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Development of States and Empires
AP World History Key Concept 2.2
Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
600 BCE to 600 CE
What were the common characteristics among the Classical Empires?
2.2.I Key States and Empires
Where were the key states and empires in the Classical Period?
● Southwest Asia: Persian Empires
● East Asia: Qin and Han Empire
● South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires
● Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires
● Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states
● Andean South America: Moche
How did the Classical empires compare in number and size?
Make notes about the size, boundaries, and location of each classical empire.
2.2.II Imperial Organization (Political)
How did states develop new ways of governing the people and the land?
● Centralized governments● Legal systems● Bureaucracies ● Diplomacy● Supply lines● Roads, walls, fortifications● Local military ● Currency
ExamplesMake notes about illustrative examples, those specific things, events, people, developments, etc. that define turns in history.
PersiaGreeceRomeHan
Persia: Cyrus 580-529 BCE
• Tolerant ruler
• Allowed conquered peoples to keep their institutions
• Greeks called him a “Law-Giver” and the Hebrews called him “Anointed of the Lord”
• Allowed more than 40,000 Jews to return to Palestine
Cyrus’s Cylinder
• Found in Babylon
• Tells how Cyrus helped the people he incorporated into the Persian Empire
Persia: Darius 526-485 BCE
• Established a tax-collecting system• Divided the empire into districts called
SATRAPIES• Built the great Royal Road system and also
created a standard monetary system adopted by the Lydians
• Established a complex postal system. • Created a network of spies called “the King’s
eyes and ears”
Persian Law
To seek the promotion of Persian Law, the High Priests sought to welcome the elite of conquered lands into secret societies who were then granted oversight as "viziers" to the Persian overlord.
Roman Law: The 12 Tables
• Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the 12 Tables (c. 449 BC), to the
• Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperorJustinian I.
• The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in legal systems influenced by it.
The Han Restore Unity
It’s the same old story.• Liu Bang, the first Han
emperor, establishes political and social stability
• After Liu Bang dies, his wife seizes power from their son through a palace plot
• Wudi continues Lui Bang’s centralized policies and expands the empire through war
hausa.cri.cn
Highly Structured Government
• Han emperors use bureaucracy to run the empire
• Civil service job applicants are tested on their knowledge of Confucianism
• Top-down rule – each level of bureaucracy has authority over the level below
flennoy10.wikis.birmingham.k12.mi.us
What new political methods were created in order to rule the larger empires in the Classical Era?
• Administrative institutions – centralized governments, elaborate legal systems,
and bureaucracies
How did imperial governments let their population know that the government was “in charge?”
• Diplomacy; developing supply lines; building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads
• Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered peoples
• Well trained and extensive military – Military presence on Roman roads was so
extensive, – Travel and trade were safer, much faster
Royal Road
What role did trade play in creating and maintaining empires?
• Promotion of trade and economic integration by – Building and
maintaining roads and
– Issuing currencies.
– Colonies and maritime trade
Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE
Trade Routes
Phoenicians
• Eastern Mediterranean Canaanites (Greeks called them Phoenicians)
• Manufacture and seaborne commerce
• Purple dye from the murex snail• Writing system – symbols for
sounds• Conflict over territory and
resources with Greeks in the West
Port of Athens
Trade grew in Han period• Agriculture basis of economy
• Growth of trade increased prosperity
• Led to contact between China, other civilizations
Production of silk• Most prized Chinese product
• Secret method for making silk
• Revealing secret punishable by death
Han products• Ironworkers made iron armor, swords
• Artisans made pottery, jade and bronze objects, lacquerware
Major industry• Raised silkworms, unwound threads of
cocoons
• Dyed threads, wove into fabric
• Fabric beautiful, soft, strong
• Clothing costly, in high demand
Trade
Delian League
• By 479 BC, Greeks defeated Persians on land in Asia Minor and stopped their advance.
• Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful city-state in Greece.
• To continue the struggle against Persia, it organized the Delian League, an alliance with the other Greek city states.
• Athens dominated the Delian League and used its wealth to create an Athenian empire.
What techniques did Classical empires use to administer their territories?
• What new political methods were created in order to rule the larger empires in the Classical Era?
• How did imperial governments let their population know that the government was “in charge?”
• What role did trade play in creating and maintaining empires?
Summarize
2.2.III Economic and Social
How did social and economic dimensions develop in the Classical Period?
● Role of Cities● Social hierarchies● Labor management
(production of food)● Rewards to elites● Patriarchy
ExamplesPersepolisAthensRomeChang’anCorveeSlavery
What function did imperial cities perform?
• centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires
Rome (video next slide)AthensChang’an (China)Persepolis (Persian ceremonial city)
The Rise of the Greek Polis
Athens
Naxos Corinth
Syracuse
Larissa
Eboea
AthensThe City Pericles Built
❑ Direct Democracy – Citizen assembly voted directly on laws
❑ Huge construction projects – Acropolis and Parthenon rebuilt
❑ Emphasis on arts, architecture, philosophy and medicine
What social classes & occupations were common in empires?
• empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites and caste groups.
