ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)

1

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.twˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtwˆKy`wWdtydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)tydkif; (5)

ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?trSmtrSmtrSmtrSmtrSm

1989 ckESpf ygwDwGif; z±kdz&Jjzpfr_}uD; ay:ayguf+yD;aemuf A[kdaumfrwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tem;,l=u&ef A[kdu qHk;jzwfvkduf&ygawmhonf? u|efawmftem;,lzkd@ xGufcGmcgeD;wGif ygwDA[kdukd qufvufOD;aqmif&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onfh A[kdacgif;aqmifxJrSwOD;wnf;usef&pfol/ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if &JabmfxGef; (Akdvf=uifarmif) u “at;at;aq;aq; em;em;aeaeae&if; ukd,fa&;twÎKy`wWda&;ygvm;”[k wkdufwGef;cJhzl;ygonf?

jynfwGif;&Sd u|efawmfESifhacwf+ydKifrdwfaqGrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfukdifzufa[mif;rsm;uvnf; vl}uHKrsm;ESifh vSrf;wkdufwGef;cJh=uygonf?

okd@aomf u|efawmfu twÎKy`wWdqkdwm ukd,faorS wjcm;vlawG a&;=uvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um a&;zkd@pdwfrul;cJhyg?2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmf twÎKywWda&;csifvmygonf? xkdtcsdefwGif u|efawmfhtouf 80 ausmfaeyg+yD? tawmfarhavsmhp

jyKvmojzifh a&;zkd@rvG,fulawmhyg?okd@aomf u|efawmfa&;rnfqkdv#if a&;Ekdifonfhtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdygonf?1? u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZm (ukdjrarmif) rSm a&$vDwGif aexkdifae&mrS ArmjynfwGif;rS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; &oavmuf

&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;ojzifh u|efawmf,cifu a&;om;xkwfa0zl;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;r# jyefvnf&&Sd±Hkr#ru e0w acwf/etz acwf xkwfor# orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &&Sdxm;ojzifh vkdtyfonfhtcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &wefoavmuf &Ekdifygonf?

2? ygwDrS &Jabmfrsm;onf ygwDhtmabmf “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” “jynfol@tm%m” *sme,fukd tqufrjywf qufvufxkwfa0=u&m xkd*sme,ftwGufvkdtyfonfhorkdif;ta=umif;t&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd u|efawmfhxH r=umc% pma&;ar;jref;=u/ aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;awmif;cH=uvkyf=u&m/ u|efawmfhrSm xkdjyefpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm; &Sdaeojzifh tcsuftvufrsm; tawmftoifh pHkvifpGm&Sdaeygonf?

3? xkd@jyif ‘jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay’rS OD;atmifapmOD;onf ‘orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef ay:aygufa&;’ qkdaom aºu;a=umfoHjzifhpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; r=umc%xkwfwwf&m olu ol@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf u|efawmfhukd trSmpmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm; awmif;avh&Sdygonf?xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;rSmvnf; orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;omjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhtwÎKy`wWda&;&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftul &apEkdifygonf?

4? 199& ckESpf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r_ ESpfig;q,fjynfhtcsdefwGif BBC rS txl;tpDtpOfw&yftwGuf u|efawmfhukdpmjzifhar;jref;qufoG,f+yD; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;vkyf&mwGif orkdif;0ifta=umif;t&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if+yD;/ xkdtar;tajzrsm;ukd‘w&m;cHtppfb,folvJ’qkdaom acgif;pOfjzifh pmtkyfwtkyfvnf; xkwfjzpfcJhygonf? xkdrS tquf&um usefowif;Xmersm;uvnf; tcg}uD;/&uf}uD;rsm; (Oyrm-vGwfvyfa&;ae@/ awmfvSefa&;ae@ ) wGif awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm; tqufrjywfvkyfvm&m/ u|efawmf. ajzqkdcsufrsm;rSmrdwWLrsm;&Sdojzifh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;+yD;ovkd jzpfaeygawmhonf?

5? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfukd,fwdkifvnf; rSwfrdor#awGukd t=urf;zsif;csa&;xm;/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJwGif a&;xm;rd pwmrsm;vnf;&Sdaeygonf? xkdrSvnf; tcsuftvufrsm; &ygonf?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmf 2003 ckESpfrSpI ukd,fwkdifa&;twÎKy`wWdukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI a&;om;vm&m ,cktykdif; 5 +yD;oGm; yg+yD? 1976ckESpf/ Zlvkdif 20 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfvGwfajrmufa'o ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&mokd@ a&muf&Sdonfhta=umif; azmfjy+yD; tykdif; 5 ukdtqHk;owfvkdufygonf? TwGif u|efawmf. yk*~vdub0 +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfygwDokd@ jyefa&muf+yD;aemuftykdif;rSm ygwDorkdif;ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;tygt0if aemufrsdK;quf&Jabmfrsm;u qufIwm0ef,l/ okawoejyK a&;om;oGm;=u&ef wkdufwGef;&ayonf? u|efawmf ,ck touf 88 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfI u|efawmfqufra&;Ekdifawmhyg? u|efawmf em;yg&apawmh?

TwGif pum;csyftjzpf ajymvkdwmwck &Sdygonf? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifa&; twÎKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif u|efawmf aemufqufwGJtjzpfxyfxnfhcsifonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &Sdygonf?

yxrpmwrf;rSm u|efawmfygwDukd a&muf+yD;aemuf 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufwGif “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” “jynfol@toH” rSaeI toHv$ifhcJhaomu|efawmf. ‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’jzpfygonf?

xkd@tjyif 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif touf 80 jynfhaom u|efawmfhtm; *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'fukd uAsmq&m (ukd)0if;wifhxGef;u pyfay;cJhzl;ygonf? u|efawmftouf 80 jynfh+yD;aemufae@ 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 4 &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhaom u|efawmfhZeD;onfa':oef;pdefukd &nfn¸ef;+yD; xkduAsmq&muyif *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'f a&;ay;cJhzl;ygonf?

xkduAsmESpfyk'frSm u|efawmfhb0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefESifhtjzpftysuftrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeojzifh TpmtkyfwGifaemufqufwGJ 'kwd,pmwrf;ESifh wwd,pmwrf;tjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufygonf? xkduAsmESpfyk'fukd pyfqkday;cJhonfh ukd0if;wifhxGef;tm;vnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifa=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?

u|efawmfh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJh=uonfh &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ xkwfa0ay;onfh ‘"l0Hpmay’ukdvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm AkdvfausmfaZm 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07 24-4-07

2

yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;yOPrykdif;1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;rSm u|efawmf &efukef+rdK@/ prf;acsmif;&yf/ qDqHkvrf;/ tdrftrSwf 36okd@ r*Fvm'Hk {nfhcHa*[mrS ajymif;a&$@

oGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfpkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGav;u oHk;axmifausmfavmufyJ&Sdvkd@ tJ'Dtdrf0,fzkd@ vkdtyfwJhaiGukd u|efawmfhtpfukd}uD; OD;ykuxkwfay;ygonf? aemifusrS u|efawmfhajruGufukd a&mif;+yD; qyfEkdifygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;&J@ zcifvnf; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpf+yD;/ ol@rdcif a':wifuu|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkeJ@twl vkdufaewmjzpfvkd@ olwkd@&J@ oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay: vliSm;wif+yD;/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*awGudkawmh u|efawmfwkd@tckaer,fh prf;acsmif;tdfrfukd o,f,l+yD; oHk;pGJcJh&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;ukdawmh tdrfeJ@eD;onfh pdef@zDvkdrDemuGefAifhausmif; (aemifprf;acsmif; txu 2) rSm xm;ygonf? rdef;uav;ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;ukd av;wef;txd vufcHojzifh armifESpfr ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd tJ'Dausmif;rSmyJ xm;vkdufygonf?u|efawmfhESpfr0rf;uGJrsm;rSm xkdausmif;xGufrsm;jzpfojzifh xkdausmif;rS c&pf,mefr,foDv&ifq&mr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;ojzifh olwkd@wm0ef,lausmif;tyfay;cJh=uygonf? om;orD;rsm; ausmif;udpP+yD;wmeJ@ u|efawmf a&S@a&;udpPtwGuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf?

tJ'Dacwf (zqyv tpkd;&acwf) wkef;u 'Drkdua&pDvnf; toifhtwifh&SdaewJhumvjzpfvkd@ a&S@av#muf wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxktwGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfrnfqkdv#if vkyfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdaeygonf? 'DtwGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh u|efawmfwyfu rxGufrD trsdK;rsdK;ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfukd u|efawmfjyKvkyfcJhyg onf?

1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 6 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfaexkdif&m aetdrfwGifyif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? owif;pmwkduftoD;oD;rS owif;axmuftawmfrsm;rsm; wufa&mufcJhygonf? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ t"duxm; ajymqkdcJhr_rsm;uawmh u|efawmfhtay:pGyfpGJcsufrsm; rckdifvHkyHk/ oufaorjynfhpHkyHk/ txl;ojzifh u|efawmfhukd pepfwus w&m;r#wr_ &SdpGm ppfaq;jcif;/ xkacscGifhjyKjcif;rsm; r&SdyHkawGukdu|efawmfajymqkd&Sif;vif;cJhygonf?

aemufae@owif;pmrsm;wGif u|efawmf. ajym=um;csuftjynfhtpHkukd xnfhoGif;azmfjy=u+yD; t,f'Dwmtmabmf tcef;rsm;rSvnf;u|efawmf. awmif;qkdcsufjzpfaom‘±Hk;wifppfaq;yg’qdkonfh tcsufukd txl;tav;ay;a&;om;=uygonf? txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh owif;pmrsm;/ *sme,frsm;u u|efawmf. wkdif;jynftay:pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: tus,fw0ifh a&;om;=uygonf?tcsdK@wyfrawmfwGif;u u|efawmfhukd av;pm;=unfndK=uonfh wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;uvnf; u|efawmfeJ@twl wkdufyGJrsm;rSm yg0ifcJh=uyHk/u|efawmf. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; pwmrsm;ukd tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpf a&;om;=uygonf?

xkdpOfu zqyv tpkd;&twGif; jcpm;r_/ vmbfpm;r_/ tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefpGyfpGJr_rsm;eJ@ emrnfysufpjyKvmcsdefeJ@vnf; wkdufqkdifaeojzifh tpkd;&ukdwkdufckdufa0zefonfh t&Sdefjzifhvnf; a&maeygonf?

xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif owif;axmufwOD;u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd ar;jref;&mu|efawmfu oD;jcm;xkwfjyefygrnf[k ajymqkdvkduf+yD; u|efawmfru|rf;usifonfh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;ukdyg tus,fw0ifh tcsdef,lavhvm+yD;rS atmufwkdbm 27 &ufwGif ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI u|efawmf. oabmxm;’qkdonfh pmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefvkdufygonf? xkdpmwrf;ukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI owif;pmrsm;u azmfjy=u+yD; aemufykdif;wGifvnf; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0cJhygonf?

xkdpmwrf;i,fwGif tykdif;av;ykdif; yg&Sdygonf?1? yxrykdif;wGif jynfwGif;ppf 10 ESpfc&D;ukd t=urf;zsif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 1948 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSpI wkdufcJh&aom autif'Dtkd

(KNDO) wkd@tygt0if tjcm;vufeufukdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh tvHjzL/ tvHeD uGefjrLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ &ckdifolykefrsm;ponfh wjynfvHk;twkdif;twmeJ@ tESH@tjym;jzpfcJhonfh wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?

2? 'kwd,ykdif;wGif ‚ 10 ESpfc&D;twGif; tpkd;&ESifholykefrsm; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf. vuf&Sdtajctaersm;ukd a0zefoHk;oyfxm;+yD;/ tu,fITtwkdif; qufwkdufckdufygu tem*wf. tvm;tvmukd u|efawmfa0zefwifjyxm;ygonf?

Ttykdif;wGif u|efawmfu “EdkifiHa&;onf jynfwGif;ppftwuftus. ausm±kd;r¾dKifjzpfonf? ppfa&;onf taxmuftultykdif;om jzpfonf? olykefta&;edrhfaprnfh xl;jcm;onfh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ rygbJ ppfa&;oufoufjzifhom &ifqkdifaev#if olykefta&;rSmtvGef&Snf=umcufcJEkdifa=umif;/ vuf&Sdtpkd;&taeeJ@ ppfa&;oufoufcsnf; tm;rukd;bJ EkdifiHa&;t& }udK;pm;oifha=umif;/ Ttwkdif;qufoGm;aeygu jynfwGif;ppf}uD; &Snf=umoGm;rnfh tvm;tvm&Sda=umif;/ ppfwyfwkd;csJ@&I jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vnf; usqif;Ekdifa=umif;”pwmrsm;ukd tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjy/ &Sif;vif;jy+yD;/ ppfa&;oufoufjzifh aemufxyf 7 ESpfqufwkdufv#ifvnf;/ olykeftiftm;rusqif;Ekdifa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

3? wwd,ykdif;wGif ppfESifhEkdifiHa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;/ ppfESifhjynfolvlxk/ ppfESifhEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. wm0efqufpyfaeyHkrsm;ukdtus,fw0ifh a&;om;xm;ygonf?

txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ppfEkdifa&;twGufomru ppfukdrlv EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrS aoGzDroGm;atmifESifhppf+yD;aemuf +idrf;csrf;a&;umvwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sda=umif;pwmawG yg&Sdygonf? ppfonf jzpf&efvG,fulaomfvnf; t+yD;owf&ef cufcJwwfa=umif;ESifh ppf.'%fukd jynfolvlxku t"du cH&a=umif;awG yg&Sdygonf?

4? pwkwÎykdif;wGifrl vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfukd rnfuJhokd@ tqHk;owfoifhonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf? xkdpOfu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekajym=um;onfh rdef@cGef;ukd ukd;um;+yD; jynfolvlxku ppftwGuf ay;&aomtzkd;tcrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; “jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;tay: EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ wm0ef&Sda=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ ppfeJ@ ywfoufI xifjrif,lqyHk ayghqrSm;,Gif;jcif;ta=umif;&if;rSm

3

ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&cgp tawG@t}uHK/ A[kokwenf;yg;r_ a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pdwful;qENawGukdvnf;aumif;/ a'go - arm[rsm;ukda&S@xm;rdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; rSm;cJh=uyHk/ b,fola=umifh/ b,f0gha=umifh[k qufvuftjiif;ryGm;oifhawmhbJ trSm;0efcH±HkrubJ?trSm;ukd &J&J0Hh0Hhhjyif=u&ef” wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf?

vuf&SdEdkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh vuf&Sdwkdif;jynftajctae/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf &yfwnfae&aom tajctaewkd@ukd wdwdususqef;ppf=unfh±SK+yD;/ jynfolvlxktem*wftusdK;ukd rqef@usifapbJ/ usdK;a=umif;r#wI ,xmblwusaom enf;vrf;jzifh &yfpJ=u&efwkdufwGef;xm;ygonf?

(xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; OD;pD;I v_yf&Sm;aeaom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;vnf;w+cdrfh+cdrfhESifh wEkdifiHvHk; usif;yae=uygonf?)

u|efawmfxkdpmwrf;a&;om;&ef jynfwGif;ppfjy\emukd tao;pdwfavhvmavav jynfwGif;ppfa&&Snf+yD; jynfolwkd@. qif;&J'kuQtE W&m,frsm;ukd jrifavavjzpfum jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;onfom tem*wfEkdifiHopf xlaxmifEkdifa&;twGuf aomhcsufjzpfa=umif; ykdrkdIoabmaygufvmygonf? vuf&Sdjynfolvlxkwkd@. 'kuQrsdK;pHk qHkcsufjzpfaeonfh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;jyK EkdifiHa&;tajccHay:wGif &yfpJEkdifygu wkdif;jynftay:t}uD;rm;qHk; tusdK;jyKEkdifcsuf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfvmrdygonf?

xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfonf q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;. “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwD”tzGJ@0ifwcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif+yD; xkdtzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfygawmhonf?

okd@aomf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif yxrt}udrf Akdvfae0if;OD;pD;I ppftm%modrf;yGJ ay:aygufvm&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;cufcJvm+yD; 1959 ckESpfwGif xkdjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwDukd zsufodrf;ypfcJh&onf?

zqyv tpkd;&uGJ/ oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufeJ@ tajctaeawG ±SKyfaxG;ae&mrS 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ukd tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;onfqkdum tdrfapmifhtpkd;&wufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&uvnf; 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g &Dv 6 &ufae@wGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;cJhonf?

xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif u|efawmfonf woD;yk*~vtrwfa[mif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwkdifawmifykdif; rJqENe,frS yg0if,SOf+ydKifcJhygonf?oef@&Sif; zqyv rS ocifpHa0/ wnf+rJ zqyv rS Akdvfp=umESifh yrnw rS EkwfxGufvm+yD; woD;yk*~vtjzpf 0ifvmonfh OD;atmifoef;(AdkvfcsKyftpfukd) wkd@ESifh ,SOf+ydKif&jcif; jzpfygonf?

rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif tpyxrykdif;wGif u|efawmfu wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;/ xlaxmifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukdomtav;ay;a[majym&m vltrsm;u }udKufESpfoufjcif;r&SdvSay? u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJulnDa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;u EkdifiHa&;t&wkdufckdufajymqkdae=uonfh wjcm;trwfavmif;rsm;. a[majymcsufrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufem;axmif=u+yD; u|efawmfhukd jyefvnfajymjyum jyef&Sif;vif;ajym=um;&ef wkdufwGef;=uygonf? okd@jzifh u|efawmfrSm aemufykdif;rJqG,f w&m;yGJrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&a&m/ yk*~dKvfa&;t&yg ajymqkdr_rsm;yg0ifvm&ygawmhonf? txl;ojzifh wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) ta=umif; ajyma[mojzifh wcsdK@jynfolrsm; todenf;ao;aomtwGif;a&;rsm;ygojzifh vltrsm; tawmfoabmus=uygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefpnfum; }uD;us,fvmygonf?

u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJ ulnDa&;tzGJ@wGif u|efawmf. ,cifwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0eftwlxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;/ wcsdK@rSm awmjyefvufeufcsrsm;/ xkd=unf@jrifwkdif awmifykdif;rJqENe,f &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS u|efawmfhtm; yk*~dKvft& av;pm;=unfndKolrsm;/ wcsdK@u&ifwkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlyk*~dKvftrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifcJh=uygonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,ftxl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; vma&mufulnD=uygonf? vltm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu ulnD/ aiGtm;eJ@ulnDEkdifolu aiGtm;ulnDeJ@ bufpHku 0kdif;0ef;ulnDol tawmfyifrsm;jym;cJhygonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ukd u|efawmf,cktxd owd&aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf?

okd@jzifh 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 6 &uf a&G;aumufyGJwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJh&m u|efawmf±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; yxptrwfavmif; ocifpHa0 EkdifoGm;ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfygonf? [email protected] wnf+rJzqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) tay: tawmfjywfom;pGmjrifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? &&Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfESifhaygif;+yD; ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;vkyfrnfholrsm;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkukd eif;zdxm;rnfholrsm;tjzpf (vufawG@t&) odjrifxm;+yD; jzpfonf?

1958 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@u wnf+rJ zqyv u v$wfawmfwGif oef@&Sif; zqyv ukd t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;+yD;rJcGJcJhpOfu oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu tomrJ &SpfrJav;jzifhom tEkdif&oGm;cJhzl;ygonf? xkdae@u v$wfawmfwGif;tajctaersm;ukd a&'D,kdrS wkduf±kduftoHv$ifhay;&m wEkdifiHvHk; &ifwrrjzifh aecJh&onfukd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u rarhEkdifao;yg? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGifvnf;ppfAkdvfrsm;. rw&m;&rf;um;r_ukd trsdK;rsdK;cHcJh&onfh tjzpfoepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;a'orsm;ESifh e,frsm;wGif ppfwyf.vkyf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyLapmxD;/ vJAD;ponfh ppfwyf. vufukdifwkwfrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyGJjyifqifcsdefumvrsm;twGif; 'Drkdua&pDwpHkw&m zGifhay;xm;&csdefwGif jynfoltrsm;od&Sdatmif ajymqkdolrsm;/a&;om;olrsm; ay:aygufcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxku ppfwyf.axmufcHr_&aeonf[k xif&aom wnf+rJukd tjywfz,f&Sm;ypfvkduf+yD;/ oef@&Sif;ukd yHkatm+yD; tonf;=um;u rJjym;rsm;ukd ay;ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? wEkdifiHvHk; 0gxdefoGm;ygawmhonf? (oef@&Sif;.ta&mifrSm t0ga&mifjzpfygonf?)

u|efawmf a&G;aumufyGJ±_H;&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm Tjynfolvlxk. oef@&Sif; zqyv rsm;tay: tm;ukd;tm;xm;yHkatmvkdr_pdwf"mwf tajccHa=umifhh jzpfygonf?

4

tjcm;ta=umif; tao;tr$m;rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? Oyrm wnf+rJtrwfavmif; Akdvfp=umtwGuf t&efxm;aomrJrsm;ukdrdrdwkd@ rEkdifEkdifawmhrSef;odvmwJh naeykdif;wGif oef@&Sif;trwfyHk;xJyJ xnfhay;vkdufr_/ oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu rJqG,fa[majymyGJrsm;wGif rdrdwkd@utpkd;&zGJ@zkd@om ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpkd;&jzpfvmv#if AkdvfausmfaZmudk ypfxm;rSm r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh a[majymr_rsm;/ u|efawmf.rJykHk;wGif u|efawmfppf0wfESifh ±kdufxm;aom "mwfyHkukd uyfxm;jcif; (wcsdK@u ppfqkdv#if a&awmif ppfraomufvkdyg[k ajymqkdaeaomtcsdef)ponfrsm;jzpfygonf?

wu,fawmh xkda&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolvlxk. “toHrxGufaom awmfvSefa&;w&yf”om jzpfcJhygawmhonf? xkda&G;aumufyGJjzifhu|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;u ppfwyfukd yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf EkdifiHa&;t& z,fcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

oef@&Sif;tpkd;& wufvm+yD;aemuf Akdvfae0if;onf xkdvlxk. wnf+rJqef@usifa&;v_dif;ukdpD;+yD;/ wyfrawmfxJrS “rdrd.bufrvkdufa&;n¸ef=um;csufukd rvkdufem”[kqkdum a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; wnf+rJbufu yif;ay;cJhonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;ukd xkwfy,fypfvkdufygonf?Akdvfae0if;. wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufrSm ol@tm;+ydKifqkdifEkdifonfh ppfbuf0gcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfaeonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;udk ol@&mxl; vHk+cHKa&;twGuf z,f&Sm;&efom jzpfygonf? xkdz,f&Sm;cH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tkyfpkwGif ,ck NLD OuUÏjzpfaeonfh OD;atmifa&$ (xkdpOfuajrmufykdif;wkdif; - wkdif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf) vnf; yg0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdpOfu jyKwfoGm;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd@ oHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpfapv$wfcef@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzKwfcscH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;uvnf; auseyf=uygonf? jynfoltrsm;.tjrifwGifvnf; Akdvfae0if;rSmawmfwnfhrSefuefol[k xifrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf?

Tenf;jzifh Akdvfae0if;onf rdrdtm;wifay;cJhonfh jynfolvlxk. pGef@ypfjcif;cHvkduf&+yDjzpfaom q&m&if;wnf+rJrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJvkdufygawmhonf? wyfwGif;wGifvnf; wpHkw&m =oZm&Sdaeonfh qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;ukdvnf; z,fxkwfvkdufEkdif+yDjzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;.Tvkyf&yfonf ol@ukdf,fusdK;twGufawmh tvGefajymifajrmufonfhvkyf&yfwck jzpfygawmhonf? jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tay:EkdifiHa&;t& tjrifaumif;rGefap+yD; ppfwyfwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tm;,SOf+ydKif Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonfh wyfrSL;tcsdK@ukd z,fxkwfvkdufEkdifygonf?

Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&vmaom oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufvmaomtcg jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf touf0ifvmygonf? xkd@a=umifh 1959 ckESpfu ysufoGm;aom yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@tpm; 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ aqmif&Guf&efEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@” ukd 22-5-60 ae@wGif u|efawmftyg yk*~dKvfajcmufOD;jzifh zGJ@cJhygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm 1? q&m}uD;ukdf,fwkdif OD;aqmifum 2? u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZmu t}uHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 3?OD;baomf 4? OD;ausmf 5? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESif@ 6? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;) wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?

xkdtzGJ@rSm E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;rSm touf 80 ausmfae+yDjzpfojzifh tawmftiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmftygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmojzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdifuvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuftopfrsm; jyKvkyfvmojzifhvnf;aumif; tm;wuf&$ifvef;vmygonf? q&m}uD;tawmftwefusef;rmvmaomtcg rsufpdwGif;rS wdrfukd cGJpdwfuko&ef ta&S@*smr%Dokd@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tay: jynfolwkd@ jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm; wufºuvmap&ef E_d;aqmfjcif;/jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;atay: xm;&Sdonfh jynfolrsm;. oabmxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;ukd wD;acgufavhvmjcif;/aemifzGJ@pnf;rnfh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@”twGif; yg0ifrnfholrsm;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufwkdufvkyfukdfif=u&ygawmhonf?

xdkuJhokd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf vHk;yef;aepOfrSmyif ArmjynfY trsdK;om;a&;jy\emwck ay:aygufvmygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif Armhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjzLwkdufa&; rJacgifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; w±kwfjzLppfXmecsKyftwGif;rStar&duefvkyfvufeufrsm; zrf;qD;rdjcif;/ tar&duefvkyf pufav;vHk;wyf w±kwfjzLav,mOf}uD;u w±kwfjzLwyfawGtay: &duQmcsay;aepOfArmhwkdufav,mOfESifhwkdufyGJjzpf&m xkdav,mOf}uD;vnf; ysufus+yD;/ Armhwkdufav,mOfwpif;vnf; ysufusoGm;ygonf? xkdav,mOfrSav,mOfrSL; AkdvfyDwm usqHk;oGm;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfwGif w±kwfjzLta&;tcif;}uD; xyfrHay:aygufvm+yD; vlxku tar&duefoH±kH;a&S@ qENjyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf?

xdk@a=umifh xkdta&;tcif;ukd vlxkod&Sdyg0ifvmap&ef pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&ef&nf&G,f+yD; &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif pk±Hk;aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “Armjynf w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;”ukd zGJ@pnf;cJh=uygonf? u|efawmfhtm; OuUÏ wifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ 'kOuUÏrsm;tjzpfawmh Akdvftkef;wif/ Aef;armfwifatmifpolrsm; jzpfygonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@xJwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhxkdtcsdefu ao'%fu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &vmonfh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;vnf; ygvmygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS yk*~dKvfpHk ygvm&m/pma&;q&mrsm;/ *Dwpm qkdrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;pojzifh tawmfyifpHkvifygonf?tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 29 zGJ@ESifh woD;yk*~v rsdK;cspfrsm; yg0if=uygonf? &efukef+rdK@ t&Siftm'dpP0Ho ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf?xkdtpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|efawmfu w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pGufzufr_rsm;ukd twkdcsKyfI ajryHkESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; ,if;tE W&m,frsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ckcHumuG,f&ef/ qef@usif&efenf;vrf;rsm;ukdyg aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf?

xkdrdef@cGef;. ed*Hk;ykdif;wGif u|efawmfu atmufygtwkdif; wifjycJhygonf?“,cktcg rJacgifppfqifa&;rSm qDwkd;.vuf&mjzpfa=umif; vufyl;vuf=uyf jynfolwkd@a&S@arSmufwGif rdxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? Arm

tpkd;&bufu oufqkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm;uvnf; 'D[mawG[m qDwkd;vufatmufcHjzpfa=umif;eJ@ w±kwfjzL[m tar&duef&J@ wynfhvuf&if;awG

5

jzpfa=umif; ajymcJhygw,f?”“'Dawmh &efol&J@ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd tcktcg usaemfwkd@oJoJuGJuGJ od=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ”“e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m ArmjynfrSm ol&J@vufeufukdifzdESdyfa&;wyf w±kwfjzLwyfukdom csxm;wmr[kwfbl;? rdrdwdk@&J@ trsdK;om;a&;

rausreyf yËdyuQjzpfae=uwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ wcsdK@aomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif+yD;/ olwkd@&J@ ppftiftm;ukd wkd;csJ@+yD;wzufu jynfwGif;ppfeuf±_dif;atmif vkyfaew,f?”

“'Dr#eJ@yJ &efol&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m a&&SnfzdESdyfusL;ausmfa&;jzpfvkd@ tvGef}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f? &efol[m wu,fvnf;tiftm;}uD;wJh &efoljzpfw,f? 'Dvkdtiftm;}uD;wJh &efolu jywfom;wJh EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufeJ@ usL;ausmf pGufzufaewmukd ayghayghqq,lq&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'Djy\em[m tE W&m,f}uD;rm;vSygw,f?”

