence 7312/9/127322/9/127332/9/127342/9/127362/9/127372/9/127382/9/12817 8182/9/12735816Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests819Chapter 9. Aeronautical Charts and Related Publications Section 1. Types of Charts AvailableAppendices Appendix 112/9/12EnvN/AAppendix 212/9/12Appendix 312/9/129112/9/12Appendix 412/9/129122/9/12Appendix 422/9/129132/9/12Appendix 432/9/127412/9/129142/9/12Appendix 442/9/127422/9/129152/9/12Appendix 452/9/129162/9/129172/9/129182/9/12Section 5. Potential Flight HazardsPilot/Controller Glossary PCG12/9/127512/9/129192/9/12PCG A12/9/127522/9/1291102/9/12PCG A22/9/127532/9/1291112/9/12PCG A32/9/127542/9/1291122/9/12PCG A42/9/127552/9/1291132/9/12PCG A52/9/127562/9/12PGC A62/9/127572/9/12PCG A72/9/127582/9/12PCG A82/9/127592/9/12PCG A92/9/1275102/9/12PCG A102/9/1275112/9/122/9/12PCG A112/9/1275122/9/1210122/9/12PCG A122/9/1275132/9/1210132/9/12PCG A132/9/1275142/9/1210142/9/12PCG A142/9/1210152/9/12PCG A152/9/1210162/9/12PCG A162/9/1210172/9/12PCG B12/9/12Checklist of PagesChapter 10. Helicopter Operations Section 1. Helicopter IFR Operations 1011CK5
  19. 19. AIM2/9/12Checklist of Pages PCG C12/9/12PCG C22/9/12PAGEDATEPAGEDATEPCG C3 PCG C42/9/12PCG D42/9/12PCG R72/9/122/9/12PCG E12/9/12PCG R82/9/12PCG C52/9/12PCG E22/9/12PCG S12/9/12PCG C62/9/12PCG F12/9/12PCG S22/9/12PCG C72/9/12PCG F22/9/12PCG S32/9/12PCG C82/9/12PCG F32/9/12PCG S42/9/12PCG C92/9/12PCG F42/9/12PCG S52/9/12PCG D12/9/12PCG F52/9/12PCG S62/9/12PCG D22/9/12PCG G12/9/12PCG S72/9/12PCG D32/9/12PCG G22/9/12PCG S82/9/12PCG H12/9/12PCG T12/9/12PCG H22/9/12PCG T22/9/12PCG H32/9/12PCG T32/9/12PCG I12/9/12PCG T42/9/12PCG I22/9/12PCG T52/9/12PCG I32/9/12PCG T62/9/12PCG I42/9/12PCG T72/9/12PCG I52/9/12PCG T82/9/12PCG J12/9/12PCG U12/9/12PCG K12/9/12PCG V12/9/12PCG L12/9/12PCG V22/9/12PCG L22/9/12PCG V32/9/12PCG L32/9/12PCG V42/9/12PCG M12/9/12PCG W12/9/12PCG M22/9/12PCG M32/9/12PCG M42/9/12I12/9/12PCG M52/9/12I22/9/12PCG M62/9/12I32/9/12PCG N12/9/12I42/9/12PCG N22/9/12I52/9/12PCG N32/9/12I62/9/12PCG N42/9/12I72/9/12PCG O12/9/12I82/9/12PCG O22/9/12I92/9/12PCG O32/9/12I102/9/12PCG O42/9/12I112/9/12PCG P12/9/12I122/9/12PCG P22/9/12I132/9/12PCG P32/9/12PCG P42/9/12Back CoverN/APCG P52/9/12PCG Q12/9/12PCG R12/9/12PCG R22/9/12PCG R32/9/12PCG R42/9/12PCG R52/9/12PCG R62/9/12CK6IndexChecklist of Pages
  20. 20. 7/26/12AIMSubscription Information This and other selected Air Traffic publications are available online: www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publicationsTo Obtain Copies of this Publication Department of Defense and U.S. Coast Guard OrganizationsGeneral Public Contact: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office P.O. Box 979050 St. Louis, MO 631979000Contact: National GeospatialIntelligence Agency ATTN: Safety of Navigation 3838 Vogel Road Arnold, MO 63010Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Employees Contact: Appropriate Distribution Office (listed below)Call: 2025121800 Online: http://bookstore.gpo.gov To amend publication quantity or To amend publication quantity or cancel subscription, please email: cancel subscription, please [email protected] contact GPO.Contact Information for FAA Distribution Offices FAA Region/Center/Organization3Ltr IDPhone NumberAlaskan RegionAAL9072714020Central RegionACE8163293013Eastern RegionAEA7185534593Great Lakes RegionAGL8472947646William J. Hughes Technical CenterAJP6094856652Aviation System StandardsAJW4059546632Mike Monroney Aeronautical CenterAMI4059549920New England RegionANE7812387652Northwest Mountain RegionANM4252272885Southern RegionASO4043055087Southwest RegionASW8172224384FAA Headquarters (Washington, DC)AWA202 2675652WesternPacific RegionAWP310 7257691Subscription Information
  21. 21. 7/26/12AIMComments/Corrections Comments, suggested changes, or corrections concerning this publication may be submitted on this form and mailed to: Federal Aviation Administration Mission Support Services ATC Products and Publications, AJV362 Attn: AIM Editor, Station 5601 1305 EastWest Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910Notice to Editor The following comments/corrections are submitted concerning the information contained in: Paragraph number Title Page Dated _________________Name Street CityComments/CorrectionsStateZip
