Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
A combined reading of equitable and reasonable utilisation, and ecosystem services, by Dr. Alistair Rieu-Clarke, Senior Lecturer, IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO, University of Dundee, Scotland.
Citation preview
!"#$%&
'()*+)#
,*'%-.
/0-'120'3
4/-0''
,456'*2789:';'$98-.
9-'
<'92=>8.-?'0-4?8.@'21'-AB8/4>7-'4.?'0-4C2.4>7-'BD78C4D2.6'4.?'-92C:C/-='
C-0E89-C'
!"#$%&'()*+(,+-$,(%+."-/01"/($/&(-"2+%/$/.+("3(+."'4')+5('+%20.+'(*0-+92772AB8B='320FCG2H'(!%"'<94?-=:'21'#.E802.=-./47',45''$2B/G'<108946(I'JB7:6'KLMM'
N0'<78C/480'O8-B+%740F-6'$-.820',-9/B0-0'8.'(./-0.4D2.47'745'
(P'Q04.C>2B.?40:'10-CG54/-0'-92C:C/-=C'
QG-'3207?RC'S0-CG54/-0'#92C:C/-=C'T'U-:'=-CC4@-C'
'• VQG-'CBHH7:'21'10-CG'54/-0'92.D.B-C'/2'>-'0-?B9-?'>:'
!"#"$"%&'(()*'+%,$'-%.+/0$'&'1"+23%!')$3"!%8.'=4.:'H40/C'21'/G-'5207?PW'
• V4./"$%!3.$32/5%2!%.%1('6.((5%!21+273.+/%.+8%.33"("$.*+1%92.?8D2.'120'MTK'>87782.'H-2H7-'5207?58?-6'7-4?8.@'/2'H02>7-=C'58/G'122?'H02?B9D2.6'GB=4.'G-47/G6'4.?'-92.2=89'?-E-72H=-./PW'
• VQG-'=40F-/'1487B0-'4CC2984/-?'92/0%&)6(23%1''8%30.$.3/"$2!*3!'CB@@-C/C'4'.--?'120'=-9G4.8C=C'21'C29847'9220?8.4D2.'8.'/G-'120='',%2+!*/)*'+.(%.$$.+1"-"+/!%/0./%3.+%8"7+":%.+8%.8.&*#"(5%-.+.1":%/0"%("#"(%',%&$'#2!2'+%.+8%.(('3.*'+%',%/0"!"%1''8!%.+8%!"$#23"!%/0./%2!%8"!2$"8%65%!'32"/5;<%
• =>'#"$+.+3"%.+8%/0"%$'("%',%"3'+'-23%2+3"+*#"!%40-'/G-0-120-'908D947'8.?80-9/'?08E-0C'58/G'0-CH-9/'/2'>474.98.@'92=H-D.@'?-=4.?C'120'10-CG54/-0PW''
V<77'/04.C>2B.?40:'54/-0'>2?8-C'90-4/-'G:?0272@89476'C29847'4.?'-92.2=89'
8./-0?-H-.?-.98-C'>-/5--.'C298-D-CP'QG-:'40-'E8/47'120'-92.2=89'?-E-72H=-./6'0-?B98.@'
H2E-0/:'4.?'92./08>BD.@'/2'/G-'4X48.=-./'21'/G-'Y877-..8B='N-E-72H=-./'Z247CW'!"+34/-0'
((P'(./-0.4D2.47',45';'Q04.C>2B.?40:'S0-CG54/-0'
#92C:C/-=C'
<09G8/-9/B0-'
Z72>47''!"'34/-092B0C-C'
%2.E-.D2.'[.2/':-/'8.'1209-\'
Y#<C'[]82?8E-0C8/:6'%78=4/-'%G4.@-6'O4=C406'
N-C-0D^94D2.\'
%BC/2=40:'8./-0.4D2.47'745'[>4C89'H08.98H7-C\'
[email protected]' $<N%'*02/2927''
!"'#%#'34/-092B0C-C'%2.E-.D2.'
#%'34/-0'S04=-520F'N80-9DE-'
]4C8.';'$B>+>4C8.'