“'D&efol&J@aemufrSm }uD;rm;wJh ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;&Sdaevkd@ 'D&efolukd ppfa&;wckwnf;eJ@ b,fvkd enf;eJ@rS t+yD;wkdifajz&Sif;Ekdfifr,fr[kwfyg? ppfa&;oufoufqkd&if &efolqDwkd;ppftkyfpk[m ppfa&;tiftm;}uD;oljzpfygw,f? a=umuf&GH@rnf r[kwfyg? aemuf+yD;abmf'ge,fpyfrsm;rSm aemufqHk;EkdifiHa&;enf;rygbJ/ oHwrefa&;&m v$rf;rkd;r_rygbJ &efolukd tukefarmif;xkwfEkdifonfxm;OD;/ tiftm;}uD;wJh&efol jyefr0ifEkdifatmif qufvufxdef;odrf; umuG,fxm;zkd@[m rvG,fygbl;? ”

“'ga=umifh ppfa&;oufoufomru wwkdif;jynfvHk; jynfolvlxk pnf;±Hk;tHkºuv_yf&Sm;r_rygbJ t+yD;wkdif armif;xkwfajz&Sif;Ekdifr,fr[kwfyg? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m Twkdif;jynfay:rSm ol@&J@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;&SdwJhtwGuf jynfolawGu tHkºuv_yf&Sm;vmrSmukd ta=umufqHk;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; urBmt&yf&yfrS e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wrsdK;om;vHk; jynfoltrsm; pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;rSom atmifjrif=up+rJjzpfygw,f?e,fcJs@orm;rsm;[m wjcm;t&mxuf jynfoltrsm; Ekd;=um;odjrif+yD; pnf;±Hk;qef@usifvmrSmukd tpkd;&drfqHk;jzpfw,f? ta=umuf&GH@qHk;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usL;ausmfvmol e,fcsJ@wkd@udk wkdufxkwfa&;rSm txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?”

“'Dvkd vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; 0ifrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;ESifh oHwrefa&;&mwkdufyGJrsm;rSm rsm;pGmtaxmuftul&apygw,f? 'ga=umifhppfrsufESm 3 &yf/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm atmifjrifEkdifr,fjzpfyg w,f? ”

“'DtxJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m ppfajrjyifrSm rsm;pGm tusdK;&SdapcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSm vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ eD;uyfpGmqufpyfr_eJ@ awG@}uHK&vkd@ ppfa&;rSmrsm;pGm wyef;omcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awG[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif;rSm 'Dwkef;uavmuf pdwf"mwfwufºur_ wcgr# r&SdcJhyg?”

“&efolqkd&if pdwf"mwfwkefv_yfygw,f? olrsm;EkdifiH usL;ausmfzkd@vmwJh&efol[m tdrf&SifwtdrfvHk;u qef@usif&if b,fvkd a&&Snfaexkdif tjrwfxkwfzkd@ jzpfEkdifyghrvJ? tenf;qHk; 'DEkdifiHrSm olwkd@ukdvufcHr,fh opPmazmufenf;enf; &SdrS/ 'DopPmazmufawGuvnf; tdrfrSm=oZm&SdOD;rSom jzpfEkdifwm? 'Dawmh 'Dvkdjynfolvlxku qef@usif&if ola&m ol@ukdvufcHcsifwJh opPmazmufa&m vuf&GH@aemufqkwf&rSm"rRwmyg?”

“usaemf&J@ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; ed*Hk;csKyfrSm 'Dppfqifa&; atmifjrifjcif;&J@ tajccHta=umif;&if; (7) csufteufjynfolvlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ ywfouf+yD; (3) csuf xnfhoGif;a&;om;rdwmukd zwfjyvkdygw,f? wcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfvlxk v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft0ga=umifhwyfrawmftm;wufºu+yD; &JpGrf;owWda&m/ vHk@v0D&d,yg ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmforkdif;wGif r}uHKbl;avmufatmif wufwufºuºu&Sdjcif;’?aemufwcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm;r_[m &efol@pdwf"mwfukdyg ,drf;,kdiftm;enf;apjcif;’(‚rSm ppfajrjyif&Sdwkdufaeaom w±kwfjzL&efolrsm;ukdom t"duqkdvkdcJh[ef &Sdonf? ol@aemuf }udK;ukdife,fcsJhorm;tzkd@ xkdxufykdpdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?) aemufwwd,tcsufrSm ‘rdrdwkd@uxkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,fhtm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;rsm;’jzpfygonf?”

'gha=umifhyJ 'Djy\em&J@ t&if;cHtajzeJ@ t"dutiftm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJomjzpfa=umif;/ aemuf 'DwkdufyGJ[mvnf; a&&Snfwkduf&rSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf?

'ghtjyif 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ b,fvkd yg0ifr,fqkdwJhta=umif; uwdopPmpum;eJ@twl tpkd;&ukdvnf;wkdufwGef;yef=um;&mrSm atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhygao;onf?

“usaemfhtzkd@ t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tckvkde,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wyfOD;uae+yD; ppfom;}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ wkdufckdufumuG,fcJhygw,f? wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? ,ckvJ EkdifiHom;wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfEkdifiH&J@ e,fcJs@usL;ausmfr_tE W&m,frsm;ukd b,fvkdumuG,fEkdifrvJqkd+yD; usaemfenf;vrf;&Smawmh txufuajymcJhwJh jynfolvlxku usL;ausmfqef@usifr_wkd@ukdqef@usiftHkºuv_yf&Sm;wJhtcg vlxkwkdufyGJrSm usaemfyg0ifEkdifa=umif; jrifvmygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefckd;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyifv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefcdk;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvkde,fcsJ@ usL;ausmfr_&efukd umuG,fqef@usifzkd@ usaemf&J@cGeftm;ukdjynfolvlxkeJ@twl toHk;jyK+yD; qef@usifumuG,foGm;zkd@@ 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm usaemfuwdjyKygw,f?”

“aemuftpkd;&ukd usaemfyef=um;wkdufwGef;vkdwmuawmh-(u) ,ckwkdufaewJh ppfqifa&;eJ@ ppfa&;t& usefao;wJhw±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif wkdufxkwfa&; }udK;yrf;&ef? (c) EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh ‚wkd@tjrefqHk; vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;&ef ukvor*~wGif xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef? (*) tpkd;&[m tHkºuwkdufyGJ0ifvmaom jynfolvlxkESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfuvkdyl;aygif;vufwGJ+yD; usL;ausmfol&efolrsm;ukd qef@usif=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f?”vdk@ ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;cJhygonf?

TtrsdK;om;aumfrwDuyif 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 12 &ufwGif wkdif;jynfokd@ E_d;aqmfyef=um;v$mwapmif xkwfa0+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd azmfjyum w±kwfjzL.aemufrS }udK;ukdifv_yf&Sm;aeol tar&duefe,fcsJ@. t}uHtpnfrsm;ukd azmfxkwf&Sif;vif;+yD; wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh tHkºuqef@usif=u&ef E_d;aqmfcJhygonf?

6

xkdtwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmfvnf; usif;yae&m rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku v$wfawmfwGif w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifhywfoufI rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;wck ay;ygonf?

0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;wGif xkdtcsdefu wjcm;e,fcJs@tusL;ausmfcH EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh uGef*kdESifh vmtkdEkdifiHrsm;ta=umif;om &Snfvsm;pGm ajymqkdoGm;+yD; rdrdwkdif;jynf. tE W&m,f}uD;jzpfaeaom w±kwfjzLudpPukd 10 rdepfr#om ajymoGm;ay onf? ajymor#tykdif;uav;wGifvnf; TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd omrefjy\emav;tjzpfom wifjyoGm;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;taejzifh rdrdwkd@EkdifiH tusL;ausmfcHae&r_tay:rsdK;cspfpdwfaemufcHjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif EkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif; em=unf;cHcufpGm ajymaejcif;eJ@rwlbJ EkdifiHwEkdifiHtm;awmif;yefaeonfhoabmom zHk;v$rf;aeayonf?

xkd@tjyif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd ,ciftcgrsm;u w±kwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHukdom &nf&G,fa=umif; ajymcJhaomfvnf; Trdef@cGef;wGifrl Armjynfukd &nf&G,fonf[k qkdvmygonf? okd@aomf tb,fa=umifh Todk@ usL;ausmf&onfqkd onfh&nf&G,fcsufukd tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg? Tokd@ ppfrufa&;wGif &efol. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufukd rSefuefpGm roHk;oyfEkdifygv#if xkdjy\emukd atmifjrifpGmrajz&Sif;Ekdiff±Hkr#ru ykdIyiftE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifygonf?

xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ trsdK;om;aumfrwDu rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif owif;pmrsm;okd@ xkwfjyefcsufwapmif xkwfjyef+yD; OD;Ek.rdef@cGef;onf tE W&m,f&Sda=umif;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_. aemufuG,frS e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf urBmt&yf&yf wkdif;jynftrsm;tjym;wGif Tenf;rsm;twkdif; ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ aoG;cGJa&;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aESmifh,SufzdESdyf+cdrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ TtE W&m,f}uD;ukdppfa&;enf;jzifhomru EkdifiHa&;enf;jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;=u&efvkda=umif;wkd@ukd wifjyvkdufygonf?

xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukef+rdK@twGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;wGifvnf; tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &yfuGufvkdufaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&m/ tif;pdefc±kdifonf twufºuqHk;jzpfcJhonf? aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJrsm;rprD *Dwpmqkdrsm;jzpfonfhukdjrwfav;/ pEN,m;cspfaqG polrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@u aw;oDcsif;rsm;/ oDqkdajzazsmf=uygonf? tvGefwufºuvef;qef;onfhEkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usifw&yfukd zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf?

Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 -qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf?

xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf?

xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonfjyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;u TuJhodk@cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf;,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@yg&Sdygonf?

xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf?“wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf?

ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@rSm e,fcsJ@pepfatmufrSm vljzpfvm&ojzifh rv$JomI T&efolukd toufay;wkdufckduf&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ bkd;ab;rsm;vnf; ol@acwfeJ@olwkdufcJh&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh &Jabmftaygif;rSm tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xufoefaom rsdK;cspfpdwfjzifh aemufqHk; Te,fcsJ@&efolukd }udK;pm;+yD; wm0efausyGefpGm wkduf ckduf=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfonf?”

“Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk;enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?”

“ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd1955 ckESpfuyif ava=umif;uif;axmufr_jzifh aphpyfpGm =unfh±_avhvm+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ w±kwfjzLwkd@. vkyf&nfukdif&nf tusifh"avhrsm;ukdvnf; ,cifwkdufyGJrsm;. tawG@t}uHKt& od+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdar;jref;vkdaomf tcsdefra&G;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdygonf?”

“EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf;&Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf?

EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom OD;EkxHokd@vnf;aumif;/ ppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfae0if;xHokd@vnf;aumif; oD;oef@pmrsm;vnf; a&;om;ay;ykd@cJhygonf? twGif;oabmuawmh txufygyef=um;v$mESifhtwlwlyif jzpfygonf?

xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf?xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd

pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf?

xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf?

7

xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm-- w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ wkdufckduf=u/ wkdufckduf=u- tar&duefe,fcsJ@pGufzufr_ qef@usif=u/ qef@usif=u- trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf?Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;

a[majymae&ygonf? TonfrSm e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;tajccHjzpf+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGufvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygonf?xkd@aemuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 9 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;r_dif;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 5 csrf;omvrf;wGifzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?

xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm1? OD;baomf (,cif &SpfOD;aumfrwD0if) 2? OD;xGef;wif (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;/ tzGJ@. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;) 3? OD;ausmf (Ed_;aqmfa&;tzGJ@0if)4? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;/ aemif OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;) 5? a':tdrfpkd;(q&m awmf OD;OwWr. ESr) 6? ref;ausmftHk; (u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 7? OD;bausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) 8? OD;vSausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) wkd@ jzpfygonf?

xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm - 1? pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif 2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;vSwif (uavmiftrnf armifarmifwif) 3? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) 4? OD;pkd;rif; (Avp) 5? apmausmfpkd;(tif;pdefrS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 6? u|efawmf trnfrrSwfrdawmhaom wGHaw;rS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;wkd@jzpf=uonf?xkdtwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0efrsm;rSm vkdtyfonfh tultnDrsm;jzifh tzGJ@ukd ulnDyHhykd;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdbufpHku avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tzGJ@ukd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;/ a'otoD;oD;Y +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&mwGif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ulnDzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl e,fvSnfha[m ajymyGJrsm;okd@ vkdufyga[majym&jcif;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. tzGJ@ukd yifwkdiftultnDay;aeaom yk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; &Sd=uygao;onf? ‚wkd@rSm 1? ocifbarmif 2? ocifaxG;ESifh 3? usHKrai; ocifwifarmifwkd@ jzpfygonf?wjynfvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;wufºuolrsm; tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yg0ifvm=u+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf; tultnD tawmf&vkdufygao;onf?e,fc±kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf?

wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ T'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@a&;jyifqif&mwGif xifwmxuf tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;&onfhta=umif;&if;rSm yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ysufoGm;onfukd pdwfysufoGm;aom xkdpOfu tiftm;t}uD;qkH; twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;u awmfawmfESifh axmufcHr_ray;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd rv$Jra&Smifom zGJ@vkduf&aomfvnf; tm;r&vSyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtzGJ@zGJ+yD; pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf vsifjrefpGmouf0ifv_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmygawmhonf?

TwGif u|efawmf oifcef;pmwck &&SdcJhygonf? TonfrSm jynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwaom vrf;pOfta=umif;w&m; rSefuefygv#ifvlxk}uD;u vsifjrefpGm v_yf&Sm;xºu+yD; axmufcHvmwwfonfqkdonfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vlxku rdrdwkd@bufu &yfwnfaeolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cH&olrsm;u OD;aqmifygu xkd,Hk=unfr_ESifhyif ykdrkdjrefqefpGm axmufcHvmEkdifygonf?

xkdoifcef;pm &rSyif e*kdu tm;r&w&jzpfaeaom u|efawmfwkd@wawGvnf; pdwfoufom&m&+yD; wufºuv_yf&Sm;aeaom vlxkESifhtwl qufvuf}udK;pm; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhonf?

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8

jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd AkdvfcsKyf usqHk;oGm;&wm[m u|efawmfwkd@wkdif;jynfukd jynfwGif;ppf}uD;&J@ wHcg;0ukd ykd@aqmifvkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf[mvuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;eJ@ wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;umuG,f+yD; ArmjynfrSm ºuif;usefwnf&SdaewJhe,fcsJ@pepfukd t+yD;wkdifpm&if;&Sif;/ armif;xkwf+yD;awmh jynfhpHkwJh trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJ@trSDckduif;wJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; xlaxmifa&;ukd csDwufoGm;EkdifwJh tvm;tvmukd e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u odcJhygw,f? 'Dvkdom csDwufoGm;Ekdifr,fqkd&if e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m vlaygif;oef;20 &SdwJh aps;uGufu olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;tm;vHk; vufvGwfqkwfcGmoGm;&r,f jzpfygw,f? ”

“Armjynfukd +zdKcGJ&mrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;[m yxrtqifhom jzpfygao;w,f? 'daemuf +Adwdo#tpkd;&eJ@ Armtpkd;&wkd@ csKyfqkdwJh EktufwvDpmcsKyf[m u|efawmfwkd@ +ydKuGJa&;twGuf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfygw,f? 'DpmcsKyf[m +Adwdo#tpkd;&tay: aphpyfcsKyfqkd&wJhtwGuf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJ@trSDckduif;wJh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufr_twGuf wkdif;jynfopfwnfaxmifEkdif/ rwnfaxmifEkdifwkd@tay: oabmuGJvGJ+yD; jyif;xefwJh yËdyuQrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? 'gukd jynfolawGukdwifjypnf;±Hk;=u&if; EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;/ 'Drkdua&pDtusyftwnf; qkdufa&muf+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfvmwmyg?”