  22. 22. 7/26/12AIMComments/Corrections Comments, suggested changes, or corrections concerning this publication may be submitted on this form and mailed to: Federal Aviation Administration Mission Support Services ATC Products and Publications, AJV362 Attn: AIM Editor, Station 5601 1305 EastWest Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910Notice to Editor The following comments/corrections are submitted concerning the information contained in: Paragraph number Title Page Dated _________________Name Street CityComments/CorrectionsStateZip
  23. 23. 7/26/12AIMFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) The Federal Aviation Administration is responsible for insuring the safe, efficient, and secure use of the Nations airspace, by military as well as civil aviation, for promoting safety in air commerce, for encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology, and for supporting the requirements of national defense. The activities required to carry out these responsibilities include: safety regulations; airspace managementand the establishment, operation, and maintenance of a civilmilitary common system of air traffic control (ATC) and navigation facilities; research and development in support of the fostering of a national system of airports, promulgation of standards and specifications for civil airports, and administration of Federal grantsinaid for developing public airports; various joint and cooperative activities with the Department of Defense; and technical assistance (under State Department auspices) to other countries.Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures This manual is designed to provide the aviation community with basic flight information and ATC procedures for use in the National Airspace System (NAS) of the United States. An international version called the Aeronautical Information Publication contains parallel information, as well as specific information on the international airports for use by the international community.as well as supplemental data affecting the other operational publications listed here. It also includes current Flight Data Center NOTAMs, which are regulatory in nature, issued to establish restrictions to flight or to amend charts or published Instrument Approach Procedures. This publication is issued every four weeks and is available through subscription from the Superintendent of Documents.This manual contains the fundamentals required in order to fly in the United States NAS. It also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the ATC System, and information on safety, accident, and hazard reporting.The Airport/Facility Directory, the Alaska Supplement, and the Pacific Chart Supplement These publications contain information on airports, communications, navigation aids, instrument landing systems, VOR receiver check points, preferred routes, Flight Service Station/Weather Service telephone numbers, Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) frequencies, parttime surface areas, and various other pertinent special notices essential to air navigation. These publications are available upon subscription from the Aeronautical Navigation Products (AeroNav) Logistics Group, Federal Aviation Administration, Glenn Dale, Maryland 20769.This manual is complemented by other operational publications which are available via separate subscriptions. These publications are: Notices to Airmen publication - A publication containing current Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) which are considered essential to the safety of flightPublication Schedule Basic or Change Basic Manual Change 1 Change 2 Change 3 Basic ManualBasic Flight Information and ATC ProceduresCutoff Date for Submission 8/25/11 2/19/12 7/26/12 3/7/13 8/22/13Effective Date of Publication 2/9/12 7/26/12 3/7/13 8/22/13 2/6/14