_LL`'/0-4D-C'[email protected]?'C8.9-'MaKL'
Mba'>4C8.'749F'922H-04DE-'=4.4@-=-./'104=-520FC'
Y4c208/:'21'/0-4D-C'>874/-047'
"4D2.47'4.?'CB>+.4D2.47'
V#d8CD.@' 4@0--=-./C' 40-' C2=-D=-C' .2/' CBe98-./7:'-f-9DE-' /2' H02=2/-' 8./-@04/-?' 54/-0' 0-C2B09-C'=4.4@-=-./' ?B-' /2' H02>7-=C' 4/' /G-' .4D2.47' 4.?'72947' 7-E-7C' CB9G' 4C' 8.4?-AB4/-' 54/-0' =4.4@-=-./'C/0B9/B0-C' 4.?' 5-4F' 94H498/:' 8.' 92B./08-C' /2'8=H7-=-./'/G-'4@0--=-./C'4C'5-77'4C'CG20/92=8.@C'8.'/G-'4@0--=-./C'/G-=C-7E-C'[120'-d4=H7-6'8.4?-AB4/-'8./-@04D2.' 21' 4CH-9/C' CB9G' 4C' /G-' -.E802.=-./6' /G-'749F'21'-.1209-=-./'=-9G4.8C=C6'78=8/-?'T'C-9/2047'T'C92H-' 4.?' .2.+8.97BC82.' 21' 8=H20/4./' 08H4084.'$/4/-C\W'T'[!"+34/-06'!%$/'6"7/&$%4(8$)+%'9(:*$%0/-(;+/+<)'=( :*$%0/-( >+'?"/'060,01+'=( QG-=4D9' *4H-06'KLLa\'
?+/"$+.*'+.(%@$302/"3/)$"%,'$%A$.+!6')+8.$5%>'#"$+.+3"B%@%,$.1-"+/"8%!5!/"-%
%2.E-.D2.'2.'/G-',45'21'/G-'"2.+"[email protected]'!C-C'21'(./-0.4D2.47'34/-092B0C-C6'KMC/'Y4:'Mggh'
Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of
International Watercourses
1997
Adopted by the General Assembly of th
e United Nations on 21 May 1997.
Not yet in force. See General Assembly resolution 51/229, annex, Official
Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fir
st Session, Supplement No. 49
(A/51/49).
Copyright © United Nations
2005
Flavia LouresDr. Alistair Rieu-ClarkeMarie-Laure Vercambre
Everything you need to know about the
UN Watercourses Convention
@A?%+''0/-( )*+( ."/20.1"/( /G4/' 4' 104=-520F'92.E-.D2.' 5877' -.CB0-' /G-' BD78i4D2.6'?-E-72H=-./6'92.C-0E4D2.6'=4.4@-=-./'4.?'H02/-9D2.' 21' 8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-C' 4.?'/G-'H02=2D2.'21'/G-'2HD=47'4.?'CBC/48.4>7-'BD78C4D2.' /G-0-21' 120' H0-C-./' 4.?' 1B/B0-'@-.-04D2.C'[H0-4=>7-\(
j 3G4/'BC-Ck'j 3G4/'54/-0Ck''j 3G4/'BC-0Ck'
$92H-'
j 3G2'@-/C'5G4/6'5G-.k''j #AB8/4>7-';'0-4C2.4>7-'BD78C4D2.'j "2'[email protected]^94./'G40='j #92C:C/-='H02/-9D2.'
$B>C/4.DE-'
j "2D^94D2.'21'H74..-?'=-4CB0-C'j #.E802.=-./47'8=H49/'4CC-CC=-./'j #d9G4.@-'21'?4/4'4.?'8.120=4D2.'j %2.CB7/4D2.'
*029-?B047'
j J28./'92==8CC82.C'j $/4F-G27?-0'H40D98H4D2.'j %2=H784.9-'4.?'=2.8/208.@'
(.CD/BD2.47'
j "-@2D4D2.'j <0>8/04D2.'j <?cB?894D2.'
N8CHB/-'$-X7-=-./'
(./-0.4D2.47',45'21'34/-0'O-C2B09-C'
(((P'#AB8/4>7-';'O-4C2.4>7-'!D78C4D2.'
Vl'5G-0-'/G-'AB4.D/:'20'AB478/:'21'/G-'54/-0'8C'CB9G'/G4/'477'/G-'0-4C2.4>7-'4.?'>-.-^9847'BC-C'21'477'54/-092B0C-C'$/4/-C'94..2/'>-'1B77:'0-478C-?6'4'm92.n89/'21'BC-CR'0-CB7/CP'(.'CB9G'4'94C-'l'C2=-'4?cBC/=-./C'20'4992==2?4D2.C'40-'0-AB80-?'8.'20?-0'/2'H0-C-0E-'-49G'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-RC'+B7$,0)4("3(%0-*)P'QG-C-'4?cBC/=-./C'20'4992==2?4D2.C'40-'/2'>-'4008E-?'4/'2.'/G-'>4C8C'21'-AB8/:lPW'
'[(,%'%2==-./40:'/2'Mgg_'N04o'<0D97-C\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'MM'
3G4/'8C'-AB8/4>7-k'
VQG-'4HH7894D2.'21'/G8C'H08.98H7-'q21'-AB8/:r'8C'@2E-0.-?'>:'/G-'9809B=C/4.9-C'21'-49G'H40D9B740'94C-P'QG-'8./-0-C/C'21'/G-'$/4/-C'8.'AB-CD2.'=BC/'>-'5-8@G-?'8.'4.'-AB8/4>7-'=4..-0'[email protected]/'2.-'4.2/G-0P'&.-'=BC/'92.C8?-0'.2/'2.7:'/G-'4>C27B/-'8.cB0:'94BC-?'/2'/G-'.-8@G>2B08.@'$/4/-6'>B/'47C2'/G-'0-74D2.'21'/G-'4?E4./4@-'@48.-?'>:'2.-'/2'/G-'8.cB0:'94BC-?'/2'/G-'2/G-0PW''3s0X-=>-0@'4.?'*0BCC84'EP']4?-.6'<..P'N8@P'MKa'[MgKh+Ka\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'MK'
Vl/G-'129BC'21'/G-'-AB8/4>7-'BC-'H08.98H7-'8C'2.'/G-'>474.98.@'21'?8f-0-./'BC-'8./-0-C/C'8.'/G-'0-C2B09-'4.?'.2/'2.'/G-'H02/-9D2.'21'-9272@8947'8./-0-C/ClW'[]0B.t-';'Q22H-6'Mggh\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'MI'
<0D97-'b6'gh!"3%'T'#AB8/4>7-'4.?'O-4C2.4>7-'
