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The heirs of Edward III and the royal houses of the continent. Foreign contacts of England and the role of Chaucer.
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Edward III’s HeirsChaucer, England and Europe
Dante, Bargello, 1330’s School of Giotto
Petrarch Boccaccio
The Genesis of the “Great Divergence”
“Malthusian Dynamism and the Rise of Europe: Make War, not Love” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 2009, 99:2, 248–254Voigtländer, Nico, and Hans-Joachim Voth. "The three horsemen of riches: Plague, war, and urbanization in early modern Europe." The Review of Economic Studies 80.2 (2013): 774-811.Alesina, Alberto “Women, Fertility, and the Rise of Modern Capitalism” Science 342, 427 (2013);
‘The Great Divergence’
London
• Life expectancy less than countryside– Sewage– Population density – disease– High income – more animals
• High income - luxuries
Town and Countryside
• After Black Death– Switch from agriculture to pastoralism– Pastoralism requires different types of labor– Migration to cities– Women and labor
• Delayed marriage– Decreased fertility
Edward III (1312-1377) - Children
• Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376)– Richard II
• Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence (1338-1368)
• John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (1340-1399)• Edmund of Langley, duke of York (1341-1402)• Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester
(1355–1397)
Lionel of Antwerp (1338-1368)
1340 Marries Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363), heiress of the 3rd Earl of Ulster (d. 1332)1368 Daughter, Philippa, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351–1381).
Lionel’s descendantsLionel of Antwerp
Philippa of Clarence (1355-1378)m. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd earl of March
Elizabeth m. Henry PercyRoger, 4th earl
Anne m. Richard ConisburghPhilippa MortimerEdmund Mortimer, m. Catrin (Catherine) Glyndŵr
John of Gaunt - Children1359 m. Blanche of Lancaster (1346-1368)
daughter of Henry GrosmontPhilippa (1360-1415)
John
Elizabeth (1364-1426)Edward, John
Henry IV (1367-1413)Isabella
John of Gaunt
1364 Considered as successor to childless king of Scotland1366 Chaucer involved in negotiations in Navarre1367 Participated with the Black Prince in the restoration of Pedro the Cruel to Castile
John of Gaunt’s Descendants
John of Gaunt m. Blanche of Lancaster (1359)Philippa of Lancaster m. John I of Portugal
Henry IV (1367-1414)
Edward Duarte, King of Portugal (1391-1433-1438)Alfonso (1432-1438-1481)John II (1455-1477-1495)
John of GauntBlanche of LancasterSt. Pauls, London (destroyed)
Descendants
Children of Philippa (1360-1415) 1387 m. Joao of Portugal
Blanche, Alfonso
Edward (1391-1438), King of PortugalPeter (1392-1449), duke of Coimbra
Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)Isabella (1397-1472)m. Philip of Burgundy
Blanche
John (1400-1442) grandfather of Manuel I and Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand (1402-1443)
Marriage of Joao and Philippa
Modern Tragedy – Monk’s Tale
O noble, O worthy Petro, glorie of Spayne,Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee,Wel oghten men thy pitous deeth complayne!Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee,And after, at a seege, by subtiltee,Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente,Where as he with his owene hand slow thee,
Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente.