  24. 24. 7/26/12AIMFlight Information Publication Policy The following is in essence, the statement issued by the FAA Administrator and published in the December 10, 1964, issue of the Federal Register, concerning the FAA policy as pertaining to the type of information that will be published as NOTAMs and in the Aeronautical Information Manual. a. It is a pilots inherent responsibility to be alert at all times for and in anticipation of all circumstances, situations, and conditions affecting the safe operation of the aircraft. For example, a pilot should expect to find air traffic at any time or place. At or near both civil and military airports and in the vicinity of known training areas, a pilot should expect concentrated air traffic and realize concentrations of air traffic are not limited to these places. b. It is the general practice of the agency to advertise by NOTAM or other flight information publications such information it may deem appropriate; information which the agency may from time to time make available to pilots is solely for the purpose of assisting them in executing their regulatory responsibilities. Such information serves the aviation community as a whole and not pilots individually.Flight Information Publication Policyc. The fact that the agency under one particular situation or another may or may not furnish information does not serve as a precedent of the agencys responsibility to the aviation community; neither does it give assurance that other information of the same or similar nature will be advertised, nor, does it guarantee that any and all information known to the agency will be advertised. d. This publication, while not regulatory, provides information which reflects examples of operating techniques and procedures which may be requirements in other federal publications or regulations. It is made available solely to assist pilots in executing their responsibilities required by other publications. Consistent with the foregoing, it is the policy of the Federal Aviation Administration to furnish information only when, in the opinion of the agency, a unique situation should be advertised and not to furnish routine information such as concentrations of air traffic, either civil or military. The Aeronautical Information Manual will not contain informative items concerning everyday circumstances that pilots should, either by good practices or regulation, expect to encounter or avoid.
  25. 25. 7/26/12AIMAeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Code of Federal Regulations and Advisory Circulars Code of Federal Regulations - The FAA publishes the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) to make readily available to the aviation community the regulatory requirements placed upon them. These regulations are sold as individual parts by the Superintendent of Documents. The more frequently amended parts are sold on subscription service with subscribers receiving changes automatically as issued. Less active parts are sold on a singlesale basis. Changes to single-sale parts will be sold separately as issued. Information concerning these changes will be furnished by the FAA through its Status of Federal Aviation Regulations, AC 0044. Advisory Circulars - The FAA issues Advisory Circulars (ACs) to inform the aviation public in a systematic way of nonregulatory material. Unless incorporated into a regulation by reference, the contents of an advisory circular are not binding on the public. Advisory Circulars are issued in a numbered subject system corresponding to the subject areas of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) (Title 14, Chapter 1, FAA). AC 002, Advisory Circular Checklist and Status of Other FAA Publications, contains advisory circulars that are for sale as well as those distributed freeofcharge by the FAA.Code of Federal Regulations and Advisory CircularsNOTE The above information relating to CFRs and ACs is extracted from AC 002. Many of the CFRs and ACs listed in AC 002 are crossreferenced in the AIM. These regulatory and nonregulatory references cover a wide range of subjects and are a source of detailed information of value to the aviation community. AC 002 is issued annually and can be obtained freeofchar e from: g U.S. Department of Transportation Subsequent Distribution Office Ardmore East Business Center 3341 Q 75th Avenue Landover, MD 20785 Telephone: 3013224961 AC 002 may also be found at: http://www.faa.gov under Advisory Circulars.External References - All references to Advisory Circulars and other FAA publications in the Aeronautical Information Manual include the FAA Advisory Circular or Order identification numbers (when available). However, due to varied publication dates, the basic publication letter is not included. EXAMPLE FAAO JO 7110.65M, Air Traffic Control, is referenced as FAAO JO 7110.65.