MP 34/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'CG477'8.'/G-80'0-CH-9DE-'/-008/208-C'BD78C-'4.'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-'8.'4.'-AB8/4>7-'4.?'0-4C2.4>7-'=4..-0P'(.'H40D9B7406'4.'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-'CG477'>-'BC-?'4.?'?-E-72H-?'>:'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'58/G'4'E8-5'/2'4X48.8.@'2HD=47'4.?'CBC/48.4>7-'BD78C4D2.'/G-0-21'4.?'>-.-^/C'/G-0-102=6'/4F8.@'8./2'4992B./'/G-'8./-0-C/C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'92.9-0.-?6'92.C8C/-./'58/G'4?-AB4/-'H02/-9D2.'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-P'
'KP 34/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'CG477'H40D98H4/-'8.'/G-'BC-6'?-E-72H=-./'4.?'
H02/-9D2.'21'4.'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-'8.'4.'-AB8/4>7-'4.?'0-4C2.4>7-'=4..-0P'$B9G'H40D98H4D2.'8.97B?-C'>2/G'/G-'08@G/'/2'BD78i-'/G-'54/-092B0C-'4.?'/G-'?B/:'/2'922H-04/-'8.'/G-'H02/-9D2.'4.?'?-E-72H=-./'/G-0-216'4C'H02E8?-?'8.'/G-'H0-C-./'%2.E-.D2.P'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'M_'
<0/P'u6'gh!"3%'T'O-7-E4./'S49/20C';'%809B=C/4.9-C'
MP !D78C4D2.'21'4.'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-'8.'4.'-AB8/4>7-'4.?'0-4C2.4>7-'=4..-0'58/G8.'/G-'=-4.8.@'21'40D97-'b'0-AB80-C'/4F8.@'8./2'4992B./'477'0-7-E4./'149/20C'4.?'9809B=C/4.9-C6'8.97B?8.@v''
'[4\ Z-2@04HG896'G:?02@04HG896'G:?0272@89476'978=4D96'-9272@8947'
4.?'2/G-0'149/20C'21'4'.4/B047'9G4049/-0w'[>\ QG-'C29847'4.?'-92.2=89'.--?C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'
92.9-0.-?w'[9\ QG-'H2HB74D2.'?-H-.?-./'2.'/G-'54/-092B0C-'8.'-49G'
54/-092B0C-'$/4/-w'[?\ QG-'-f-9/C'21'/G-'BC-'20'BC-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-C'8.'2.-'
54/-092B0C-'$/4/-'2.'2/G-0'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-Cw'[-\ #d8CD.@'4.?'H2/-.D47'BC-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-w''[1\ %2.C-0E4D2.6'H02/-9D2.6'?-E-72H=-./'4.?'-92.2=:'21'
BC-'21'/G-'54/-0'0-C2B09-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-'4.?'/G-'92C/C'21'=-4CB0-C'/4F-.'/2'/G4/'-f-9/w''
[@\ QG-'4E4874>878/:'21'47/-0.4DE-C6'21'92=H404>7-'E47B-6'/2'4'H40D9B740'H74..-?'20'-d8CD.@'BC-P'
'l''IP QG-'5-8@G/'/2'>-'@8E-.'/2'-49G'149/20'8C'/2'>-'?-/-0=8.-?'>:'
8/C'8=H20/4.9-'8.'92=H408C2.'58/G'/G4/'21'2/G-0'0-7-E4./'149/20CP'(.'?-/-0=8.8.@'5G4/'8C'4'0-4C2.4>7-'4.?'-AB8/4>7-'BC-6'477'0-7-E4./'149/20C'40-'/2'>-'92.C8?-0-?'/2@-/G-0'4.?'4'92.97BC82.'0-49G-?'2.'/G-'>4C8C'21'/G-'5G27-P'
International Water Law Research Institute
Sharing Transboundary Waters An Integrated Assessment of Equitable Entitlement
Law • Hydrology • Economics
The Legal Assessment Model
Transboundary Water Resources Management: Using the Law to Develop Effective National Water Strategy
Dr Patricia Wouters, Director, IWLRI Dr Sergei Vinogradov Andrew Allan Patricia Jones Dr Alistair Rieuclarke
www.dundee.ac.uk/law/iwlri
iii
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Mb'
<0D97-'h6'gh!"3%'T'"2'[email protected]^94./')40='
MP'34/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'CG4776'8.'BD78i8.@'4.'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-'8.'/G-80'/-008/208-C6'/4F-'477'4HH02H084/-'=-4CB0-C'/2'H0-E-./'/G-'94BC8.@'21'[email protected]^94./'G40='/2'2/G-0'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-CP'
'KP'3G-0-'[email protected]^94./'G40='.-E-0/G-7-CC'8C'94BC-?'/2'
4.2/G-0'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-6'/G-'$/4/-C'5G2C-'BC-'94BC-C'CB9G'G40='CG4776'8.'/G-'4>C-.9-'21'4@0--=-./'/2'CB9G'BC-6'/4F-'477'4HH02H084/-'=-4CB0-C6'G4E8.@'?B-'0-@40?'120'/G-'H02E8C82.C'21'40D97-C'b'4.?'u6'8.'92.CB7/4D2.'58/G'/G-'4f-9/-?'$/4/-6'/2'-78=8.4/-'20'=8D@4/-'CB9G'G40='4.?6'5G-0-'4HH02H084/-6'/2'?8C9BCC'/G-'AB-CD2.'21'92=H-.C4D2.P'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Mu'
<0/P'KL6'gh!"3%'T'#92C:C/-='*02/-9D2.'