“'ghtjyif tm%mykdif tkyfcsKyfolawG[m ta&;w}uD; ajz&Sif;&r,fh vlrsdK;pka&;&m jy\emukdvnf; rSefuefpGm rajz&Sif;EkdifcJhbl;?e,fcsJ@orm;u 'DtrsdK;om;a&; yËdyuQrsm;ukd olwkd@tusdK;twGuf 0iftoHk;cscJh=uvkd@ jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdeuf±_dif;cJh&w,f? tcsKyfrSmawmh'DjynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? ”

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xkd@a=umifh q&m}uD;ocifukdf,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifwJh u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@u jynfolwkd@tusdK;twGuf jynfwGif;ppfukd tjyKwfwkdufa&;enf;r[kwfbJ/ q&m}uD;tpOfwpkduf yef=um;cJhwJh aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;,lwJhenf;eJ@ ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;+yD; &yfpJzkd@ yef=um;a=umif;/ ,cktpnf;ta0; wufa&mufvmwJh vlyk*~dKvfrsm;[mvnf; bmtcuftcJrsm;eJ@ &ifqkdifyg&ap/ u|efawmfwdk@ESifh twlvufwGJ+yD;rqkwfrepf }udK;pm;csDwufvkyfaqmif=uzkd@ wkdufwGef;Ekd;aqmfyga=umif;- aemufqHk;ed*Hk;csKyftaeESifh ajymqkdcJhygonf?

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9

Tae&mwGif ta=umif;wkdufqkdifvmojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ &&SdcJhonfh vGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufaom u|efawmf. tjriftcsdK@ukdwifjy vkdygonf?

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10

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11

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14

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u|efawmf ol@tay: owdjyKcsufrSm wkdif;jynfESifh jynfoltay: rsm;pGmcspfjrwfEkd;+yD; ol@aqmifyk'fjzpfaom rdrdacwfrSm rdrdyckH;ay:usvmwJhwm0efawGukd ausyGefatmifvkyfaqmifa&;udk rsm;pGmtav;xm;+yD;/ tr_udpPwm0efawGukd }udK;}udK;pm;pm;aqmif&GufyHkukd awG@&onf? yifukd,fpdwfaepdwfxm;uvnf; tvGefaumif;rGef+yD; u|efawmfhtay: tvGefn‡mwmav;pm; OD;pm;ay;qufqHwmawGukd c&D;oGm;pOfwav#mufvHk; awG@cJh&onf?

tvGefausmf=um;onfh pma&;q&m}uD; jzpfaomfvnf; pmaya&;om;jcif;xuf EkdifiHa&;wm0efawGukd rysufruGuf OD;vnfrokefaqmif&GufcJhonfh olwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdEkdifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufjzifh jynfol@bufu &yfwnf+yD; a&;om;r_rsm;a=umifh t}udrf}udrf zrf;qD;axmifcs/ aemufqHk; ukdukd;u|ef;okd@yif ykd@/ tusOf;csjcif; cH&ayonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; cufcJusyfwnf;yHk&ygonf? Tonfukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh olonfvkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfh EkdifiHa&;wm0ef/ awmfvSefa&;wm 0efrSefor#ukd rwGef@rqkwf/ ZGJowWd}uD;rm;pGm rqkwfrepf vHk;yef;tm;xkwf vkyfaqmifoGm;cJholjzpfa=umif; odEkdifygonf? aemufqHk; ukdukd;u|ef;u vGwfvmcsdefwGif ol@usef;rm;a&; ododomom qkd;0g;usqif;aeonfukd awG@&ygonf?

ol@wGif wm0efodpdwfvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? u|efawmfESifhtwl a&eHacsmif;bufwGif nw&m;yGJa[maepOftwGif; vlwpkuppf0wfppfpm;rsm;ESifh w&m;yGJtm; aESmifh,Suf&ef a&mufvmcJh=uygonf? OD;wifatmif a[m+yD;I u|efawmfa[maepOf jzpfygonf?OD;wifatmifonf w&m;a[mpifjrifhay:rS rodrom qif;csoGm;+yD; w&m;yGJ}uD;=uyfolrsm;ESifhtwl xkdvlpkukd wae&modk@ac:oGm;um tusdK;ta=umif; ar;jref;ajz&Sif;+yD; olwkd@ukd jyefoGm;apcJhygonf? u|efawmfonfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;yGJvm y&dowfonfvnf;aumif; wpHkw&mod&Sdjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ xdckdufjcif;vnf;r&SdbJ w&m;yGJacsmarmpGm +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhygonf? aemufae@usrS u|efawmfodjcif; jzpfygonf? xkdaESmifh,Sufolrsm;rSm wnf+rJrsm; jzpf=uonf[k od&ygonf? w&m;yGJrxdckdufatmif OD;wifatmifu =um;0if+yD; ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;ay;cJhonf?

ol@wGif onf;cHpdwfvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? ol. “ukdvkdeDacwf jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;”pmtkyfukd wcsdK@olrsm;u TudpPrSm orkdif;udpPjzpfonf? pmaye,fy,fudpPr[kwfbJ ru|rf;usifonfh orkdif;udpPukd 0ifa&;&rvm;[k jypfwifa0zef=uygonf? olu jyefacsyjcif; rjyKaomfvnf; pdwfaumif;yHkr&yg? u|efawmfhtjrift&awmh OD;wifatmifrSm vuf0JEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;jzpfojzifh xl;jcm;onfhEkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ygEkdif+yD;/ orkdif;ynmtaeESifh ykdrkdºu,f0vmEkdifonf[k u|efawmfhtjrifudk wif jyajymqkday;onfhtcgwGifawmh olpdwfoufom&m&/auseyfoGm;yHk&ygonf?

u|efawmfol. xl;jcm;csuf}uD;wck xyfrHawG@&Sd&onfrSm olonf jynfolvlxk. &efol&efbufrsm;ukd jywfjywfom; om; wif;wif;rmrm oabmxm;+yD; a0zefwkdufckdufwwfaomfvnf; wjcm;jynfoljynfom;rsm;/ rdrdESifh vkyfazmfukdifzuf/ &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tay:wGifrlvGefpGmpdwf&Snf+yD; El;nHhaysmhaysmif;pGm qufqHwwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ e,fc&D;rsm;wGif ol.pmzwfy&dowfuvnf; wwyfwtm;yg0ifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

1978 ckESpf oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif u|efawmf awmwGif;a&mufaeyg+yD? &efukefwGif usefcJhaom u|efawmhfZeD;u ol@psmye tvGefpnfum;a=umif; ajymjyI aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf? tcsdefrwefrD uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&onfh ol@tm; u|efawmf ESajrmrdygonf?

2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? OD;xGef;wifrSm tawmfapmpGmuyif pwifI q&m}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg0ifvkyfaqmifaeol jzpfygonf? u|efawmf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifavhvmonfhtcsdefwGifrS olESifhod&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf?pwifod&SdcsdefupI (oltusOf;uscHoGm;onfh tcsdefrsm;uvGJvkd@ ) awmufav#muf u|efawmfESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHaecJh=uonfrSm u|efawmfawmckdcJhonfh 1976 ckESpftcsdefxdyif jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wifwkd@ESpfOD; Tr#&if;ESD;cspfcif=u&jcif;rSm u|efawmfwkd@. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufcsif; wlnDonf@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@ESpfOD;. tdrfcsif;eD;onfhta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ol. tdrfrSm prf;acsmif;vrf;wGif&Sd+yD; u|efawmfh qDqHkvrf;tdrfESifh [kdbufvrf;onfbufvrf;om jzpfygonf? xkd@jyif ol@wGif ukd,fykdifum;vnf;&Sd&m u|efawmfwkd@ oGm;p&m vmp&m&Sdwkdif; olESifhyif oGm;&vm&ygonf?

OD;xGef;wifonf w±kwfaoG;yg&Sd+yD;/ zcifrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;onfh a&S@aewOD;vnf; jzpfygonf? olwkd@nDtpfukd tm;vHk;vnf;ynmwwf}uD;rsm; jzpf=uum u|efawmfwkd@t=um; pD;yGm;a&;t& olu tacsmifvnfqHk; jzpfygonf? ol@ ZeD;jzpfolrSmvnf; ynmwwfwOD;jzpfum t&m&Sd}uD;wOD;vnf; jzpfygonf?

OD;xGef;wifrSm ol. a&S@aevkyfief; vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; aiGa&;a=u;a&;udkd y"merxm;bJ aiGa=u;rwwfEkdifonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;bufrS vkdufygay;avh &Sdygonf? Tae&mwGif taumif;qHk;om"urSm oluG,fvGefcsdefrSm yif a':atmifqef;pk=unftdrftarGtr_ukd vkdfufygaqmif&GufaeqJjzpfa=umif; awG@&jcif; jzpfygonf? acwftqufquf tpkd;&rsm;. rw&m;pGJqkd/ tr_qifjcif;cH&onfhtr_rsm;bufrS xm0pOfvkdufyg aqmif&Gufay;wwf+yD; wcgw&H a&S@aecyif r&&Smyg? olu tddwfpkdufyif vkyf&ygao;onf?

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3? awmfbk&m;av; (okd@r[kwf) rif;om;}uD;? ?awmfbk&m;av; (okd@r[kwf) rif;om;}uD;? ?awmfbk&m;av; (okd@r[kwf) rif;om;}uD;? ?awmfbk&m;av; (okd@r[kwf) rif;om;}uD;? ?awmfbk&m;av; (okd@r[kwf) rif;om;}uD;? ? aemufykdif; OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;cJhaom oDaygrif;.ajr;awmf/ awmfbk&m;av;rSm u|efawmfESifhpwifod&Sdcsdef 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u OD;oef@Zif[k ac:ygonf? u|efawmfu olESifh pwifod&Sduwnf;u ‘rif;om;}uD;’[kac:&m TtrnfwGifoGm;+yD; tm;vHk;u Ttwkdif;yif vkdufac:+yD; oluvnf; auseyfyHk&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@wawG jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfouf+yD; q&m}uD;r_dif;tdrfrSm tpnf;ta0;rsm; xkdif=uonfh

15

tcgrsm;wGif q&m}uD;u olwkd@ ‘wkd@Armtpnf;t±Hk;’twGuf e,frsm;ukd vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;&mrSm ocifxdyfwifukd,fawmf}uD;ukd xdyfqHk;uae&may;I vlxkukdpnf;±Hk;&yHk/ txl;ojzifh aus;vufvlxkrsm;u rif;om;ygvmw,fqkdI 0rf;omtm;& vma&mufE_wfquf uefawmh=uyHkrsm;ukd jyefvnfpm;+rHK@jyef ajymjywwfygonf? wqufwnf; q&m}uD;u “at;-rif;wkd@vnf; *±kpkduf=u/ awmfbk&m;av;ukd a&S@wif+yD;pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;=uuGm”vkd@ &,f&$ef;zwf&$ef;ESifh awmfbk&m;av;ukd pwwfaemufwwfygonf? wu,fvnf; u|efawmfwkd@e,fbuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif oDaygrif;.ajr;awmf ygvmonf[laom owif;ysH@ESH@a&muf&Sdonfh aus;vufrsm;u vlxkrsm; wckwfw& +rdK@ay:wufvm+yD;w&m;yGJ wuf=uygonf?

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4? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? u|efawmfwkd@t=um;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfbJ t+rJwef;uef@vef@uef@vef@ ygaeolwOD; &Sdygao;onf?oluawmh a'gufwmqifzkd; jzpfygonf? olonf q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; yk*~dKvfa&;t& tvGefav;pm;=unfndKolwOD;jzpfum/ q&m}uD;. yk*~dKvfa&;q&m0ef}uD;tjzpf arwWmjzifh olbmomol owfrSwf+yD; vma&mufapmifha&Smufukoay;aeol jzpfygonf?

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5? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ?OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ? ukdwifa&$ukd u|efawmf +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef pwifavhvm csdefupIausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wa,muftjzpf od&SdcJh&ygonf? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESifhawmh tapmuwnf;u od&Sd&if;ESD;+yD;jzpf[efwlygonf? aemifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;&mrSmvnf; xkdtzGJ@}uD;ukd xdxda&mufa&muf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ tultnDay;aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf &nf&G,f+yD; twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@w&yfukd zGJ@pnf;&m xkdtzGJ@wGif ukdwifa&$ yg0ifvmygonf? xkdtzGJ@xJwGif xli,frsm;jzpf=uaom udkwifa&$ESifhOD;pkd;rif; (Avp) wkd@rSm toGufvufqHk;/ tvkyftrsm;qHk;jzpfum taxGaxGwm0efrsm;ukd tao;tr$m;txdtm;vHk;odrf;usHK; vkyfaqmif=uolrsm; jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; tawmfyiftm;xm;&ol jzpfygonf?

u|efawmf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif 0ifv_yf&Sm;aomtcsdefwGif q&m}uD;r_dif;rSm usef;rma&;t& tawmfusqif;p jyKvm+yDjzpfojzifh tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;/ qDqHkvrf;tdrfwGifom jyKvkyfwmrsm;vmygawmhonf? wcgw&H u|efawmfwkd@e,frsm;rS jyefvmonfhtcg (okd@r[kwf) q&m}uD; pdwf&$ifvef;apcsifonfh tcgrsm;wGifom q&m}uD;. csrf;omvrf;tdrf/ q&m}uD;. tdyf&mab;wGif jyKvkyf=u+yD; ta=umif;t&mtm;jzifhvnf; ayghayghyg;yg; ta=umif;t&mrsm;om aqG;aEG;=uygonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh e,frsm;rSvlxkrsm;u q&m}uD;tm; qkawmif;arwWmykd@onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;/ vrf;c&D;twGif;}uHK&onfh &,fp&m/armp&mrsm;om ajymqkd=uygonf?

Tokd@jzifh ukdwifa&$onf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ r=umc% 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mrS u|efawmfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhyg odu|rf;cif rif&if;ESD;vmygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;u wcgw&H aemufajymif+yD; ol@ukd ‘vlysdK}uD;’[k ac:vmygonf? OD;xGef;wifuvnf; wcgw&H ac:a0:aemufajymifwwfygonf? Tvkd aemufzefrsm;vmawmh olu u|efawmfhrSm vufxyfr,fh ZeD;avmif; &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfwk@d +idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD;rSvufxyfr,fvkd@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f’ vkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ukd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymjyygonf?