  26. 26. 7/26/12AIMTable of Contents Chapter 1.Air Navigation Section 1.Navigation Aids ParagraphPage1-1-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-2.Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-3.VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-4.VOR Receiver Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-5.Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-6.VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) . . . . . . . . . 1-1-7.Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-8.Navigational Aid (NAVAID) Service Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-9.Instrument Landing System (ILS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-10.Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-11.Microwave Landing System (MLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-12.NAVAID Identifier Removal During Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-13.NAVAIDs with Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-14.User Reports on NAVAID Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-15.LORAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-16.VHF Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-17.Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), Inertial Navigation System (INS), and Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-18.Doppler Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-19.Global Positioning System (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-20.Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-21.Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS) . . . . . . 1-1-22.Precision Approach Systems other than ILS, GLS, and MLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-2 1-1-3 1-1-3 1-1-3 1-1-4 1-1-7 1-1-12 1-1-14 1-1-16 1-1-17 1-1-17 1-1-17 1-1-17 1-1-18 1-1-18 1-1-18 1-1-29 1-1-34 1-1-34Section 2.Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1-2-1.Area Navigation (RNAV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2-2.Required Navigation Performance (RNP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2-3.Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2-1 1-2-4 1-2-5Chapter 2.Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids Section 1.Airport Lighting Aids 2-1-1.Approach Light Systems (ALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-2.Visual Glideslope Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-3.Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-4.Runway Edge Light Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-5.In-runway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-6.Runway Status Light (RWSL) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-7.StandAlone Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS) . . . . . . . . . .Table of Contents2-1-1 2-1-1 2-1-6 2-1-6 2-1-6 2-1-7 2-1-10i
  27. 27. AIM7/26/12ParagraphPage2-1-8.Control of Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-9.Pilot Control of Airport Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-10.Airport/Heliport Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-11.Taxiway Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-11 2-1-11 2-1-14 2-1-15Section 2.Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting 2-2-1.Aeronautical Light Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-2.Code Beacons and Course Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-3.Obstruction Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1Section 3.Airport Marking Aids and Signs 2-3-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-2.Airport Pavement Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-3.Runway Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-4.Taxiway Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-5.Holding Position Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-6.Other Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-7.Airport Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-8.Mandatory Instruction Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-9.Location Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-10.Direction Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-11.Destination Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-12.Information Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-13.Runway Distance Remaining Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-14.Aircraft Arresting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-15.Security Identifications Display Area (Airport Ramp Area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3-1 2-3-1 2-3-1 2-3-7 2-3-12 2-3-16 2-3-19 2-3-20 2-3-23 2-3-25 2-3-28 2-3-29 2-3-29 2-3-30 2-3-31Chapter 3.Airspace Section 1.General 3-1-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-2.General Dimensions of Airspace Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-3.Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-4.Basic VFR Weather Minimums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-5.VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-1 3-1-1 3-1-1 3-1-1 3-1-2Section 2.Controlled Airspace 3-2-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-2.Class A Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-3.Class B Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-4.Class C Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-5.Class D Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-6.Class E Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-1 3-2-2 3-2-2 3-2-4 3-2-8 3-2-9Section 3.Class G Airspace 3-3-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3-2.VFR Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3-3.IFR Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii3-3-1 3-3-1 3-3-1Table of Contents
  28. 28. 7/26/12AIMSection 4.Special Use Airspace ParagraphPage3-4-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-2.Prohibited Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-3.Restricted Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-4.Warning Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-5.Military Operations Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-6.Alert Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-7.Controlled Firing Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4-1 3-4-1 3-4-1 3-4-1 3-4-2 3-4-2 3-4-2Section 5.Other Airspace Areas 3-5-1.Airport Advisory/Information Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-2.Military Training Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-3.Temporary Flight Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-4.Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-5.Published VFR Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-6.Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-7.National Security Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5-1 3-5-1 3-5-2 3-5-5 3-5-5 3-5-9 3-5-9Chapter 4.Air Traffic Control Section 1.Services Available to Pilots 4-1-1.Air Route Traffic Control Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-2.Control Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-3.Flight Service Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-4.Recording and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-5.Communications Release of IFR Aircraft Landing at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-6.Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-7.Operation Takeoff and Operation Raincheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-8.Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-9.Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers . . . . 4-1-10.IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-11.Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-12.Use of UNICOM for ATC Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-13.Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-14.Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only . . . . . . . . . 4-1-15.Radar Traffic Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-16.Safety Alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-17.Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-18.Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-19.Tower En Route Control (TEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-20.Transponder Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-21.Hazardous Area Reporting Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-22.Airport Reservation Operations and Special Traffic Management Programs . 4-1-23.Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-24.Weather System Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table of Contents4-1-1 4-1-1 4-1-1 4-1-1 4-1-1 4-1-1 4-1-2 4-1-2 4-1-2 4-1-6 4-1-6 4-1-7 4-1-7 4-1-8 4-1-8 4-1-10 4-1-11 4-1-12 4-1-14 4-1-15 4-1-18 4-1-21 4-1-23 4-1-23iii