VQG-' -92C:C/-=' 4HH0249G' 8C' 4' C/04/-@:' 120' /G-'8./-@04/-?' =4.4@-=-./' 21' 74.?6' 54/-0' 4.?' 78E8.@'0-C2B09-C'/G4/'H02=2/-C'92.C-0E4D2.'4.?'CBC/48.4>7-'BC-'8.'4.'-AB8/4>7-'54:W'[%]N'%&*'N-98C82.'xyu\'
''''
34/-092B0C-' $/4/-C' CG4776' 8.?8E8?B477:'4.?6' 5G-0-' 4HH02H084/-6' c28./7:6' H02/-9/'4.?' H0-C-0E-' /G-' -92C:C/-=C' 21'8./-0.4D2.47'54/-092B0C-CP'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Mh'
#92C:C/-='4HH0249G'8.'Q0-4/:'*049D9-'
• [email protected]'– MggK'!"'#%#')-7C8.F8'34/-092B0C-C'%2.E-.D2.'
– KLLL'O-E8C-?'$<N%'*02/2927'2.'$G40-?'34/-092B0C-'$:C/-=C'
'• ]4C8.'
– Mgha'Z0-4/',4F-C'34/-0'zB478/:'<@0--=-./'
– KLLI'%2.E-.D2.'2.'/G-'Y4.4@-=-./'21',4F-'Q4.@4.:8F4'
– KLLI'*02/2927'120'$BC/48.4>7-'N-E-72H=-./'21',4F-'x89/2084'
– Mggb'Y-F2.@'<@0--=-./'– Mgg_'N4.B>-'%2.E-.D2.'– Mghb'$/4/B/-'21'/G-'O8E-0'!0B@B4:'
(xP'#92C:C/-='$-0E89-C'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Mg'
#92C:C/-=C'C-0E89-C'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'KL'
#92C:C/-=C'C-0E89-C'T'94C94?-C'
In: Raffaelli, D. & C. Frid (eds.): Ecosystem Ecology: a new synthesis. BES Ecological Reviews Series, CUP, Cambridge [in press]
25
Figure 1: The Links between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being (after MA, 2005)
Figure 2: The relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem function and human well being.