• range of labor systems to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of the elites including corvée, slavery, rents and tributes, peasant communities and family and household production
Other Classes
• Third class composed of artisans, made useful items, luxury goods
• Merchants occupied fourth class, trade not valued by Confucianism
• Slaves at bottom of society
• Military not an official class, but part of government and offered way to rise in status
Social Structure
• Han society highly structured, clearly defined social classes
• Emperor at top, ruled with mandate from heaven
• Upper class of palace court, nobles, government officials, scholars
• Second largest class consisted of peasants, who grew empire’s food
Han Society
Social Classes under the Han
Emperor
Governors and Kings
Nobles, Scholars, and State Officials
Peasants (Farmers)
Artisans and Merchants
Soldiers
Slaves
The Poor
• Custom dictates that family land is divided equally among the male heirs
• If men cannot buy more land, the shares become smaller throughout the generations
• Small plots are hard to feed families
• Small farmers go into debt
The Rich
• Large landowners were not required to pay taxes
• The more land they acquired, the more the tax base decreased
• Poor are taxed more
• Gap between rich and poor increases
trocadero.com
What labor systems provided the workers for Classical Empires?
• Rome– Wide spread use of slave labor from conquered
territories
– Slave labor forced small farmers out of business. Led to mass unemployment and poverty.
Describe the gender and family structures of Classical Era empires.
• Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.
Paterfamilias
Han Gender Issues
• Confucian teachings place women at home taking care of their families
• Some women (upper class) broke away from this
• Daoist and Buddhist nuns were able to gain education and lead lives away from their families
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Roles of Women under the Han
Traditional Roles
• Confucianism limited women to the home and to subservience to men (fathers, husbands, sons)
• Women worked hard for their families with little reward
Women with Power
• Some women wielded political power because of court alliances• e.g., Empress Lu
• Nuns• Educated• Lived apart from
families
• Medicine practitioners
• Shop managers
• Writers
Paradox?
• Ban Zhao• Helped finish her
father’s History of the Former Han Dynasty
• Wrote Lessons for Women• Urged women to
obey the Confucian social order
• Also encouraged women to be industrious
• Went against convention by writing professionally
• Athens• Government: • Limited democracy (only male
citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly.
• Soldiers: • Citizen soldiers – only during
wartime• Slaves: • No political rights or freedoms.
Owned by individuals• Women: • Cared for the home, limited
political rights.• Education:• Upper class boys only. Military
training and preparation for government involvement. Knowledge was important for a democratic government.
• Sparta• Government: • Two kings (military generals) and a
council of elders. Citizens were male, native born, over 30.
• Soldiers: • Military society, all males prepared
to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.
• Slaves• Owned by the State• Women: • Prepared physically for fighting,
right to inherit property, must obey men.
• Education:• Boys only. Military based training
from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.
What unique social and economic characteristics existed in empires?
• What function did imperial cities perform?
• What social classes & occupations were common in empires?
• What labor systems provided the workers for Classical Empires?
• Describe the gender and family structures of Classical Era empires.
Summarize
2.2.IV Transformation of Empires
How did empires decline, collapse, and transform into successor empires or states?
● Environmental damage
● Concentration of wealth
● Frontier conflicts
ExamplesHan, Rome, GuptaDeforestationHan and XiongnuGupta and HunsRomans and northern neighborsDeforestation in Roman Empire Slides
Causes: Creating Demand
• Building supplies• Wood for fuel• Clearing land for agriculture• Grazing destroyed ability of trees for
reproduce • Julius Caesar ordered troops to cut
down trees to avoid sneak attacks• Ship-building was of economic and
military significance • Expansion of urban areas
Deforestation in Cyprus
Copper ores in Cyprus heavily exploited in Roman times, but mines functioned for about a millenium. Estimated that 5-6 M tons of charcoal (from coppice) used to fuel smelting activities. Heavy SO2 pollution may also have killed trees.
Reasons for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Economic:● Dependence on foreign products● Traditional work ethic declined● Decline of cities’ infrastructure● Trade deficit● The high cost of military, welfare and government● Class economic warfare between rich and poor● Unequal taxation● The small farm disappears
Reasons for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Social:● Invasions from Germanic tribes● The expansion of slavery● Decline in Roman civic duty● Moral decay● The decline of patriotism
Reasons for the Decline of the Roman Empire
Political:● Problems of succession (the next emperor)● Empire became too large for the government,
and reform came too little and too late● Government became dominated by the rich and
military elites● Citizens lost their interest in the government● The military lost its prestige
Reasons for the Decline of the Han Empire
● Social:○ Landholding elite held all of the power ○ Disease
● Political:○ Political fighting between eunuchs, Confucian scholars
and nobles○ Government corruption and bribery○ Power in the hands of local landholders and governors
(decentralization)○ Because of no centralized power, China was vulnerable
● Political and Social:○ Only wealthy elite could gain political position
Reasons for the Decline of the Han Empire
● Cultural○ Challenged by arrival of Buddhism
● Economic:○ Crop failure, flooding
• -9 million die○ Failure to implement land reform
Comparative Practice
For each …1. List one similarity and one difference. 2. Provide three two examples for each item
(6 total).
How were the decline of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty similar and different?
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