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16

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u|efawmf awmckdvm+yD;aemuf olESifha0;uGmoGm;&m 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ukdwifa&$ tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf axmifxJrSmyifuG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? jynfol@bufu xm0pOf&yfwnfcJh+yD; pum;ajymqkd&mwGif +yHK;+yHK;+yHK;+yHK;ESifh tvGefoabmoum,aumif;vSonfh ol@ukd u|efawmft+rJtrSwf&aerdygonf?

u|efawmf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf??xkdtawmtwGif;u u|efawmfESifh e,fc&D;vkdufolrsm;vnf; rsm;ygonf? usKHrai; ocifwifarmif/ a';'&JrS OD;cifarmifjrifh/ jynfol@

&Jabmfacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm; pojzifh tawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if&m/ u|efawmfvnf; xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tawmf yif tm;&auseyfcJhygonf? e,frsm;uw&m;yGJrsm;omru &efukef+rdK@wGif; w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; =umav t&Sdefaumif;av jzpfvmygonf? 'D=um;xJwGif wuUodkdvfwGif wuorS }uD;rSL;Iusif;yonfh a[majymyGJrsm;wGifvnf; u|efawmfhukd zdwf=um;wwfojzifh r=umc%oGm;a&muf a[majymcJh&ygonf? Tokd@pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;vmcJh&m yxrt}udrf +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (q&m}uD;r_dif; OD;pD;cJhaom 1954 ckESpf tapmykdif;rsm;umv v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;) . t&Sdeft0grsdK;v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD;/ &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; vkyf&efwmplaepOf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Akdvfae0if;.'kwd, t}udrfppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf?

1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 1 &ufae@nu u|efawmfwkd@wawG urm&Gwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; a[majymyGJvkyfaewJh ae&mukd urm&Gwf&Jpcef;u&JtzGJ@0if tcsdK@a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ a[majymyGJukd apmapmodrf;&ef ajymcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; a[majymyGJ+yD;v#if vkyfaeusaqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgifqDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf?

1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf&Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifomtm±Hkpkdufvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh olwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um; tuGJt+yJrsm;uvnf; rxdef;Ekdifrodrf;Ekdifjzpfum tjyeftvSef tykyfcsr_rsm;a=umifhvnf;xkdacwf zqyv/ yxp EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; *k%foduQm t}uD;tus,f usqif;cJh&ygonf? uGJ&+yJ&onfh tajccHrsm;rSmvnf; pm;cGufvkr_rsm;upygonf?

ppfwyftaeESifhuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfr_a=umifha&m/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufay;ae&r_a=umifhyg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm;ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf?

ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C

vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepftpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd+rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf?

zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?

EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyGJ +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ jzpfaeonfhumv)ukd wm;qD;Ekdifonfh/ uGefjrLepfukd tjywftowfrkef;+yD; wkdufaeonfh jynfwGif;u azmufjyefa&;tif tm;pkrsm; tm%m&r_ukd azmufjyefonfhtiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifaeygonf?

Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcsJ@tvkdus vuf,morm;}uD;wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,frxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg?

TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfolvlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onfppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm;

17

ta&G;cHvm&aom tcsdefu Akdvfae0if;ukd,fwkdif u|efawmfhukdajymonfrSm “'Dtwkdif; qufoGm;&ifawmh 'DaumifawG (yrnw rsm;ukdqkdvkdonf) aemufa&G;aumufyGJ ESpf}udrfavmufqkd&if tpkd;&zGJ@oGm;EkdifawmhrSm”[k jzpfygonf? Akdvfae0if;. tajccHpdwfaepdwfxm;rSmTuJhokd@yif jzpfygonf? ol. tusihfoDv pm&dwWrSm vnf; 'Drkdua&pDtvif;a&mifatmufwGif aeEkdifolwOD; r[kwfojzifh TuJhokd@aom'Drkdua&pDpepfukdvnf; r}udKufEkdif jzpfyHk&ygonf?

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&onf ‘pxGufuwnf;u ,Ofoukd’qkdovkdyif wufvmvmjcif;yif tm%m& yxp acgif;aqmifrsm;ukdomru vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;ukdyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufygonf? xkd@jyif ppfwyftm%modrf;wufvmjcif;ukd uef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonfh ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zdzdpD;pD;zdESdyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;vmygonf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; =oZm}uD;aer_rsm;udkvnf; xdef;odrf;wm;qD;vkd=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif taqmifpnf;urf; trsdK;rsdK;xkwfjyefvm+yD; &efpvmygawmhonf?

xkd@a=umifh wzufowfxkwfjyefonfh taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef qENjyyGJrsm;ukd ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Auo/wuo/ &uo) OD;pD;I 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdif 6 &ufae@ &efukefwuUokdvfwGif; ay:xGufvm&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;tay: &ef+idK;}uD;pGm xm;&Sdaeonfh Akdvfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;onf Armjynforkdif;wGif xkdtcsdeftxd ray:zl;ao;onfh =urf;wrf;&ufpufvSaom“Zlvkdif 7 &uf ypfowfr_}uD;” ukd usL;vGefvkduf=uygawmhonf? xkd@jyif aemufae@ Zlvkdif 8 &ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; ykef;atmif;ckdv_Haeonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukdvnf; 'kdif;erkdufrsm;jzifh azmufcGJzsufqD;vkdufygawmhonf?

ppftpkd;&u ol@bDvl;±kyfukd txift&Sm; azmfjyvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? okd@aomf Ttjzpftysuf}uD;rSm tvGeft±kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSojzifh xkdtcsdefu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ol@wm0ef/ ukd,fhwm0efyHkcs ajymqkdaer_rsm;ukd Tta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;aemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufay:xGufaeonfukd awG@&SdEkdifayonf? (1988 ckESpf rwkdifcif AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD;. tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;ukd =unfhyg? OD;ae0if;. v$wfawmfwGif; ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukdvnf; =unfhyg?)

TZlvkdif 7 &uf vlowfyGJ}uD;ESifh or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd AHk;cGJzsufqD;vkdufr_rsm;+yKvkyf+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&onf rdrdwkd@. qkd;0g;vSaomyHk&dyfukd jyifqifEkdif&eftvkd@iSm 1963 ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif awmwGif;vufeufukdif tiftm;pkrsm;okd@ “+idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuf”ukd xkwfjyefvkdufygonf? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukdvnf; olwkd@ESifhtwl wufwufºuºu zdwfac:&efwkdufwGef;onfh ajymqkdr_rsm;/ vkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf q&m}uD;tygt0if u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpk. aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;wwfaom trltusifhukd owd&Sd/ owdxm;rd=uojzifh &J&J}uD;a&S@xGufzdwfac: jcif;rjyKbJ/ cyfrSefrSefyif &yfwnfcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG vufeufukdifawmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd Akdvfae0if;vufokd@ 0uGufay;tyfvkdufovkdjzpfrSm/ orkdif;aºu;wifcH&rSmukd tvGefpkd;&drf=uygonf?

TumvtwGif;rSmyif Zlvkdif 7 &uf wESpfjynfh tcrf;tem; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ausmif;om;tcsdK@u +zdKcszsufqD;jcif;cHxm;vkduf&aom or*~taqmufttHkae&mwGif ausmufwkdifi,fav; wwkdifxlvkduf+yD; "mwfyHkjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; vkyfvm=uygonf? ausmif;om;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdef jrifhwufvm+yD; wnrSmawmh taqmifwHcg;rsm;udkydwf+yD; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifI qENjyyGJpwifvk dufygawmhonf? tm%myk di fr sm;uvnf; taqmifwHcg;rsm;uk d z Gi f hc k di f ;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ‚wd k @awmif;qkdcsufrsm;r&ygu wHcg;rzGifh[k wif;cHae&m 0kdif;xm;aom ppfwyfu twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;rnfh vuQ%m ay:aygufvm&mwif;rmr_rsm; jrifhrm;vmygonf?

Towif;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ =um;od&aomtcg u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wifwkd@ESpfOD; q&m}uD;r_dif;tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufum q&m}uD;udktusdK;ta=umif; wifjycGifhawmif;+yD; ausmif;om;ta&; q&m}uD;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&ef OD;xGef;wif.um;av;jzifh&efukefwuUokdvfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf?

‘jrefrmhtoH’a&S@a&mufonfhtcsdefwGifrl rnfonfhum;ukdrS qufoGm;cGifhrjyKbJ ppfwyfu wm;qD;ydwfqkd@xm;wm awG@&ygonf?u|efawmfu uif;wm0efcHukd u|efawmfb,folb,f0gjzpfa=umif;/ q&m}uD;r_dif;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;xH oGm;a&muf+yD;wHcg;rsm;zGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHzkd@oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymjyvkdufygonf? uif;wm0efcH ppfAkdvfav;vnf; uysmu,m jrefrmhtoHtaqmufttHktwGif; ajy;0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdtxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsdK@ &Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkd@aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifaea=umif; aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf?

r=umrDrSmyif ppfAkdvfav; jyefxGufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ukd oGm;cGifhjyKvkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;0if;wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ a&mufaomtcg wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfxm;+yD; ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf uif;apmifhaewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfuOD;xGef;wif. arm&pfrkdif;em;um;uav;ay:wufum u|efawmfwkd@ um;a&mufvmoH=um;I taqmiftoD;oD;rS pka0;xGufvm=uaomausmif;om;rsm;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ vma&muf&onfh ta=umif;&if;ukd ajymjy+yD; olwkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; ajymaomfvnf;emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwkd@ ykef;a&Smifxm;ckdif;+yD; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd xGufrawG@yg? ausmif;om;rsm;uwHcg;zGifhqkdv#if zGifhay;rnfjzpfa=umif; okd@aomf olwkd@wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;v#if ausmif;0if;xJodk@ ppfom;rsm; 0ifrvmzkd@vkda=umif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukdvnf; rzrf;qD;&ef uwday;zkd@vkda=umif;ajymojzifh u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wif ‘jrefrmhtoH’ukd wacgufjyefum ausmif;om;rsm; ajymqkdcsufukd u|efawmhftm;xGufawG@onfh ppfAkdvf (Akdvf}uD;wOD;) tm; ajymjyvkdufygonf? r=umrDyif xkdppfAkdvf jyefxGufvm +yD; ausmif;om;awGawmif;qkdonfh tcsufESpfcsufukd vufcHa=umif; ajymygonf?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;okd@jyefoGm;=u+yD; tusdK;ta=umif;ajymjyum wHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhckdif;vkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@

18

jyefvmaomtcg ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdwifarmif0if;qkdolukd u|efawmfwkd@um;xJ xnfhay;vkduf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ol@ukdum;aemufcef;wGif 0SufI ac:vmcJh&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@um; ajreDukef;okd@ a&mufaomtcg vrf;ay:u vlwOD;u rsufESmukd vuf0g;ESifhtkyfI um;&yf&ef vufjyygonf?u|efawmfwkd@um;ukd &yfay;aomtcg xkdolonf rsufESmudk vuf0g;ESifhtkyfvsufyif um;em;uyfvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrf&Sd&m vrf;xdyfrsm;wGifppfwyfu um;rsm;ESifhydwfI apmifhaea=umif;/ qD;zrf;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdum tarSmifxJ 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;ygonf? tcsdefuvnf;vif;tm;}uD;tcsdefeD;ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfrjyef=uawmhbJ/ q&m}uD;tdrf&Sd&m csrf;omvrf;okd@ oGm;vkdufum eHeufrkd;pifpifvif;rSu|efawmfwkd@tdrfrsm;okd@ jyefvmEkdifygawmhonf? xkdppfum;rsm; rkd;rvif;cifyif jyefodrf;oGm;a=umif; owif;&+yD;rS u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfjyefEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? aemifrS u|efawmfwkd@od&onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@um;xJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@ygoGm;a=umif; owif;tpte &oGm;ojzifhxkdolrsm;ukd zrf;qD;&ef apmifhqkdif;ae=ujcif;om jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfESifhygvmaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrSm u|efawmhftdrfwGif ESpf&ufcef@ae+yD;rS tquftoG,f&&m vlwcsdK@ vma&mufac:,loGm;ygonf? aemifwGif trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS c&rf;trwf OD;wifarmif0if;jzpfvmolrSm xkdolyif jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? u|efawmfodyfraocsmyg?

xkd@aemufrSmawmh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu urf;vSrf;ojzifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef awmwGif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wokwf+yD;wokwf a&muf&Sdvm&m/ a&muf&Sdonfh tzGJ@wkdif;vkdvkduvnf; q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; OD;pGmyxr vma&mufawG@qHkE_wfquf=u&m/ u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm rtm;rvyfEkdifatmif tvkyfrsm;oGm;ygawmhonf?

yxrqHk; a&mufvmonfhtzGJ@rSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@jzpf+yD; &JeDausmf0if; OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemufrSocifpkd; vkdufvmjcif; jzpfygonf?

xdktcsdefwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;awmif;qkdonfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;vnf; w+cdrfh+cdrfh wEkdifiHvHk; ay:xGufvmaeygonf? yrnw/ yxp/zqyv ponfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uojzifh tawmfnDnGwfonfh v_yf&Sm;r_[k ajymqkdEkdifygonf?

vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvmygonf?xkd@aemuf 1963 ckESpf =o*kwfv 28 &ufae@rSmawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukefokd@ a&muf&Sd

vmygonf? &JabmfaX; OD;aqmif+yD; AkdvfaZ,svnf; ygvmygonf? =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;tm; vma&muf*g&0jyKrnf[kaxmufvSrf;a&;u ta=umif;=um;xm;ojzifh u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wiftygt0if vltcsdK@ q&m}uD;tdrfwGif oGm;apmifhae=uygonf? olwkd@uq&m}uD;tm; OD;oHk;}udrfcs uefawmh=u+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@wawG a&S;jzpfaESmif;jzpfawG ajymqkdrd=uygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ESifh awG@qHkpOfu txl;ojzifh AkdvfaZ,sESifhawG@qHk+yD; wOD;ESihfwOD;zuf+yD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; rsuf&nfusrdygonf? Tu|efawmfwkd@ESpfOD; wOD;ESifhwOD;zufI rsuf&nfusaeonfhyHkukd owif;axmufwOD;u "mwfyHk±kdufvkduf+yD; aemufae@owif;pmxJ ygvm&m awG@jrifzwf±_&onfh vltawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; rsuf&nfus=uonf[k =um;&ygonf? aemufykdif; +idrf;csrf;a&;ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf+idrf;csrf;a&;umvtwGif;u ±kduful;cJhonfh "mwfyHkjyyGJESifh "mwfyHk+ydKifyGJwGif xkd"mwfyHkonf wwd,qk&a=umif; od&ygonf? yxrqk&onfhyHkrSm+idrf;csrf;a&; ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf xkdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ aygufacgif;acsmif;udk jzwful;I awmwGif;okd@jyefoGm;onfhyHkjzpf+yD;/xkdyHkukd ‘jynfoludk ausmckdif;=uav+yD’ [laom acgif;pOfjzifh ±_a'gifh*sme,fu rsufESmzHk;tjzpf azmfjycJhonfhyHk jzpfygonf?

xkdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukefrSm&SdaepOf u|efawmfu u|efawmfhtdrfukdzdwfI xrif;weyfau|;ygonf? OuUÏocifoef;xGef;qDrSvnf; u|efawmfhxH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmif ygvm&m/ olwkd@. +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfoufonfh oabmxm;rsm;/ t"du aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;a&;om; ajymjyxm;ygonf? pm. aemufqHk;ykd'fwGifrl u|efawmfhZeD;tm; E_wfqufa=umif;/ olwkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pk 'kuQa&mufoGm;&onfhtwGuf u|efawmfhZeD;udkawmif;yefa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSrf;zdwfac:onfh &nf&G,fcsufukdu olwkd@ ppfbDvl;yHk&dyfukdav#mhcsoGm;&eftwGufom jzpfojzifhwa=umif;/ vufeufukdif wyfzGJ@toD;oD;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;pOf jynfolvlxkukd wpHkw&m vGwfvyfcGifhay;xm;&ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u (ppftm%m&Sifpepf tE W&m,fukd jrifvmojzifh) jynfolvlxkukd pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf vmEkdif+yD;/vlxkuvnf; wcJeuftHkºuvmum jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; us,fjyef@}uD;rm;vmr_a=umifhwa=umif;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJumv vwcsdK@ (4 - 5 vtwGif;) t=umrSmyif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd wzufowf &yfqkdif;ypfvkdufygawmhonf?

awmwGif;rS vma&mufaqG;aEG;onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jyefoGm;+yD;aemuf xkdumvtwGif; wufwufºuºu v_yf&Sm;cJhonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd ykdufpdyfwkduf &SmazGzrf;qD;cJhygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; vkyfief;tm;vHk; &yfqkdif;oGm;ygawmhonf? q&m}uD;vnf; pdwftawmfxdckduf oGm;+yD; tdyf&mxJvJoGm;ygawmhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI q&m}uD;onf xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfrvmawmhbJ wa&Smifa&Smif jzpfae&mrS 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23&ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;ygawmhonf? Ttjzpftysuf tao;pdwfrsm;ukd u|ef awmfu “q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”“q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;”[laomacgif;pOfESifh aqmif;yg;wapmif r=umrDuyif a&;om;xm;&m xkdaqmif;yg;ukdyif jyefvnfazmfjyvkduf&ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;q&m}uD; oufawmf 130 jynfh pmapmif xkwfa0zkd@ jyifqifaeonfh &Jabmfrsm;u u|efawmfhukd q&m}uD;ESifhywfoufI aqmif;yg;

wkdav; wapmif a&;om;ay;yg&ef awmif;qkdvmygonf?1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &ufae@ eHeuf 1 em&D (oef;acgifausmfcsdef) wGif uG,fvGefoGm;aom q&m}uD;onf u|efawmf.vufay:

19

u|efawmfhrsufpdatmufwGifyifjzpfojzifh xkdrarhEkdifzG,f ta=umif;ukdom u|efawmf a&;&ygawmhrnf?q&m}uD;onf woufwmywfvHk; oltifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aom Armjynfolrsm;.ta&; pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufcJh&mwGif ol.

aemufqHk;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&; jzpfygonf?jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif q&m}uD;onf 1956 ckESpfrSpI yxr (8) OD; aumfrwDzGJ@+yD; aqmif &Gufygonf?

xkdtzGJ@ ysuf+yD;aomtcg 1961 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd xyfrHzGJ@pnf;+yD; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif q&m}uD;uOuUÏ jzpfygonf? u|efawmfonf xkdpOfu wyfrawmfrS yifpiftem;ay;cHxm;&+yD;jzpfojzifh xkdtzGJ@wGif 'kOuUÏtjzpf yg0ifcJhygonf? r=umrDuuG,fvGefoGm;ol v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;OD;xGef;wifrSm xkdtzGJ@. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfygonf? OD;xGef;wifrSm yxr (8) OD;aumfrwDwGifvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhojzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@t}uHKtawmf&Sdaeol jzpfygonf? wjcm;olrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; yg0if&m pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif/ awmfbk&m;av;/ rHk&Gm OD;wifa&$/ OD;pkd;rif; (Avp)/ OD;vSausmf/ OD;bausmf/ OD;vSwifponfhv$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ref;ausmftHk;/ apmausmfpdefwkd@vnf; yg0ifygonf?

xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@}uD;ukd vltiftm;rsm;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;+yD; wjynfvHk;wGif vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfEkdifojzifhe,fc±kdifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@cGJrsm; wnfaxmifEkdif+yD; &efukefc±kdifwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdwGif tzGJ@cGJrsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvmEkdifygonf? TuJhokd@ t&Sdefaumif;aumif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aepOfrSmyif 1962 ck/ rwfv 2 &uf Akdvfae0if; tm%modrf;r_ ay:aygufum awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;& wufvmygawmhonf? jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;vnf; wkH@aES;oGm;&ygawmhonf?

Akdvfae0if;. awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu 1963 ckESpfwGif awmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh [efjyaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; vkyf+yD; 1963 Ekd0ifbmwGifaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ysufum/ r=umrDrSmyif tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;onfh trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_ &yfvkduf&ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;rSm xkdumvwGif tawmftiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwkd@u xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;onfhtrdef@ta=umif;wvHk;wyg'r# rajymbJ zHk;zdxm;=uygonf? q&m}uD;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ csrf;omvrf;okd@ u|efawmfwkd@wawG oGm;+rJoGm;um aqG;aEG;=u/wkdifyif=uawG vkyfaeygonf?

xkdumvu q&m}uD;tdrfwGif tpOft+rJ rjywf0ifxGuf oGm;vmaeolrsm;xJwGif trsm;qHk;ESifh yHkrSeftusqHk;vl oHk;OD; &Sdygonf?yxr wOD;rSm q&m}uD;. usef;rma&;ukd teD;uyfapmifha&Smuf jyKpkaeaom a'gufwmqifzkd; jzpfygonf? a'gufwmqifzkd;rSm

q&m}uD;ESifh aqGrsdK;awmfpyfolr[kwfaomfvnf;/ rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf}uD;jzpfI q&m}uD;.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd =unfndKav;pm;+yD; q&m}uD;.orm;awmf}uD;wm0efukd rdrdqENESifh rdrdbmom vmcH,lxm;ol jzpfygonf? wcsdefwGif a'gufwmqifzkd;tm; tpkd;&u e,fajymif;zkd@ pDpOf&m/u|efawmfu xkdpOfu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD usef;rma&;0ef}uD;/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;vS[efxH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmifa&;I a'gufwmqifzkd;rSm q&m}uD;.ukd,fa&;q&m0ef}uD; jzpfaeI wwfEkdifv#if rajymif;bJxm;ay;yg&ef yef=um;&m/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;vS[efu oabmwlnD+yD; a'gufwmqifzkd;tm;&efukefrSmyJ xm;ay;cJhygonf? AkdvfvS[efrSm u|efawmfwyf&if; 4 wyf&if;rSL; jzpfpOfu aq;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhzl;ojzifh u|efawmfESifh wpHkw&m&if;ESD;r_ &Sdygonf?

'kwd,rSm v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;OD;xGef;wif jzpfum/ wwd,rSm u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZm jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfOD;rSmprf;acsmif;&yfuGufxJrSmom aeolrsm;jzpfojzifhwa=umif;/ usefvltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf tzrf;tqD;rsm;cH=u&ojzifhwa=umif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD;onf q&m}uD;qD t+rJqkdovkd oGm;a&muf=u+yD;/ q&m}uD;ESifh pum;pjrnfajymqkd=u/ aqG;aEG;=u vkyf=uygonf?q&m}uD;uvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD; tzrf;tqD;cH&rSm tvGefpdwfylojzifh owd0dD&d,ESifhae&ef rjywfowday;wwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@w&ufESpf&uf ol@tdrfra&mufv#if ol@orD;ajr;rsm;ukdv$wfI u|efawmfwdk@ tajctaeukd ar;avh&Sdygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfwkd@uvnf;rjywfoGm;a&mufae&ygonf?

q&m}uD;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ysufoGm;uwnf;u tawmfpdwfxdckdufoGm;ygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfwkd@u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;onfhta=umif; rajymjyjcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomf wae@ q&m}uD;twGuf uGrf;oD;0,f&m wGif uGrf;oD;xkwfvmonfhowif;pm&GufwGif xkdowif;yg&Sd&mrS q&m}uD; od&SdoGm;ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;u wkdif;jynfawmh ykdqdk;awmhrSmyJ[kqkdum tdyf&mwGif vJoGm;ygawmhonf? xkdtcsdefupI q&m}uD; xlxlaxmifaxmifjzpfrvmawmhbJ/ wa&G@a&G@ usef;rma&;qkwf,kwfvmygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG q&m}uD;tdyf&mab;wGifyif 0kdif;0ef;xkdif+yD;q&m}uD;tm; pdwfoufom&m oufoma=umif; ayghayghyg;yg;udpPrsm;om ajymqkdaqG;aEG;=u&ygonf?

wcgu u|efawmfq&m}uD; tdyf&mab; xkdifaepOf q&m}uD;u u|efawmfhvufukd av#mufprf;=unfh+yD; vufpGyfvnf; r&Sdyguvm;[k ajymygonf? u|efawmfu u|efawmfwcgrS vufpGyfr0wfzl;a=umif;ajym&m olu at;-igvnf; r0wfzl;bl;uG[k jyefajymygonf?

q&m}uD;rSm rSwf^m%faumif;vS+yD;/ &$wfaemufaemufvnf; ajymwwfqkdwwfygonf? wcgu u|efawmfwkd@ a&mufoGm;pOf oluc&D;a&mufrqkduf u|efawmfwkd@ukd “ighqD reufu ocifwif vmoGm;w,fuG”[kajymygonf? u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; ±kwfw&ufjzpfojzifh“b,focifwifvJ q&m}uD;”[k jyefar;&m/ olu &,f&$ef;zwf&$ef;jzifh “b,focifwif jzpf&rvJuG? rD;cGufr_wf ocifwifaygh” [k qdkvkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; 0kdif;0ef &,farm=u&ygonf?

1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;avmufupI q&m}uD;tajctae tawmfqkd;0g;vmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD;rSm waeukef q&m}uD;tdrfrSmyif ae&+yD; ntawmfrkd;csKyfrS tdrfjyef=u&ygonf? tajctaeraumif;aomae@rsm;wGif nawmif tdrfrjyefjzpf=uyg?

a'gufwmqifzkd;rSmvnf; ae@a&mnyg q&m}uD;em;wGifaeI jyKpkygonf? tmZmenfae@ESifhvnf; eD;aeojzifh &ufrxyfatmif

20

txl;}udK;pm;+yD; aq;0g;rsm;oGif;um qGJEkdifor# tcsdefukdqGJygonf?Zlvkdifv 22 &ufwGifawmh q&m}uD; owdodyfr&Sdawmhyg? a'gufwmqifzkd;u u|efawmhukd q&m}uD;. vufarmif;aoG;a=umukd

zdukdifxm;ap+yD;/ tajctaexl;jcm;&ifajymzkd@ ajymxm;ygonf? olvnf; toufu,faq;trsdK;rsdK; xkd;ay;aeygonf? q&m}uD;.ywfvnfwGif q&m}uD;. rdom;pkrsm;tjyif u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; &Sdaeygonf?

u|efawmfvnf; q&m}uD;vufarmif;aoG;a=umukdukdif+yD; aoG;ckefE_ef;ukd owdxm;ae&m ±kwfw&ufaoG;ckefwm [kda&muf/ 'Da&mufjzpfum &yfoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfvnfvef@+yD; wcsufatmfvkduf&m a'gufwmqifzkd; tajy;tv$m;prf;oyfppfaq;+yD; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymcsvkdufygonf? 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &uf eHeuf 1 em&Dtcsdef jzpfygawmhonf?

TwGif teD;&Sd q&m}uD;.orD;i,f a': jroDu wcsuf[pfI ikdvkduf&m/ teD;tem; tdrfywf0ef;usifwGif apmifhaeaom a=u;rHkowif;axmufu owif;pmwkdufajy;+yD; owif;ykd@ojzifh aemufae@reuftapmxkwf a=u;rHkowif;pm rsufESmzHk;jynfh q&m}uD;yHkjzifhtxl;xkwf xGufvmygawmhonf? jrefrmhtoHuvnf; eHeuf&Spfem&D owif;wGif q&m}uD;uG,fvGefa=umif; xkwfjyefay;&m xkdowif;wjynfvHk; ysH@ESH@oGm;ygawmhonf?

TonfrSm q&m}uD; u|efawmf.vufay:wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd u|efawmfrSwfrdoavmuf jyefvnfa&;om;ay;ykd@vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

2005 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm 3 &ufcGefrif;?

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tapmqHk; a&mufvm=uolrsm;xJwGif rE Wav;rS vlxkOD;vSonf xkduG,fvGefonfhae@rSmyif a&mufcsvmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf;q&m}uD;OD;a,mukd trSL;jyKI psmyeaumfrwD zGJ@vkdufygawmhonf? xkdpOfu +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@0ifrsm; vlpHkwufpHk rygEkdifawmhacs? wcsdK@vnf;tzrf;cH&+yD;jzpfum/ wcsdK@vnf; wdrf;a&Smifae&csdefESifh oGm;wkd;aeygonf?

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21

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22

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q&m}uD;. orD;i,f a': jroDrSm a': jr&Davmuf pdwf"mwfrmyHkr&yg? q&m}uD;tm;vnf; tawmftm;ukd; cspfcifyHk&onf?q&m}uD;ESif h ywfoufvmv#if t+rJyifrsuf&nfwprf;prf;jzpfaewwfygonf? q&m}uD;uG,fvGefcgeD; rrmrcsmjzpfaeonhf umvwav#mufvHk;vnf; q&m}uD;tdyf&mab;u rcGmbJ jyKpk&Smygonf? olukd,fwkdifvnf; usef;rma&; aumif;yHkr&yg?

u|efawmfwkd@ 1976 ckESpf rwfv 23 &ufae@u q&m}uD; &mjynfhyGJvkyfrnfh tpDtpOftm;vHk;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;&J@ csDwufqENjyyGJ}uD;a=umifh zsufvkduf&ygawmhonf? yifukd,fu u|efawmfwkd@u q&m}uD;. *lAdrmefwGif qGrf;au|;/ pmaya[majymyGJ/ pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;vkyf&ef pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomf wuUokdvfausmif;om;rsm;u “r_dif;&mjynfhyGJ”“r_dif;&mjynfhyGJ”“r_dif;&mjynfhyGJ”“r_dif;&mjynfhyGJ”“r_dif;&mjynfhyGJ”ukd olwkd@tpDtpOfeJ@ olwkd@jyKvkyfI *lAdrmefokd@csDwufvmum tav;jyK=uygawmhonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfwkd@ pDpOfxm;onfh tcrf;tem;rsm; zsufodrf;vkduf&ygawmhonf?