[)48.-C+{2B.@';'*2/C9G8.6'KLLg\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'KM'
S0-CG54/-0'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'
!"#$%&'#()*+,(-&.#%/
Carbon sequestrationCarbon sequestration
Floodwater detentionFloodwater detention
Nutrient & contaminant transformationNutrient & contaminant transformation
Food chain Food chain supportsupport
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'KK'
3G:'4.'-92C:C/-=''+%20.+''4HH0249Gk'
– V!.?-0C/4.?8.@'/G-'027-'21'-92C:C/-=C'C-0E89-C'H25-01B77:'cBCD^-C'5G:'G4>8/4/'H0-C-0E4D2.'4.?'>82?8E-0C8/:'92.C-0E4D2.'40-'E8/476'/G2B@G'2o-.'2E-0722F-?6'H2789:'2>c-9DE-CP'3G87-'4'5-/74.?'CB0-7:'H02E8?-C'-d8C/-.9-'4.?'2HD2.'E47B-C'/2'C2=-'H-2H7-6'/G-'>-.-^/C'H02E8?-?'>:'/G-'5-/74.?|C'.B/08-./'0-/-.D2.'4.?'n22?'H02/-9D2.'C-0E89-C'40-'>2/G'B.8E-0C47'4.?'B.?-.84>7-;%A.!/"!%-.5%82C"$%'#"$%6".)/5:%6)/%/0"5%.$"%2+%7$-%.33'$8%'#"$%/0"%0210%3'!/!%',%&'(()/"8%9./"$%.+8%D''8"8%0'-"!PW'[$47i=4.6'QG2=HC2.6'J0P';'N487:6'KLLM\'
'– VYB9G'-.-0@:'G4C'>--.'?-E2/-?'/2'/G-'?-E-72H=-./'21'
-.E802.=-./47'-/G89C6'>B/'/0"%!/$'+1"!/%3.!"%,'$%"+#2$'+-"+/.(%&$'/"3*'+%$"-.2+!%/0"%.62(2/5%/'%!0'9%/0./%&$'/"3*'+%3.+%6"%E)!*7"8%65%0.$8%+)-6"$!;%%F32"+3"G6.!"8:%)*(2/.$2.+%!'()*'+!%0.#"%/0"%&'/"+*.(%/'%.&&".(%/'%.%928"%#.$2"/5%',%2+/"$"!/!W'[Q4729F6'KLLh\'
'– H$'-%.+%"3'+'-23%&'2+/%',%#2"9:%/0"%D'9!%',%"3'!5!/"-%
!"$#23"!%3.+%6"%!""+%.!%/0"%I82#28"+8J%/0./%!'32"/5%$"3"2#"!%,$'-%+./)$.(%3.&2/.('[Q##]6'KLML\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'KI'
Q##]RC'I'C/-H'4HH0249G'
T h e E c o n omi c s
o f E c o s y s t e ms
& Bi o d i v e r s i t y
MAINSTREAMING THE ECONOMICS OF NATUREA SYNTHESIS OF THE APPROACH, CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF TEEB
MP (?-.D1:'4.?'<CC-CC'/G-'04.@-'21'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4f-9/-?w'4.?'/G-'8=H7894D2.C'120'?8f-0-./'@02BHC'8.'C298-/:P''• (.E27E-6'/G-'1B77'04.@-'21'C/4F-G27?-0C'8.nB-.98.@'4.?y20'
>-.-^D.@'102='/G-'4f-9/-?'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4.?'>82?8E-0C8/:P'
'KP' '#CD=4/-'4.?'N-=2.C/04/-'/G-'E47B-'21'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C6'
BC8.@'4HH02H084/-'=-/G2?C'• <.47:i-'/G-'78.F4@-C'2E-0'C947-'4.?'D=-'/G4/'4f-9/'5G-.'
4.?'5G-0-'/G-'92C/C'4.?'>-.-^/C'21'H40D9B740'BC-C'21'>82?8E-0C8/:'4.?'-92C:C/-=C'40-'0-478i-?'[-P@P'72947'/2'@72>476'9B00-./'BC-'E-0CBC'1B/B0-' %+'0,0+/.+6'mBHC/0-4='/2'?25.C/0-4=R6'B0>4.'/2'0B047\P'
'IP' '%4H/B0-'/G-'E47B-'21'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4.?'C--'C27BD2.C'/2'
2E-092=-'/G-80'B.?-0E47B4D2.6'BC8.@'-92.2=89477:'8.120=-?'H2789:'8.C/0B=-./C'• 'Q227C'=4:'8.97B?-'9G4.@-C'8.'CB>C8?8-C'4.?'^C947'
8.9-.DE-C6'9G40@8.@'120'499-CC'4.?'BC-6'H4:=-./C'120'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C6'/40@-D.@'>82?8E-0C8/:'8.'H2E-0/:'0-?B9D2.'4.?'978=4/-'4?4H/4D2.y=8D@4D2.'C/04/-@8-C6'90-4D2.'4.?'C/0-.@/G-.8.@'21'H02H-0/:'08@G/C'4.?'784>878/:6'E27B./40:'-92+74>-778.@'4.?'9-0D^94D2.P'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'K_'
#O!'4.?'#92C:C/-='$-0E89-C'
<0-'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'0-7-E4./'149/20C'B.?-0'<0D97-'u'21'/G-'Mggh'!"'34/-092B0C-C'%2.E-.D2.k''
[4\ Z-2@04HG896'G:?02@04HG896'G:?0272@89476'978=4D96'-9272@8947'4.?'2/G-0'149/20C'21'4'.4/B047'9G4049/-0w'
[>\ QG-'C29847'4.?'-92.2=89'.--?C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-C'92.9-0.-?w'