Chaucer’s contacts
• 1366 Spain• 1378 Bernabò Visconti of Milan
Spanish Descendants
John of Gaunt m. Constance of Castile (1371)Catherine of Lancaster, Queen of Castile (1373-1418)John II, King of Castile (1405-1406-1454) m. Isabella of PortugalIsabella I of Castile (1451-1474-1504)Catherine of Aragon m. Henry VIII of EnglandQueen Mary of England
Spain on the international scene
• 1331 to 1350 Alfonso XI, king of Castile and León advanced a specifically Castilian brand of chivalry– Public coronations and tournaments– Prophecies of Merlin– Intent to establish of Castile and León as leader of
Spain– Union with England
Siege of Algeciras (1342–44)
Spanish-English ties
• Pedro son of Alfonso engaged to Joan, daughter of Edward III– Joan dies in 1348 in Bordeaux on the way to
Castile; one of the earliest English victims of the plague
Pedro the Cruel and the Black PrinceCrown Jewel
1362 Pedro obtains it from Abū Sa'īd, Sultan of Granada.1366 Pedro deposed by Henry of TrastamaraAlliance with Black Prince1367 Allies defeat Henry’s army at the Battle of Najera
Spain and Hundred Years War
• Henry of Trastamara allied to French• Fought John of Gaunt and Portugal• 1372 Important in naval battle of La
Rochelle
Battle of La Rochelle
John the Gaunt’s claim to Castile
1386 Invades with 8,000 menDefeated in battle and by diseasePays large sum and arranges the marriage of his daughter, Catherine (Caterina) to Henry’s son
Arms of John of Gaunt Arms of Castile and Leon
BeaufortsLegitimized in 1396
John of Gaunt m. Katherine Swynford (1396)John Beaufort (~1371-1410) James II of ScotlandHenry Beaufort (1375-1447), bishop of WinchesterThomas Beaufort (1377-1426)Joan Beaufort (1379-1440)
Edmund LangleyEdmund Langley1372 Marries Isabella of Castile, sister of Constance
Edward, 2nd duke (1373-1415)Constance (1374-1416)Richard of Conisburgh 3rd earl of Cambridgem. Anne Mortimer
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Kings Langley Palace
Scotland
1369 Fifteen year truce1376 Infractions occur and major differences between Douglas of Scotland and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland1378 John of Gaunt is appointed Richard II’s lieutenant of the marches towards Scotland
Scotland
1381 Percy fails to give shelter to Gaunt during peasant’s revolt
Attempts to exclude Percys from a role in border disputes
1384 Truce expires; hostilities resume1385 Scottish forces with aid from France and use of scorched earth polices drive off Gaunt and Richard II
Edmund LangleyEdmund Langley1372 Marries Isabella of Castile, sister of Constance
Edward, 2nd duke (1373-1415)Constance (1374-1416)Richard of Conisburgh 3rd earl of Cambridgem. Anne Mortimer
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Kings Langley Palace
Scotland
1369 Fifteen year truce1376 Infractions occur and major differences between Douglas of Scotland and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland1378 John of Gaunt is appointed Richard II’s lieutenant of the marches towards Scotland
Scotland
1381 Percy fails to give shelter to Gaunt during peasant’s revolt
Attempts to exclude Percys from a role in border disputes
1384 Truce expires; hostilities resume1385 Scottish forces with aid from France and use of scorched earth polices drive off Gaunt and Richard II
Thomas of Woodstock (1355-1397)
• 1374 m. Eleanor de Bohun– Appointed constable of England
• Involved in intrigues of latter part of the reign of Richard II
Humphrey (IX) de Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex
Eleanor (1364-1399) Mary (1368-1394)
Mary de Bohun, psalter
Italian city states in the 14th century
• 30% male vernacular literacy by late 13th century in Florence– Community funded primary education– Secular– Latinate elite (grammar schools)
• High numeracy– Abacus schools (also teach reading and writing)
• Universities emphasize secular studies: law and medicine
Italian writing
• Florence – business records in vernacular– Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio– Petrarch’s more serious works in Latin
• Milan, Bologna, Venice – records in Latin
Other modern tragedies
According to Chaucer• 1369 Pierre de Lusignan whoi had been
entertained by Edward III in 1363 and had many English knights among his followers. He was killed by three of his own men.
• 1385, Bernabò Visconti was arrested by his nephew, and subsequently poisoned in prison..
Italian Trade
• Genoa• Milan• Florence• Venice• Danger: Neutral boats trading with Flanders
seized in 1370
Genoa
• Shipping switched to Southampton• 1371, 1372 Genoese buy safe-conducts• 1373 Chaucer goes to Genoa to negotiate on
shipping; Genoese neutral in 100 Years War• 1378 Attempt to establish Genoese staple in
Southampton fails• Trade increases during disruption in Flanders
Nautical revolution
• Lateen-rigged to square rigged• Quarter rudders to single stern rudder• Compass• Astrolabe
Ship design
Lateen-rigged 1300 Square-rigged
Rudders
Venice
• About one ship a year• Luxury goods
Florence
• Some loans to Crown• Foreign exchange for churchman going to
Avignon and pilgrims going to Rome, merchants going throughout Europe
• Boccaccio
English export = Mercenaries
• The White Company and Sir John Hawkwood
Italian immigrants and visitors
• Merchants– Provisions, spices
• Doctors• Dancing-masters
Artistic Influences?
• Chaucer• Manuscript illustration• St. Stephen’s Chapel