  29. 29. AIM7/26/12Section 2.Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques ParagraphPage4-2-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-2.Radio Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-3.Contact Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-4.Aircraft Call Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-5.Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-6.Ground Station Call Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-7.Phonetic Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-8.Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-9.Altitudes and Flight Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-10.Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-11.Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-12.Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-13.Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both are Inoperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-14.Communications for VFR Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2-1 4-2-1 4-2-1 4-2-3 4-2-4 4-2-4 4-2-5 4-2-6 4-2-6 4-2-6 4-2-6 4-2-6 4-2-7 4-2-8Section 3.Airport Operations 4-3-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-2.Airports with an Operating Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-3.Traffic Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-4.Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-5.Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-6.Use of Runways/Declared Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-7.Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-8.Braking Action Reports and Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-9.Runway Friction Reports and Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-10.Intersection Takeoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-11.Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-12.Low Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-13.Traffic Control Light Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-14.Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-15.Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-16.VFR Flights in Terminal Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-17.VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-18.Taxiing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-19.Taxi During Low Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-20.Exiting the Runway After Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-21.Practice Instrument Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-22.Option Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-23.Use of Aircraft Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-24.Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-25.Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-26.Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)/Automated Weather Sensor System(AWSS)/ Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv4-3-1 4-3-1 4-3-2 4-3-5 4-3-6 4-3-6 4-3-11 4-3-11 4-3-11 4-3-12 4-3-13 4-3-15 4-3-15 4-3-16 4-3-17 4-3-17 4-3-17 4-3-19 4-3-20 4-3-21 4-3-21 4-3-23 4-3-23 4-3-24 4-3-24 4-3-28Table of Contents
  30. 30. 7/26/12AIMSection 4.ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation ParagraphPage4-4-1.Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-2.Clearance Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-3.Clearance Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-4.Amended Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-5.Coded Departure Route (CDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-6.Special VFR Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-7.Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-8.IFR Clearance VFR-on-top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-9.VFR/IFR Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-10.Adherence to Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-11.IFR Separation Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-12.Speed Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-13.Runway Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-14.Visual Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-15.Use of Visual Clearing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-16.Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-17.Traffic Information Service (TIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4-1 4-4-1 4-4-1 4-4-2 4-4-3 4-4-3 4-4-4 4-4-4 4-4-5 4-4-5 4-4-7 4-4-7 4-4-9 4-4-9 4-4-10 4-4-10 4-4-10Section 5.Surveillance Systems 4-5-1.Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-2.Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-3.Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-4.Precision Approach Radar (PAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-5.Airport Surface Detection Equipment - Model X (ASDE-X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-6.Traffic Information Service (TIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-7.Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services . . . . . . . . . 4-5-8.Traffic Information Service- Broadcast (TIS-B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-9.Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-10.Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5-1 4-5-2 4-5-7 4-5-7 4-5-7 4-5-8 4-5-14 4-5-17 4-5-18 4-5-20Section 6.Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR 4-6-1.Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-1 4-6-2.Flight Level Orientation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-1 4-6-3.Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-2 4-6-4.Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-3 4-6-5.Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-3 4-6-6.Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) . . . . . . . 4-6-4 4-6-7.Guidance on Wake Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-5 4-6-8.Pilot/Controller Phraseology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-6 4-6-9.Contingency Actions:Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures . . . . . 4-6-8 4-6-10.Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-10 4-6-11.Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-11Table of Contentsv