[9\ QG-'H2HB74D2.'?-H-.?-./'2.'/G-'54/-092B0C-'8.'-49G'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-w'
[?\ QG-'-f-9/C'21'/G-'BC-'20'BC-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-C'8.'2.-'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-'2.'2/G-0'54/-092B0C-'$/4/-Cw'
[-\ #d8CD.@'4.?'H2/-.D47'BC-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-w''
[1\ %2.C-0E4D2.6'H02/-9D2.6'?-E-72H=-./'4.?'-92.2=:'21'BC-'21'/G-'54/-0'0-C2B09-C'21'/G-'54/-092B0C-'4.?'/G-'92C/C'21'=-4CB0-C'/4F-.'/2'/G4/'-f-9/w''
[@\ QG-'4E4874>878/:'21'47/-0.4DE-C6'21'92=H404>7-'E47B-6'/2'4'H40D9B740'H74..-?'20'-d8CD.@'BC-P'
xP'N2-C'#O!';'#92C:C/-='$-0E89-C'Y8dk'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Ku'
• S02='4'C98-.D^9'H-0CH-9DE-'/04.C>2B.?40:'10-CG54/-0'-92C:C/-=C'40-'.2'?8f-0-./'102='4.:'2/G-0'10-CG54/-0'-92C:C/-='– !HC/0-4=y'?25.C/0-4='?:.4=89C'40-'4.472@2BC'– #d4=H7-C'-d8C/'21'>-.-^/C'21'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4HH0249G'/2'10-CG54/-0'-92C:C/-=C6'-P@P'%4/CF877C'
• Y2?-0.'8./-0H0-/4D2.'21'#O!'CBHH20/C'4.?'-92C:C/-='4HH0249G'– #92C:C/-='C:C/-=''+%20.+'(40-'m0-7-E4./'149/20CR'/2'>-'5-8@G-?'BH'8.'?-/-0=8.8.@'5G4/'8C'-AB8/4>7-'4.?'0-4C2.4>7-'
– <?2HD2.'21'4'=20-'G278CD9'4HH0249G'-.92=H4CC8.@'C/0B9/B0-6'H029-CC6'1B.9D2.C6'C-0E89-'4.?'E47B-'21'10-CG54/-0'
– <'129BC'2.'C-0E89-C'47725C'E47B4D2.'21'477'0-7-E4./'149/20C'4.?'CB>C-AB-./'/04?-+2fC'>4C-?'2.'-AB8/:';'CBC/48.4>878/:'92.C8?-04D2.C'
{-Cl8.'/G-20:'
V(./-0.4D2.47' 745' 8C' 4?4HD.@' /2' /4F-' 8./2' 4992B./'4?E4.9-C' 8.' C98-.D^9' B.?-0C/4.?8.@' 21' .4/B047'C:C/-=CW'[Y9%4f0-:\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Kh'
MP'N2'5-'B.?-0C/4.?'-.2B@G'4>2B/'/G-'78.F4@-C'>-/5--.'-92C:C/-='1B.9D2.'4.?'H02E8C82.C'21'C-0E89-C'C2'5-'94.'
5-8@G'-92C:C/-='=4.4@-=-./'2HD2.Ck'
KP')25'94.'5-'-C/4>78CG'4HH02H084/-'0-@B74D2.'4.?'8.CD/BD2.C'120'-92C:C/-='
C-0E89-C'H02E8C82.Ck''
IP')25'?2'5-'E47B-'C-0E89-Ck'
]B/l'8=H7-=-./4D2.'0-AB80-C'4??0-CC8.@'I'F-:'AB-CD2.C''[$47i=4.6'QG2=HC2.6'J0P';'N487:6'KLLM\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Ka'
• VS-5'C/B?8-C'G4E-'>--.'4>7-'/2'/049-'/G-'92=H7-/-'mH02?B9D2.'9G48.R'102='-9272@8947'C/0B9/B0-'4.?'H029-CC-C'/G02B@G'/2'GB=4.'5-77+>-8.@W'
'• V3-'47C2'.--?'/2'>-X-0'B.?-0C/4.?'/G-'4HH02H084/-'CH4D47'4.?'/-=H2047'C947-C'4/'5G89G'-9272@8947'C:C/-=C'2H-04/-'81'/G-'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'40-'/2'>-'=4.4@-?'58C-7:'20'0-C/20-?'81'/G-:'G4E-'>--.'?4=4@-?W''
[)48.-C+{2B.@';'*2/C9G8.\'
• $H4D47'C947-C'78F-7:'/2'>-'4'>8@@-0'149/20k''
'• !.8AB-'4HH0249G-C'/2'?4/4'
@4/G-08.@y'4.47:C8Ck''
• <99-CC8>878/:'21'C-.C8DE-'?4/4'4902CC'>20?-0Ck'
MP',8.F4@-C'>-/5--.'-92C:C/-='1B.9D2.'4.?'H02E8C82.C'21'C-0E89-C''
Z-.-047'
Q04.C>2B.?40:'%2.C8?-04D2.C'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Kg'
• S04@=-./4D2.'21'7-@47'104=-520FCk'
• %2./-C/-?'H02H-0/:'08@G/C'8.'H049D9-k'
• <0-'/G-0-'-f-9DE-'8.CD/BD2.C'8.'H749-k'
• #f-9DE-'C/4F-G27?-0'H40D98H4D2.'4/'/G-'/04.C>2B.?40:'7-E-7k'
KP')25'94.'5-'-C/4>78CG'4HH02H084/-'0-@B74D2.'4.?'8.CD/BD2.C'120'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'H02E8C82.Ck''
Q04.C>2B.?40:'%2.C8?-04D2.C'• ,-@47'S04=-520FC''• *02H-0/:'O8@G/C''• #.4>78.@'(.CD/BD2.C''• Z22?'Z2E-0.4.9-'[/04.CH40-.9:6'H40D98H4D2.6'4992B./4>878/:\'
Z-.-047'