23

xkdtcgwGifvnf; a': jroDu rsuf&nfwprf;prf;eJ@ “azazwkd@rsm; ukokdvfqkd;vkdufwm/ &mjynfhyGJav;awmif a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL rvkyf&bl;”[k0rf;yef;wenf; qkdvmygonf?

u|efawmfu “[m - r[kwfwmbJ/ b,fES,hfukokdvfqkd;&rvJ? 'g[m q&m}uD;ukd jynfolawGu taumif;qHk; *k%fjyKvkdufwmyJ” vkd@ ajymvkdufrdygonf? u|efawmfonf xkdae@u wu,fyJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfrdygonf? OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ukd t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJ+yD;/ausmif;om;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;ESpf&Snfaxmifcs/ ausmif;xkwfESifh &uf&ufpufpuf vkyfjyxm;wm r=umao;yg? rwfv 23 &ufae@rwkdifrDrSmukdenf;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh +cdrf;ajcmufcJhwmyg? 'D=um;xJurS owWdcJausmif;om;rsm; tHkESifhtifESifh xGufvm+yD; q&m}uD;tm; *k%fjyK=ujcif; jzpfygonf?r_dif;uav;rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpf&m u|efawmfhvkdyif vltawmfrsm;rsm;u 0rf;om}udKqkdtm;&jcif; jzpfrd=uygonf?

q&m}uD; uG,fvGefoGm;aomfvnf; q&m}uD;.pdwf"mwfu &Sifoefusef&pfaeayonf? q&m}uD;. jynfolrsm;bufu xm0pOf&yfwnf+yD; jynfolrsm;.b0 om,m+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf woufywfvHk; vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufonfh ZGJeyJpdwf"mwfonf aemifrsdK;quftqufqufukd orkdif;tarGtjzpf vufqifhurf;ay;cJhayonf? xkd@a=umifh r_dif;&mjynfhv_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifcJhonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmaxmifwef;tuscH/ wcsdK@vnf; awmxJa&muf vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;orm;tjzpfESifh ,ck tESpfoHk;q,f=um+yD;aomtcg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:wGif EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf ay:xGufvm+yD; jzpfonf? q&m}uD;. r+yD;qHk;ao;aomwm0efukd olwkd@qufvuf aqmif&Gufayvdrfhrnf?

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jynfolrsm;bufu tiftm;w&yftjzpf q&m}uD;udk yHkt&dyfazmfovkd qef@usifbuftiftm;pkuvnf; q&m}uD;. trnfemrpGrf;yum;ukd ta=umuf}uD; a=umuf=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif e0w/ etz acwftqufqufwGif q&m}uD;. emrnf/ "mwfyHkwkd@ukd azmfjycGifhray;jcif; jzpfayonf? q&m}uD;. *k%f&Sdefum; }uD;rm;vSonf? q&m}uD;.b0onf aumif;jrwfvSaypG?

q&m}uD; ruG,fvGefrDuyif u|efawmfwkd@. jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm;rSm ododomom &yfqkdif;oGm;+yDjzpf&m/ q&m}uD;uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf txl;ojzifh q&m}uD;*lAdrmef wnfaqmuf+yD;aemuf vHk;0&yfqkdif;oGm;&ygawmhonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; tzrf;cHoGm;=u&+yD jzpfygonf?

u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;rS qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav;u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;rS qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav;u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;rS qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav;u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;rS qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav;u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;rS qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav;u|efawmf wyfuxGuf+yD;aemuf 1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;rSpI 1974 ckESpf/ ESpfv,fykdif;avmuftxd ESpfaygif; 17 ESpfeD;yg;

aexkdifcJhonfh prf;acsmif;&yfuGufwGif;&Sd qDqHkvrf; tdrfeHygwf 36 aetdrfav;onf u|efawmfwkd@ rdom;pk pHkpHkvifvifESifh t&Snf=umqHk;aecJh&onfh tdrfuav;jzpfum u|efawmfwkd@ rdom;pktwGuf rarhEkdifzG,f&muav; jzpfygawmhonf?

T&yfuGufuav;rSm Arm&yfuGuf oef@oef@av; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwkd@aeaom vrf;uav;rSm vrf;wkdav;jzpf+yD;/ tdrfajc50 cef@ &Sdygonf? trsm;pkrSm wvkdif;tdrfav;rsm; jzpf+yD;/ ESpfxyftjynfhtdrf 4-5 tdrfom &Sdygonf? ajruGufrSm ay 25 » 50 om&Sdygonf?tdrfwkdif;uvnf; ajrtjynfhaqmufxm;ojzifh tdrfuav;rsm;rSm arSmifukyfukyfav;rsm;om jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ xkd&yfuGufukd a&mufpu rdv†mpepfrSm Zvm;tdrfompepfjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm; r=umc% zsm;=uem=ujzpf=uygonf? aemifrS a&avmif;tdrfompepfjzpfoGm;rS cav;rsm;vnf; oufomoGm;=uygonf? xkd 1950 ckESpfESifh 60 ckESpfrsm;t=um;uvltrsm; pD;yGm;a&; wpHkw&macsmifvnfao;onfhtwGuf o}uFefyGJrsm;/ oDwif;u|wfyGJrsm;ukd u|efawmfwkd@&yfuGufawGrSm tvGefpnfum;pGmusif;ywwf=uygonf? tdrfwkdif;uvnf; tpm;taomufrsm; vkyfaqmif+yD; tdrfwkdif;aph av#mufa0wwf=uygonf? aemufykdif; vlawGpD;yGm;a&; usyfvmaomtcg rvkyfEkdif=uawmhyg?

u|efawmf Ttdrfuav;wGifaepOf u|efawmfhtdrf ywfywfvnfwGif axmufvSrf;a&;uvlrsm; 0ifa&mufvmygawmhonf?wcsdK@tdrfawGukdawmh tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;I 0,f,lygonf? u|efawmfhtdrf 0ifor#xGufor# vlrsm;ukdvnf; csOf;uyfodrf;oGif;=uygonf?vrf;xdyf wzufwcsufwGifvnf; qkduUm;orm;rsm; yHkpHESifh waeukef qkduUm;rsm;ay:wGif xkdifapmifhaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? tdrfa&S@ wem&D=um;/ESpfem&D=um; jzwfav#muf+yD; apmifh=unfhaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? u|efawmf tdrfuxGufwmESifhw+ydKifeuf t&dyfvkdaemufu ygvmwwfygonf? aemufykdif;usavqkd;av jzpfvmygonf? rqv acwfwGif pD;yGm;a&;tuGuftuGif;[lor# rqv u ukdifxm;&m rnfolr#rqv ukd rvGefqefEkdif jzpfvm&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf&if;ESD;onfh &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsdK;rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm; rqvowif;ay;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf ukd,fhrdom;pk0ifrsm;rSvGJI b,fol@rS r,Hk&Jawmhyg?

u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&+yD; xkdtdrfav;okd@ ajymif;a&mufvmpu u|efawmfhZeD;u tdrfazmfav;wa,mufawmh&SdrS jzpfrnf[kajymvmygonf? u|efawmfhtaeESifh tdrfvHk+cHKa&;twGuf vlykdxm;vkd@ rjzpfa=umif;ESifh tdrftvkyfawGukd u|efawmf ulvkyfyghrnf[kqkdumESpfodrfh+yD; wm;jrpf&ygonf? olu TudpP wcgyJajymzl;+yD; aemufxyf b,fawmhrS xyfajymqkdjcif;vnf; r&SdawmhbJh tdrftvkyf[lor#wa,mufwnf; usHK;vkyfcJhygonf? ol@rdcif a':wif usef;rmpOfuawmh ol@ukd tawmftwef ulnDEkdifcJhygonf? &efukefwGif ausmif;vmae=uaom aqGrsdK;eD;pyfuav;rrsm;vnf; 0kdif;0ef;ulnDEkdifor# ulnD=uygonf?

u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&onfh 1957 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhorD;t}uD;qHk; vSvSu ig;wef;r#om &Sdao;+yD; ti,fqHk; om;av;wGwfwGwfrSm xkdESpfurS ausmif;paejcif; jzpfygonf? om;orD; ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd omoemjyKausmif;jzpfonfh jynfvrf;&Sd pdef@zDvkdrDemwGifxm;&m ausmif;p&dwf/ ausmif;um;cuyif u|efawmf&onfh yifpifvpm. xuf0ufcef@ &Sdygonf? ausmif;zGifhp&ufrsm;qkdv#if ESpfpOfa=u;/

24

t0wftpm;zkd;/ pmtkyfzkd;/ tm;upm;zkd;pojzifh eifhaeatmifay;&&m u|efawmhfZeD;u 'Dvawmh qifeJ@qGJ&rf;ovkdyJ[k nnf;wGm;wwfygonf?u|efawmf wyfxJrSm &SdpOfuwnf;u wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ajrrsm;cGJa0ay;xm;&m/ u|efawmfhwGif ajrESpfuGuf &Sdaeygonf?

u|efawmfhemrnfESifh *&efxGufxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? wuGufrSm ewfarmufvrf;oG,frS jzpf+yD; wuGufrSm csif;acsmif;&dyfomwGif;rSm jzpfygonf?u|efawmfu ewfarmufvrf;oG,fu ajruGufukd a&mif;cs+yD; qDqHkvrf;tdrf0,fpOfu wifcJhonfh aºu;ukdqyfum/ usefaiGrsm;ukd b%fxJoGif;xm;+yD; vpOfvkdtyfor#ukd zJhxkwf&ygonf? xkdaiGukefoGm;aomtcg csif;acsmif;+cHukd wjcrf;zJh a&mif;&ygawmhonf?

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TumvtwGif; u|efawmfhtwGuf tyifyef;qHk; tvkyfrSm om;orD;rsm; pmjyay;&aom udpP jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynf.ynma&;pepfrsm tvGefcsdK@wJhay&m ausmif;om;rsm;ukd usL&Sifay;Ekdif&ifay;/ ray;Ekdif&if ynmjzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmufwwfzkd@ rvG,fyg? xkd@a=umifhu|efawmfhrSm tykdusL&Sifcvnf; rwwfEkdifojzifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus oifay;&ygawmhonf? xkdacwfuawmif ynmwwfjzpfzkd@ tvGefyifrvG,ful&m ,ckumvwGifawmh qkdzG,f&m r&Sdawmhyg?

aemufykdif;usawmh olwkd@ukd pmomru EkdifiHa&;pmayrsm; zwfvmatmifvnf; enf;ay;vrf;jy vkyfay;&ygonf? wvw}udrfvnf;olwkd@ESifh tpnf;ta0;oabmrsdK;xkdifum [email protected]@,Gif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; jyKjyifay;cJh&ygonf? wuUokdvfa&mufukefonfESifh u|efawmfu om;orD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkd@wae@wm awG@}uHKcJh&onfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd jyefajymjyckdif;ygonf?txl;ojzifh olwkd@bmomolwkd@ rajz&Sif;Ekdifonfh udpPrsm;ukd bmrqkd jyefwkdifyif&ef tm;ay;&ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHESpfa,mufpvHk; om;orD;rsm; ynmwwfajrmufa&;/ vdrfrma&;jcm;&Sda&;twGuf tm;pkdufvHk;yef;=u&aoma=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ rdciftkd}uD;rsm;tay:rSmawmh wm0efvpf[if;cJh=uygonf? u|efawmfha,muQr a': wifrSm ol@oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay:vliSm;wifI xkdtdrfvcav;ESifhyif aexkdifoGm;&&Smygonf/ u|efawmfhrdcif a':wifhrSmrl qkdif;pk&Gm&Sd tdrfESifh+cHukda&mif;um &efukef &Spfrkdif&Sd^m%pm*Dausmif;wkdufwGif Z&yfuav;waqmifaqmuf+yD; aexkdifoGm;&Smygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf uav;rsm; ausmif;ydwfcsdef/ tcg}uD;/&uf}uD;rsm;wGif olwkd@ (a':wifESifha':wifhwkd@ ESpfa,muf/ xkd&SpfrkdifZ&yfwGif twlae=uwmrsm;onf?) qD oGm;a&mufuefawmhonfhtcgrsdK;awmh &Sdwwfygonf? olwkd@ aexkdifraumif;v#ifawmh u|efawmfhorD;u oGm;ac:vm+yD; tdrfrSmxm; ukoay;&ygonf? useftcsdefrsm;wGifawmh u|efawmfwkd@ odyftm±HkrjyKEkdifyg?

1963 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfyifpifESifh ywfoufI Oya'opfwck ay:vm&m/ u|efawmhf yifpifvpmwkd;aiG aemufjyefa=u; (Back

pay) usyfaiG oHk;axmifausmf &vkdufygonf? u|efawmfu xkdta=umif;ukd bmrSrodyg? wyfrawmf rSwfwrf;±Hk;u pma&;rsm;u olwkd@bmomolwkd@wGufcsuf av#mufv$mwif/ aiGxkwfvm+yD;rS vmykd@ygonf? u|efawmfvnf; xkdaiGESifhyif om;oHk;a,mufukd prf;acsmif; jrodef;wef"rRm±HkrSm &SifjyKay;cJhygonf?

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25

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u|efawmfh om;ESpfa,mufzGifhonfh ajreDukef;u pmtkyfqkdifwGif [email protected];av;ukdac:I tvkyfay;xm;+yD; u|efawmfhorD;}uD;tvkyfvkyfonfh ta&S@ykdif;aq;±HkrS q&m0efrsm;twGufay;onfh tdrfcef;wGifrl a':cifrsdK;nGef@ESifh orD;ESpfa,mufukd ac:xm;ygonf? u|efawmfawmckdvmpOf u|efawmfhZeD;wa,mufwnf; xm;cJh&pOfu olrusef;rrmjzpfaewkef; a':cifrsdK;nGef@u orD;}uD;cifrat;ESifhtwl u|efawmfhZeD;tm; vma&mufapmifha&SmufaexkdifcJha=umif; u|efawmfhZeD;u u|efawmhfukd jyefajymjyygonf?

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26

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&Jabmf}uD;Akdvftkef;armifum; wrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf ol@wm0efol@tcef;ukd b0wav#mufvHk; ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifoGm;onfhArmjynf}uD;. *k%f,lzG,f om;aumif;wa,muf jzpfygonf?