  31. 31. AIM7/26/12Section 7.Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative ParagraphPage4-7-1.Introduction and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-1 4-7-2.Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative Web Page: Policy, Procedures and Guidance for Operators and Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-1 4-7-3.Lateral Separation Minima Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-1 4-7-4.Operation on Routes on the periphery of the Gulf of Mexico CTAs . . . . . . . . . 4-7-2 4-7-5.Provisions for Accommodation of NonRNP10 Aircraft (Aircraft Not Authorized RNP 10 or RNP 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-2 4-7-6.Operator Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-2 4-7-7.RNP 10 or RNP 4 Authorization: Policy and Procedures for Aircraft and Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-2 4-7-8.Flight Planning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7-4 4-7-9.Pilot and Dispatcher Procedures: Basic and Inflight Contingency Procedures . 4-7-5Chapter 5.Air Traffic Procedures Section 1.Preflight 5-1-1.Preflight Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-2.Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-3.Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-4.Flight Plan - VFR Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-5.Operational Information System (OIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-6.Flight Plan- Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-7.Composite Flight Plan (VFR/IFR Flights) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-8.Flight Plan (FAA Form 7233-1)- Domestic IFR Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-9.International Flight Plan (FAA Form 7233-4)- IFR Flights (For Domestic or International Flights) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-10.IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-11.Flights Outside the U.S. and U.S. Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-12.Change in Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-13.Change in Proposed Departure Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-14.Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-15.Canceling IFR Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-16.RNAV and RNP Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1-1 5-1-2 5-1-2 5-1-8 5-1-10 5-1-10 5-1-11 5-1-11 5-1-18 5-1-27 5-1-28 5-1-29 5-1-30 5-1-30 5-1-30 5-1-30Section 2.Departure Procedures 5-2-1.Pretaxi Clearance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-2.Pre-departure Clearance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-3.Taxi Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-4.Line Up and Wait (LUAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-5.Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures . . . . . 5-2-6.Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times, Hold for Release, and Release Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-7.Departure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-8.Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) - Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) and Standard Instrument Departures (SID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi5-2-1 5-2-1 5-2-1 5-2-1 5-2-2 5-2-4 5-2-5 5-2-5Table of Contents
  32. 32. 7/26/12AIMSection 3.En Route Procedures ParagraphPage5-3-1.ARTCC Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-2.Position Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-3.Additional Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-4.Airways and Route Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-5.Airway or Route Course Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-6.Changeover Points (COPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-7.Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-8.Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3-1 5-3-3 5-3-4 5-3-5 5-3-7 5-3-8 5-3-8 5-3-8Section 4.Arrival Procedures 5-4-1.Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), Area Navigation (RNAV) STAR, and Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP) for Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-2.Local Flow Traffic Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-3.Approach Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-4.Advance Information on Instrument Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-5.Instrument Approach Procedure Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-6.Approach Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-7.Instrument Approach Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-8.Special Instrument Approach Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-9.Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-10.Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-11.Radar Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-12.Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-13.ILS/MLS Approaches to Parallel Runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-14.Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Dependent)(See FIG 5-4-19.) . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-15.Simultaneous Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent) (See FIG 5-4-20.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-16.Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS PRM Approaches (Independent) and Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA) (See FIG 5-4-21.) 5-4-17.Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-18.RNP AR Instrument Approach Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-19.Side-step Maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-20.Approach and Landing Minimums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-21.Missed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-22.Use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) on Instrument Approaches . 5-4-23.Visual Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-24.Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-25.Contact Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-26.Landing Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-27.Overhead Approach Maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4-1 5-4-2 5-4-2 5-4-3 5-4-4 5-4-25 5-4-26 5-4-28 5-4-28 5-4-31 5-4-34 5-4-35 5-4-36 5-4-38 5-4-39 5-4-41 5-4-47 5-4-47 5-4-49 5-4-49 5-4-52 5-4-55 5-4-57 5-4-58 5-4-59 5-4-59 5-4-59Section 5.Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 5-5-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-2.Air Traffic Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-3.Contact Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-4.Instrument Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-5.Missed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-6.Radar Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table of Contents5-5-1 5-5-1 5-5-2 5-5-2 5-5-2 5-5-3vii
  33. 33. AIM7/26/12ParagraphPage5-5-7.Safety Alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-8.See and Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-9.Speed Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-10.Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-11.Visual Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-12.Visual Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-13.VFRontop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-14.Instrument Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-15.Minimum Fuel Advisory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-16.RNAV and RNP Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5-3 5-5-4 5-5-4 5-5-4 5-5-5 5-5-5 5-5-6 5-5-6 5-5-6 5-5-7Section 6.National Security and Interception Procedures 5-6-1.National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-2.Interception Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-3.Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-4.Interception Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-5.ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas (See FIG 5-6-3.) . . . 