Vl=4.4@8.@'74.?'4.?'54/-0'8./-049D2.C'8C'?8e9B7/'>-94BC-'21'/G-'&)6(23%1''8%30.$.3/"$2!*3!%',%9./"$!0"8%!"$#23"!P' ,4.?G27?-0C' BHC/0-4=' 94.' 4f-9/' 54/-0' AB4.D/:' 4.?' 54/-0' AB478/:' ?25.C/0-4=' /G02B@G' /G-80'?-98C82.C' 2.' 74.?+=4.4@-=-./' H049D9-C6' >B/' /G-:' G4E-' 78X7-' 8.9-.DE-' /2' 92.C8?-0' /G-C-' 8=H49/C' >-94BC-'/G-:' 40-' .2/' 4f-9/-?' ?80-9/7:P' 34/-0' BC-0C' G4E-' 78X7-' 8.9-.DE-' /2' H4:' 120' 8=H02E-?' 54/-0CG-?' C-0E89-'H02E8C82.'81'/G-:'94..2/'-d97B?-'.2.+H4:-0C'102='-.c2:8.@'/G-C-'>-.-^/PW'[*2004C6'4.?'2/G-0C\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'IL'
(=H7-=-./4D2.'T'7-@47'4.?'8.CD/BD2.47'92.C8?-04D2.C''
• ,#Z<,'SO<Y#3&OU$'• <HH02H084/-',-@47'(.C/0B=-./C'• $92H-'4.?'%2./-./'21'*#$+O-74/-?',-@8C74D2.''• *O&*#OQ{'O(Z)Q$'• !.?-0C/4.?8.@'*02H-0/:'O8@G/C'• (=H20/4.9-'21'*02H-0/:'O8@G/C'120'*#$'• %G477-.@-C'21'*#$'$9G-=-C'O-74/-?'/2'*02H-0/:'O8@G/C'• S8.?8.@'*02H-0/:'O8@G/C'$27BD2.C'120'*#$'
• #"<],("Z'("$Q(Q!Q(&"$'• (=H20/4.9-'21',45'4.?'*2789:'• Q:H-C'21'(.CD/BD2.C'4.?'/G-80'O27-C'• %G477-.@-C'21']B87?8.@'4'$2B.?'(.CD/BD2.47'S04=-520F'
• %&"QO<%Q'($$!#$'• *02c-9/'*74.'• (?-.D^94D2.'21'*40D-C'• S20='4.?',-@47'"4/B0-'21'/G-'<@0--=-./'• &>c-9DE-'4.?'$92H-'• O8@G/C'4.?'&>[email protected]'• *4:=-./'$/0B9/B0-'• NB04D2.'• O8CF'<77294D2.'• Y2.8/208.@'4.?'O-H20D.@'• O-=-?8-C'4.?'N8CHB/-'$-X7-=-./'
• Z&x#O"<"%#'• (=H20/4.9-'21'Z22?'Z2E-0.4.9-'120'34/-0CG-?'*#$'• *B>789'*40D98H4D2.'• Q04.CH40-.9:'4.?'<99-CC'/2'(.120=4D2.'• <992B./4>878/:'4.?'/G-'OB7-'21',45'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'IM'
(=H7-=-./4D2.'T'7-@47'4.?'8.CD/BD2.47'92.C8?-04D2.C'
Figure 1. Major issues in the process of establishing PES
Are there any significant water management problems in the river basin?
Yes
Can ecosystem services help to at least partly address these water management problems? Can these problems be solved or mitigated by means of a project such as a change in land use or management practice?
Do the costs and benefits of the PES scheme compare favourably with those of feasible alternative projects (e.g. an infrastructure solution)?
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Identify problems and risks (e.g. by using diagnostic analysis of environmental problems, including analysis of rights and responsibilities of stakeholder groups).
- Analyse past experiences and the effectiveness of measures (e.g. policy measures, laws/regulations, economic/financial instruments) and infrastructure solutions.
- Quantify ecosystem services (based on biophysical analysis; hydrological models, etc.). - Carry out a valuation of ecosystem services (based on cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis).
- Check available information, including results of scientific research. - Make use of local knowledge and habits.
20
!"'#%#6'O-92==-.?4D2.C'2.'*4:=-./C'120'#92C:C/-='$-0E89-C6'KLLh'
Is a PES scheme politically acceptable, or can political support be mobilized?
Are there any potential buyers and sellers of ecosystem services?
PROCEED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PES
Can negotiations between potential buyers and sellers be successfully concluded?
- Create an effective and efficient legal and organizational framework for the operation of the PES scheme. - Ensure effective monitoring of contract compliance and flexible adaptation of the PES scheme to changing economic and environmental conditions.
Consider an awareness-raising campaign (e.g. to change willingness to pay and/or willingness to accept).
Conduct stakeholder analysis to identify the main beneficiaries and service providers.
