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PHILOSOPHY: MIDTERM LECTUREPrepared by: Raizza P. Corpuz
ANCIENT EPOCH
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TRIUMVIRATE IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE (FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY
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• SocratesThe Socratic Method
DIALECTIC: A method of seeking truththrough a series of questions and answers.
The Socratic method is a “dialectic” methodteaching.
To solve a problem, it is broken down into aseries of questions, the answers to whichgradually distill the answer a person wouldseek.
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Socrates
Ethics
Socrates' primary concern in philosophy was, “How should we live?”
3 Questions
What is good?
What is right?
What is just (justice)?
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SocratesEthicsSocrates' ethics
assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life.
No one desires evil.No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
Virtue = positive moral behavior
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Plato
Socrates' Student
Founded the Academy –First institution for higher education
First Western philosopher whose writings have survived
Most of what we know about Socrates comes from Plato's writings
Agreed with Pythagoras that Mathematics were essential in understanding the world
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WILL
Plato
EthicsHumans are made of 3 conflicting elements:
Passions
Intellect
Will
Most people live life allowing the PASSIONS, INTELLECT and WILL to be in conflict with one another.
INTELLECT PASSIONS
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Plato
Ethics
Ideal living is when the INTELLECT controls the PASSIONS through the WILL
INTELLECT
WILL
PASSIONS
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Plato
Metaphysics
Reality can be divided into two realms:
The Visible World
Forms - Ideas
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PlatoMetaphysics
The Visible WorldLower - Imperfect
World experienced by our senses
Physical
Bound by Space and Time
Always changing
Always “becoming”
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PlatoMetaphysics
Realm of Forms-IdeasHigher - Perfect
ULTIMATE REALITY
Not accessible to our senses
Non-Physical
Not Bound by Space and Time
Never Changing
Always “is”
HORSE
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Plato's Cave
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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE (SW)
BASED ON THE VIDEO CLIP: Answer the ffg:
Answer it in BRIEF, CONCISE and SHORT manner.
1. What is your own perception of the Allegory of the Cave?
2. What symbol represents the said thought of Plato in his Allegory that you can relate to your daily existence?
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PlatoPolitics: The Ideal Republic
Philosophically Aware Rulers (Governing Class)
Police Class
(Protective Class)
General Population
(Worker Class)
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Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
RPCorpuxz 2013
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)• The “real” or “encyclopaedists” or “inspired
common sense” or “the prince of those who know”
• Studied under Plato at the Academy
• Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for three years, beginning in 343 BCE
• Later returned to Athens to open
school called the Lyceum in 335 BCE
RPCorpuxz 2013
Aristotle
Logic
3 Areas of LearningTheoretical
Practical
Productive
Logic is a Tool underlying all learning
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AristotleLogic
CategoriesSets the boundary of terms
Essential in forming an argument
Dogs PugsAnimals
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Aristotle
The 4 Causes To really “know” something you need to know the causes of it.
Example:
What is a house?
Material CauseThe “materials” that make up the thing.
Bricks are the material cause of a Brick House
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Material CauseInsufficiency of the Material Cause
The materials that make up a thing are not the same as the thing itself.
A pile of Bricks is not a HouseSome things can be made of different
materials. Houses can be made of Bricks or Wood or Metal.
Formal CauseThe FORM of the thing. The pattern, shape, characteristics of a thing.Not the same as Plato's idea of Forms, i.e. no realm of forms.The Form does not have an existence apart from the thing as in Plato's concept of Forms
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Efficient CauseThe cause that changes the materials into the thing.
The Tools/Instruments used to create the thing.
Final CauseThe reason, purpose or goal of a thing. Ex. The purpose of a house is to shelter a people.
Final Cause is evidence of an Intelligent Designer who provides things with purposeTeleology – Nature Intelligent Design Prepared by RPC2014
Acquired by Habit
Not innate
Habit develops a disposition to act virtuously
The Golden Mean: Mid-point between 2 extremes
Courage
Cowardice RECKLESNESS
Ethics: Virtues
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Ethics: Virtuous LifeKnow what is Right
Do what is Right
Practical Wisdom - Make Right Decisions based on Good Reasons
Contemplation of the Best things NOT just Good things – Good is the enemy of the Best
Motivation for Doing Anything is Flourishing (Full -Meaningful)
A key theme in Aristotle's thought is
that happiness is the goal of life.
Eudaimoniaor Happiness
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“We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act,
but a habit. ... At his best,
man is the noblest of all
animals; separated from law
and justice he is the worst.”
(Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.)
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THANK YOU!Some excerpt:Slideshare.com
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