5-6-6.Visual Warning System (VWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6-1 5-6-2 5-6-5 5-6-6 5-6-8 5-6-9Chapter 6.Emergency Procedures Section 1.General 6-1-1.Pilot Responsibility and Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1-2.Emergency Condition- Request Assistance Immediately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1-1 6-1-1Section 2.Emergency Services Available to Pilots 6-2-1.Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-2.Transponder Emergency Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-3.Direction Finding Instrument Approach Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-4.Intercept and Escort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-5.Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-6.FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-7.Search and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2-1 6-2-1 6-2-1 6-2-2 6-2-2 6-2-4 6-2-5Section 3.Distress and Urgency Procedures 6-3-1.Distress and Urgency Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-2.Obtaining Emergency Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-3.Ditching Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-4.Special Emergency (Air Piracy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-5.Fuel Dumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3-1 6-3-2 6-3-3 6-3-6 6-3-7Section 4.Twoway Radio Communications Failure 6-4-1.Twoway Radio Communications Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4-2.Transponder Operation During Twoway Communications Failure . . . . . . . . . . 6-4-3.Reestablishing Radio Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4-1 6-4-2 6-4-2Section 5.Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications 6-5-1.Discrete Emergency Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii6-5-1Table of Contents
  34. 34. 7/26/12AIMParagraphPage6-5-2.Radio Call Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5-3.ARFF Emergency Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5-1 6-5-1Chapter 7.Safety of Flight Section 1.Meteorology 7-1-1.National Weather Service Aviation Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-2.FAA Weather Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-3.Use of Aviation Weather Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-4.Preflight Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-5.En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-6.Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-7.Categorical Outlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-8.Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-9.Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-10.Inflight Weather Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-11.Flight Information Services (FIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-12.Weather Observing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-13.Weather Radar Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-14.ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-15.Runway Visual Range (RVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-16.Reporting of Cloud Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-17.Reporting Prevailing Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-18.Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-19.Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-20.Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-21.PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-22.Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-23.PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-24.Wind Shear PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-25.Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-26.Microbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-27.PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-28.Thunderstorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-29.Thunderstorm Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-30.Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-31.International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats . . . . . . .7-1-1 7-1-1 7-1-3 7-1-6 7-1-8 7-1-9 7-1-19 7-1-20 7-1-20 7-1-20 7-1-23 7-1-27 7-1-34 7-1-38 7-1-40 7-1-42 7-1-42 7-1-42 7-1-43 7-1-43 7-1-44 7-1-45 7-1-48 7-1-49 7-1-49 7-1-49 7-1-59 7-1-59 7-1-60 7-1-62 7-1-64Section 2.Altimeter Setting Procedures 7-2-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-2.Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-3.Altimeter Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-4.High Barometric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-5.Low Barometric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2-1 7-2-1 7-2-3 7-2-4 7-2-4Section 3.Wake Turbulence 7-3-1.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-2.Vortex Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table of Contents7-3-1 7-3-1ix
  35. 35. AIM7/26/12ParagraphPage7-3-3.Vortex Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-4.Vortex Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-5.Operations Problem Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-6.Vortex Avoidance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-7.Helicopters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-8.Pilot Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-9.Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3-1 7-3-2 7-3-5 7-3-5 7-3-6 7-3-6 7-3-7Section 4.Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests 7-4-1.Migratory Bird Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-2.Reducing Bird Strike Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-3.Reporting Bird Strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-4.Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-5.Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-6.Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas .7-4-1 7-4-1 7-4-1 7-4-1 7-4-2 7-4-2Section 5.Potential Flight Hazards 7-5-1.Accident Cause Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-2.VFR in Congested Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-3.Obstructions To Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-4.Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-5.Unmanned Aircraft Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-6.Mountain Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-7.Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-8.Seaplane Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-9.Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-10.Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-11.Precipitation Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-12.Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Operations and Reporting Illumination of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-13.Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-14.Operations in Ground Icing Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-15.Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Thermal Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling Towers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-1 7-5-1 7-5-1 7-5-2 7-5-2 7-5-3 7-5-5 7-5-6 7-5-7 7-5-8 7-5-9 7-5-10 7-5-10 7-5-12 7-5-13Section 6.Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports 7-6-1.Aviation Safety Reporting Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-2.Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-3.Near Midair Collision Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-4.Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-5.Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO) .7-6-1 7-6-1 7-6-2 7-6-3 7-6-3Chapter 8.Medical Facts for Pilots Section 1.Fitness for Flight 8-1-1.Fitness For Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1-2.Effects of Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x8-1-1 8-1-3Table of Contents

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