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Research 16: M Elbohouty
Citation preview
Measuring Electrical Conductivity of Brain Tissue
By:Maher Elbohouty
Supervisors:Dr Marcus Wilson
AProf Alistair Steyn-Ross
12 April 2023
Has anyone measured the conductivity ? • Gabril et al.* (2009) in his review shown that the
conductivity of brain tissue depends on many parameters as:
• The animal and the part of the brain investigated
• The stimulus frequency
• The direction of measurements
• He found that it ranges from:0.01 to 0.47 S/m* Phys. Med. Biol. 54 (2009) 4863–4878
• Logothetis et al.** (2007) said that: “ Our results show that impedance is independent of frequency, is homogeneous and tangentially isotropic within gray matter, and can be theoretically predicted assuming a pure-resistive conductor ”.
** Neuron 55, 809–823, September 6, 2007
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…slicing…
Brain removal…
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Three methods:
1. One dimension
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2. Two dimensions
3. Three dimensions
1. Modified syringe and two stainless steel plate electrodes (Flat Electrodes):
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Taking the sample ..
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The resistivity of brain slices at 10 kHz
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The Syringe (V3) digital calliper (DIGMATIC- Mitutoyo Corporation, Model CD-6”) and LCR meter (Agilent E4980A)
Defining equation in 1D
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𝐑𝐀𝝆𝒂 = 𝒅 𝟏𝑨𝒔𝑨ቀ𝝆𝒂𝝆𝒔−𝟏ቁ+𝟏 − 𝟏൩+ 𝒙
Where:
R: measured resistance
A: electrode area.
As: brain slice area
a: ACSF resistivity
s: slice resistivity
x: electrode separation
d: slice thickness
Slice ACSF
s a
RA/a (m)
x (m)
Measurement of resistance (R) against different separation of electrodes (x)
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-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
-0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
RA
/a
(m)
x (m)
ACSF only
ACSF with real slice
The measured conductivity is affected by the uncertainty of y-intercept and….
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• Slice surface area (As) and ACSF resistivity (a) was studied• 0.0 - 0.7 S/m
y-intercept electrodes surface area (A)
The measured conductivity is affected by the uncertainty of ...
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ACSF resistivity (a) electrodes surface area (A)
• Also slice surface area (As) was studied• 0.5 – 0.7 S/m
Next Step ..• More accurate measurements using...
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Advantages:• Electrodes will be used as a cutters so the brain slice area will
equal the surface area of the electrodes • Ag/AgCl electrodes are more efficient with measurements • The random and systematic error in the electrodes separation will
be minimizedDisadvantages:• The brain slice folding• The tube leakage of ACSF and many other limitations
2. 2D Electrical conductivity by4 Cylindrical electrodes
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4 Tiny Cylindrical electrodes:
• The difference is 1 %
Defining equation in 2D
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Where:
: is the fluid conductivity
I: the measured current.
D: the depth of the fluid
: the voltage
r1: distance between Iin and V2.
r2: distance between Iout and V2.
r3: distance between Iin and V1.
r4: distance between Iout and V1.
For the ACSF we expect the relationship:
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b
d
where:
z = effective measured impedance of the tissue
b = separation between the two voltmeter electrodes
d = separation between the inward and the outward current electrodes
3. 3D Electrical Conductivity
16
Multielectrode Array
We place the brain slice on a commercially available multielectrode array (MEA) consisting of 60 three-dimensional platinum electrodes.
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1.6 mm 20 m
Options of 4 point electrodes:
• Not suitable because: the distances or they are mechanically unstable
• The difference range from 2% up to 25 %
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5 mm
1 mm
2 mm
Conclusion:
• 1D is the most encouraging.
• The conductivity ranges from 0 to 0.7 S/m which is consistent with Gabril et al. (2009) review.
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What is the problem?
mouse brain slices
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1 cm
• Is there a link between seizure activity and electrical conductivity?
• Can we measure changes in electrical conductivity of mouse cortex just before, during and after seizure-like events.
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Further work:
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Thank you
Thanks to my friends in the University of Waikato Cortical Modelling Group
THE UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO
INTERNATIONAL DOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIP
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The importance of conductivity
• Neurons communicate electrically through gap junctionsgap junctions
• Neurons touch
• A conductive channel through their two membranes
• Ions can flow, implying electrical conductivity
• Is this effect measurable?
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Gap junctions and seizures
• Gap junction blockade increases the frequency and amplitude of seizure events in rat and mouse brain slices
• Voss et al. (2009). Epilepsia, 50(8), 1971 – 1978.
• Voss et al. (2010). European Journal of Pharmacology 643, 58 – 62.
•Our questions:
• Can we measure changes in electrical conductivity due to opening / closing of gap junctions?
• Is there a link between seizure activity and electrical conductivity?
Modelling:The approximate calculation our equation is supported by more accurate computer modelling of the electric fields between the three-dimensional electrodes using COMSOL Multiphysics. We have used COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate electric field between the array.
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Modeling shows very high current density on the electrodes which make them burning