Organize dialogue about the main features of the PES mechanism and related opportunities and risks.
Yes
No
PES schemes are not an option, at least for the time being.
21
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'II'
• S04@=-./4D2.'21'7-@47'104=-520FCk'
• %2./-C/-?'H02H-0/:'08@G/C'8.'H049D9-k'
• <0-'/G-0-'-f-9DE-'8.CD/BD2.C'8.'H749-k'
• #f-9DE-'C/4F-G27?-0'H40D98H4D2.'4/'/G-'/04.C>2B.?40:'7-E-7k'
KP')25'94.'5-'-C/4>78CG'4HH02H084/-'0-@B74D2.'4.?'8.CD/BD2.C'120'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'H02E8C82.Ck''
Q04.C>2B.?40:'%2.C8?-04D2.C'• ,-@47'S04=-520FC''• *02H-0/:'O8@G/C''• #.4>78.@'(.CD/BD2.C''• Z22?'Z2E-0.4.9-'[/04.CH40-.9:6'H40D98H4D2.6'4992B./4>878/:\'
Z-.-047'
Vl=4.4@8.@'74.?'4.?'54/-0'8./-049D2.C'8C'?8e9B7/'>-94BC-'21'/G-'&)6(23%1''8%30.$.3/"$2!*3!%',%9./"$!0"8%!"$#23"!P' ,4.?G27?-0C' BHC/0-4=' 94.' 4f-9/' 54/-0' AB4.D/:' 4.?' 54/-0' AB478/:' ?25.C/0-4=' /G02B@G' /G-80'?-98C82.C' 2.' 74.?+=4.4@-=-./' H049D9-C6' >B/' /G-:' G4E-' 78X7-' 8.9-.DE-' /2' 92.C8?-0' /G-C-' 8=H49/C' >-94BC-'/G-:' 40-' .2/' 4f-9/-?' ?80-9/7:P' 34/-0' BC-0C' G4E-' 78X7-' 8.9-.DE-' /2' H4:' 120' 8=H02E-?' 54/-0CG-?' C-0E89-'H02E8C82.'81'/G-:'94..2/'-d97B?-'.2.+H4:-0C'102='-.c2:8.@'/G-C-'>-.-^/PW'[*2004C6'4.?'2/G-0C\'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'I_'
IP')25'?2'5-'E47B-'C-0E89-Ck'
• V3-'.--?'4'=20-'92=H0-G-.C8E-'B.?-0C/4.?8.@'4.?'-CD=4D2.'[AB478/4DE-6'AB4.D/4DE-'4.?'4@@0-@4/-\'21'/G-'04.@-'21'E47B-C'H02E8?-?'>:'?8f-0-./'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4.?'G25'/G-C-'40-'8./-0H0-/-?'>:'?8f-0-./'C/4F-G27?-0C'4/'?8f-0-./'C947-C'[-P@P'72947'EP'[email protected]\P''
• "--?'120'/G-'?-E-72H=-./'21'>-X-0'E47B4D2.'=-/G2?C'120'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C6'-P@P6'=-/G2?C'/G4/'-=>-?'4'>-X-0'C98-.D^9'B.?-0C/4.?8.@'21'-92C:C/-='1B.9D2.C'4.?'H029-CC-C'8./2'=2.-/40:'4.?'.2.+=2.-/40:'E47B4D2.'=-/G2?C6'4.?'5G89G'94.'94H/B0-'/G-'04.@-'21'C/4F-G27?-0'8./-0-C/CP''
• 3-'47C2'.--?'=20-'-f-9DE-'E47B4D2.'=-/G2?C6'/G4/'94.'4CC8C/'?-98C82.+=4F-0C'/2'?-47'58/G'/G-'=B7DH7-'/04?-+2fC'8=H7898/'8.'/G-'CBC/48.4>7-'=4.4@-=-./'21'-92C:C/-='C-0E89-C'4.?'H2E-0/:'477-E84D2.W'[#$*<6'KLML\P'
'
Z-.-047'
• zB-CD2.'21'7-@8D=49:'• %4.'/04.C>2B.?40:'8.CD/BD2.C'=4F-'E47B4D2.C'4.?'49/'4C'?-98C82.+=4F8.@'120B=Ck'
Q04.C>2B.?40:'%2.C8?-04D2.C'
()*+)#,*'%-./0-'120'34/-0'',456'*2789:'4.?'$98-.9-'p'B.?-0'/G-'4BCH89-C'21'!"#$%&' $78?-'p'Ib'
(CCB-C'120'1B0/G-0'92.C8?-04D2.'• Q2'5G4/'-d/-./'?2-C'/G-'-d8CD.@'7-@47'409G8/-9/B0-'CBHH20/'4.'#$'4HH0249Gk''
• %4.'.4D2.47y'72947'-dH-08-.9-C'>-'mC947-?'BHRk''
• Z22?'-d4=H7-Cy'H872/'C/B?8-C'4/'/G-'/04.C>2B.?40:'7-E-7k'''
Q)<"U'{&!}''
QG4.F'{2B}''
