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Rice is one of main food crops in the worlds so knowing about how is origin may important to the people engage in the agriculture extension or advisory or education
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Rice Origin and DistributionTharaka Jayasinghe
Technical Sales ExecutiveA Baurs & Com (Pvt) Ltd
Outline
HistoryWorld SituationPresent SituationEvolutionary PathOryza glaberrimaOryza sativa
HISTORY
• Found -10,000 years ago• Rice cultivation 6500 years ago• First sign of cultivation about 5500 years ago
in China• Thailand around 4500 B.C• Also appeared, Cambodia, Vietnam and southern India• 20 wild rice spp
World status
• Rice is the 2nd largest produced cereal in the world
• Rice production is about -661.81ml MT (2008)• Average rice yield - 4.25 MT/ha (2008) • Production is geographically concentrated in
Western and Easter Asia with more than 90 percent of world output and consumption
• Started as wild grown crop • Today most popular variety - Oryza type• Only two of them offer an agriculture
interest for humans: -Oryza sativa - Oryza glaberrima
Present Condition
Evolutionary pathway of cultivated rice
Oryza glaberrima
• Oryza glaberrima- African rice (domesticated rice species).
• Less known than Asian rice• Originate after Asian rice• Oryza glaberrima -grown in Africa
Oryza sativa• A common Asian rice – Most popular• Indica -warm, -semitropical -tropical climate • Main types- 3• wild types- 20• First originated type
Rice distribution in Asia.
• Place of origin of Asian rice to be in the area from Assam of India extending to Yunnan of China.
• Domestication of rice in Asia may have occurred independently at about same time
• Domesticated three types of O.sativa spp.
Oryza indica
In present most distributed typeExtended to southern part of Assam then
migrated to southern and central part of India.
Mostly in Bengal area :Bengal seriesFirst type introduced to Sri Lanka in 513B.CEg: Indo-china peninsula and china
Oryza japonica
Formed at downstream sites of Yangtze river.
So it is Yangtze river series.Extended to northern part of Assam due
to temperate climate.E.g.: Korea, Japan, Russia and Syria etc.
Oryza javanica
Least distributed Asian type.
Tropical and temperate characters
Mostly extended to Indonesia ,Philippines and Myanmar
Japonica and Indica expanded to other Asian countries also:
-Korea -Japan - Myanmar -Pakistan -Sri Lanka - Philippines and -IndonesiaThe Asian rice (Oryza sativa) was adapted to
farming in the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe around 800 B.C.
Rice distribution in AfricaAfrican rice was domesticated 2,000-3,000
years ago in the Inland delta of the Upper Niger river now in Mali
The Asian rice species was introduced in West Africa at around 1500 by the Portuguese
The upper coastal part of West Africa was historically known as the “Rice Coast”
Rice distribution in Africa
10%- 30%
Share of cereal intake
0%- 5% 5%- 10%
30%- 50%
1961-751961-75 1995-001995-00
Source FAO, WARDA
Top Ten Rice Producers by Country• Together, China and India accounted for over half of the
world’s rice supply in 2006.
1. China 182 million tons (28.8% of global rice)2. India 136.5 million tons (21.6%)3. Indonesia 54.4 million tons (8.6%)4. Bangladesh 43.7 million tons (6.9%)5. Vietnam 35.8 million tons (5.7%)6. Thailand 29.3 million tons (4.6%)7. Myanmar 25.2 million tons (4%)8. Philippines 15.3 million tons (2.4%)9. Brazil 11.5 million tons (1.8%)10. Japan 10.7 million tons (1.7%).
Paddy Production Distribution(average 1999-2003)
Thank youEmail:[email protected]