&Jabmf}uD; Akdvftkef;armif. “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” “ukd,fusdK;rzuf/ ±kd;&kd;ukyfukyf aexkdif/ owWd&Sd&Sd vkyfukdifonfh pdwf"mwf” xm0pOf t"Gef@&Snfygap?oGm;ESifh+yDjzpf=uaom &Jabmf}uD;wkd@tm;vHk;ukd owd& vGrf;qGwfvsuf-

ausmfaZm (AkdvfausmfaZm)

16-3-07

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27

avSum;xpfwGif xkdifcs+yD; “AkdvfausmfaZm usKyfukd ESifxkwfw,f[kwfvm;/ cifAsm; u|efawmfhukd ESifxkwfw,faemf”[k xyfcsnf;wvJvJajymumikdkk,kdygawmhonf? u|efawmfvnf; rwwfEkdifawmhbJ wHcg;zGifh+yD; tdrfay:ac:wif&ygawmhonf? +yD;awmh xHk;pHtwkdif; awmif;wJhaiGay;vkduf&ygonf?

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» » » »wcgrSmvnf; u|efawmfhqDukd xl;jcm;onfh {nfhonfwa,muf oHk;bD;um;ESifh aygufcsvmygonf? xkdtcsdefu Akdvfae0if;u

jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD zGJ@pnf;rnfhta=umif; a=unmxm;csdef jzpfygonf?xkd{nfhonfrSm Akdvfae0if;. ZeD;}uD; (uGm&Sif;xm;ol) a':wifwif jzpfygonf? u|efawmf ar+rdK@rSm wkdif;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aepOfu

a':wifwif tawmfcsK@dcsddK@iJhiJh ae&a=umif; =um;&ojzifh xkdpOfu zqyv ynma&;0ef}uD; OD;oef;atmifqD odk@ ol@ukd u|efawmfpma&;ay;+yD;p&dwfygay;um v$wfcJhygonf? OD;oef;atmifpDpOfay;ojzifh ar+rdK@wGifyif a':wifwif q&mrtvkyf &&SdcJ hygonf? a':wifwifrSmom;ESpfa,mufudkvnf; ausmif;xm;&ygao;onf? aemifawmh Akdvfae0if;u uav;rsm; ausmif;p&dwf axmufyHh[ef &Sdygonf?

xkdae@u a':wifwifu u|efawmfhukd 0rf;omtm;&ESifh ajymonfrSm ukdukdwkd@u (Akdvfae0if;ukd ol@tac:) tck qkd&S,fvpfvkd@ajymae+yD? tJawmh AkdvfausmfaZmukd ypfxm;rSmr[kwfbl;? u|efr 0rf;omvkd@ vmajymwm[k qkdygonf? u|efawmfvnf; ol@ukd {nfhcH+yD;tvmyov†myajymum c%wjzKwfae+yD; oljyefoGm;ygonf? oljyefoGm;rS u|efawmfwkd@ a&tkd;pifu aiGzvm;av;xJwGif aiGw&musyfESifholar+rdK@rSmaepOfu u|efawmfxkwfay;vkdufaom c&D;p&dwfaºu;ukd vmqyfa=umif; pmav;wapmif a&;xnfhxm;wm awG@&ygonf? olujyefumeD; tjyifxGufcsifonfqkdI u|efawmfhorD;wa,mufu tdrfomykd@ay;+yD; ol@udkxm;cJhonfh c%wGif olu aiGukdxm;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

xkdpOfu vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0ifrsm;vnf; ay;aeojzifh u|efawmfhqD axmufcHpm vmawmif;olrsm;vnf; rsm;vSygonf? *syefacwfu vpmxkwfpm&if; twdtus&Sdonfhwkdif;rSm wkdif; 4 wwkdif;yJ &Sdojzifh u|efawmf. axmufcHcsufrSm tawmfyif ta&;ygaeygonf?u|efawmfuvnf; taotcsmppfaq;+yD; u|efawmfukd,fwkdif ,Hk=unfrS axmufcHcsufay;aoma=umifh u|efawmfhaxmufcHcsufygoltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm armfuGef;0if&=uwm rsm;ygonf?

u|efawmhfukdvnf; vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if vm,l&ef zdwfpmwcg&zl;ygonf? u|efawmf wufr,lcJhyg?wcgYvnf; Akdvfae0if;u u|efawmfwkd@ *syefjynf ppfynmoifpOfu q&mwmum[m&SDukd zdwfac:+yD; *syefjyeftm;vHk;ESif@ pka0;

awG@qHkyGJwyGJvkyf&ef pDpOfygonf? u|efawmfhukd vmzdwfolrSm xkdpOfu axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH Akdvfcspfcif jzpfygonf? u|efawmfu zdwfpmukdvufcHxm;vkduf+yD; xrif;pm;yGJokd@ oGm;rwufcJhyg? u|efawmf rwufa&mufojzifh wmum[m&SdDu (xkdtcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;orm; jzpfaeyg+yD)u|efawmfhtwGuf vufaqmiftcsdK@ ay;xm;cJhojzifh xkdvufaqmifrsm;ukd vmay;&if; Akdvfcspfcifu ajymjyonfrSm xkdae@u {nfhonfrsm;pHkvifaomtcg ol Akdvfae0if;ukd tdrfay:wufac:a=umif;/ Akdvfae0if;u AkdvfausmfaZma&m vmovm;[k ol@ukdar;a=umif;/ olurvma=umif;ajymawmh Akdvfae0if;u pdwfqkd;+yD; olu b,fol@tm;ukd;eJ@ 'Davmufrkdufae&wmwkef;[kqkda=umif; ajymjyygonf? wqufwnf;Akdvfcspfcifu qufajymonfrSm AkdvfcsKyftay: (u|efawmfhukd qkdvkd) AkdvfcsKyf}uD;u (Akdvfae0if;ukd qkdvkd) oHa,mZOf rjywf&Smygbl;? aemifol zdwf&if AkdvfcsKyfvmjzpfatmifvmyg[kvnf; ajymoGm;cJhzl;ygonf?

Akdvfae0if;uvnf; b,fol@ukdrqkd ESpfbufrsufESm vkyfwwfol jzpfygonf? (OD;Ek. wmawpaeom;wGif 1962 ckESpf ppfwyfutm%modrf;pOf oltzrf;cHae&pOfrSmawmif OD;Eku Akdvfae0if; yg[efr&Sd[kxifa=umif; a&;om;xm;wmukd =unfhyg? OD;Ekukd ol b,favmuft,HkoGif;xm;vJ rodyg?)

u|efawmf 1957 ckESpf/ ppfwyfu xGufcgeD;/ ppf±Hk;csKyfY u|efawmf Akdvfae0if;ukd oGm;E_wfqufpOf Akdvfae0if;u at;Asmtjyifa&muf+yD;&if u|efawmfhqD at;at;aq;aq;vmawG@vSnfhygOD;[k rSmv$wfygonf? xkd@jyif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom u|efawmfhOD;av;udkvnf; =um;yGJpm;wOD;u csOf;uyf+yD; AkdvfausmfaZmemrnfESifh yJcl;±kd;ru opfuefx±kdufav#mufyg? &&ygaphr,f[k vmajymzl;ygonf?xkd@jyif u|efawmfwkd@ wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ay;xm;onfh ajruGufrsm;wGif tdrfaqmufrnfqkdu vkdtyfonfh tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; tpkd;&aps;E_ef;ESifh xkwfay;rnf[k u|efawmfESifh tvGef&if;ESD;onfh AkdvfrSL;}uD;jr0if;u u|efawmfhZeD;ukd vmajymygonf? xkdp&dwfukdvnf; rdrdupkdufp&mrvkd/ iSm;&rf;rnfh oH±Hk;rsm;ukd oHk;ESpfpmav;ESpfpm iSm;&rf;p&dwf/ pmcsKyfcsKyf}udK,l+yD; aqmuf±Hkom jzpfonf? xkdaºu; oHk;av;ESpfESifhausoGm;ygu rdrdtdrfykdifwvHk;&+yD; tdrfiSm;p&dwf qufpm;&efom jzpfygawmhonf? Tenf;jzifh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tdrfwvHk;uae ESpfvHk;/oHk;vHk; aqmufEkdif=uonf? wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;tm; Akdvfae0if;u jynfol@b¾maiGoHk;+yD; 0,f,lonfhenf;rsm; jzpfygonf? xkd enf;jzifh ppfwyfrSxGuf&onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd +idrfatmif olvkyfxm;EkdifcJhygonf?

u|efawmf bmwckrS vufcHjcif; r&SdbJ &onfhyifpifav;ESifhyif avmufiatmif aeygonf? &&Sdxm;onfh ajruGufukd awmh u|efawmfwyfxJrSm aepOfuwnf;uyif u|efawmfhaiGay;+yD; *&efxGufatmif vkyfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdajruGufrsm;ukd zJhzJha&mif;+yD; tdrfpm;&dwfjznfh&ygonf?

28

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; ysufoGm;pOfuvnf; zrf;qD;rnfh vlpm&if;ukd Akdvfae0if;qDwif&mwGif pm&if;xdyfwGifyg0ifonfh u|efawmfhemrnfukd Akdvfae0if;uyJ zsufypfay;vkdufonf[k =um;&ygonf?

1973-74 ckESpf/ rqv zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk a&;qGJ+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ usif;yzkd@ pkdif;jyif;aepOf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ prf;acsmif; vtuOuUÏ AkdvfausmfaqGqkdol a&mufvm+yD; xkdqENcH,lyGJtwGuf }uD;=uyfonfhaumfr&SifwGif OuUÏvkyf&ef vmzdwfygonf? u|efawmfvnf;pdwfwkdwkdESifhyif “a[h-rif;wkd@vufxufrSm vlawG'Davmuf 'kuQa&mufaewm 'Dvkdtpkd;&rsdK;ukd igu yckH;eJ@xrf;wifay;&OD;rSmvm;? ightaeeJ@bmrSrwwfEkdifvkd@ xkdif=unfhaewm? wwfEkdif&if rif;wkd@tpkd;& jzKwfcszkd@awmif ighrSm 0wW&m;&Sdw,f”[k ajymcsvkdufygonf? olvnf; jyefoGm;+yD;txuftqifhqifhukd wkdif=um;ygawmhonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; 'DwcsDawmh u|efawmf tzrf;cH&awmhrnf[k xifae=uygonf? u|efawmfvnf; tawmfowdxm; aexkdif+yD; tajymtqkdvnf; qifjcifygonf? xkdae@uawmh pdwfaygufvm+yD; ajymcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

xkdowif; Akdvfae0if;qD a&mufoGm;aomtcg Akdvfae0if;u “[kwfom;yJuG/ rif;wkd@u oGm;pwmukd;? AkdvfausmfaZmqkdwma¹rayG;uG? ol@xdrS aygufwm? ol@[mol at;at;aeyap” [kqkda=umif; =um;&ygonf? u|efawmfhqDvnf; b,folrS xyfvmjcif;vnf;r&Sdawmhyg? b,favmufawmif jzpfvmovJqkdv#if xkdqENcH,lyGJrJ±Hkukd u|efawmfhab;tdrfu um;±HkwGif vmzGifh+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfom;awGrJvmrxnfhrcsif;apmifhum naetcsdefukefrS rJ±Hkydwfygonf? aemufrJpm&if;xGufvmaomtcg rJrxnfhol ajcmufa,muf[k u|efawmfwkd@tdrfom;rsm;ukd pm&if;jyxm;wm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd rJxnfh&ef vmrac:0Hhyg? wjcm;rJ±Hkrsm; vlukefvmxnfhojzifh tapm}uD;ydwfoGm;=uaomfvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfem;u rJ±HkrSmrl vlukefvmrxnfhao;ojzifh apmifh&onfqkd+yD; tcsdefukefonftxd apmifh+yD;rSrJ±Hkodrf;&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ qDqHkvrf;rS tdrfav;rSmyif u|efawmfhorD;ti,f pef;pef;ukd tdrfaxmifcsay;ygonf? pef;pef;u ol@tpfrukd oloGm;q&m0efav;wa,muf (xkdpOfu tvkyfoifq&m0efav;) ESifh arwWm&Sdaea=umif;/ ol@ta=umif; pHkprf;=unfh+yD; }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tjypfr&Sdv#if xkdolESifh olvufxyfvkda=umif; ajymvmygonf? xkdpOfu pef;pef;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvfY enf;jyq&mr vkyfaeygonf?vSvSu ol@oli,fcsif; oGm;aumvdyfY q&mr vkyfaeolrSwqifh xkdoli,fta=umif; pHkprf;&mwGif Aef;armfrSjzpf+yD; jynfe,fpwkdifyifESifhausmif;wufae&ol jzpfa=umif;/ ±kd;om;}udK;pm; oljzpfa=umif; odvm&ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@vnf; xkdtdrfav;rSmyif tusOf;±Hk; vufxyfay;cJhygonf?

orD;i,f vufxyf+yD; wESpft=umwGif om;ti,f ausmfaZmOD;u olESifharwWm&Sdaeonfh pDpDqkdonfh rdef;uav;ESifh vufxyfvkda=umif; ajymvmojzifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm aemufr*FvmudpPukd pDpOf&ygawmhonf? pDpDrSm zwqkd;av;jzpf+yD; tarwck/ orD;wckESifh }uD;jyif;vm&ol jzpfonf? rdcifjzpfolrSmvnf; tpfr}uD;jzpfolESifh wpD;yGm;wnf; twlaevmol jzpfonf? uefawmf}uD; xDvkyfief;ykdif&Sifrsm;jzpf+yD;/yJcl;bufwGifvnf; aq;vdyfcHkrsm; &Sd=uonf? (aemifrS u|efawmfod&onfrSm pDpD.zcifrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD;jzpf+yD; awmckd&mokd@ygoGm;um ysOf;rem;Y iSufzsm;ESifh usqHk;oGm;ol jzpfygonf?)

u|efawmhfZeD;rSm xkdumvu ta=umufqHk;udpPrSm r*Fvmaqmifzdwfpm jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf r*Fvm aqmif zdwfpm&ygupdwftawmfnpfoGm;wwfygonf? wcgw&H wvwnf; zdwfpmESpfapmifoHk;apmif &wwfygonf? cifrifav;pm;aomtm;jzifh zdwf=um;=uwmjzpfojzifh roGm;Ivnf; raumif;yg? oGm;jyefuvnf; r*FvmyGJESifhtnD xkdufxkdufwefwef vufzGJ@rS aumif;ayonf? vufzGJ@onfhpepfonfr&Sdoifhawmhyg?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHu ukd,fhom;orD;rsm; r*Fvmaqmifawmh r*FvmzdwfpmwGif “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”[laompmwef; xnfh±kdufcJhygonf? orD;pef;pef;wkef;uawmh bmrSjy\emray:yg? u|efawmfwkd@yJOD;pD;/ u|efawmfwkd@pdwf}udKufyJ vkyf&ojzifhtqifacsmcJhygonf? tdrfrSm tusOf;±Hk;vufxyfvkd@vnf; jzpfonf?

okd@aomf u|efawmfhom; r*FvmyGJusawmh rdef;uav;bufu ajymp&mawG jzpfvmygonf? pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;rSm ol@orD;wOD;vnf;r*Fvmaqmif+yD;+yDjzpf&m a[mfw,f}uD;wckckwGif aqmif&rnf[k qkdvmygonf? }uD;a': }uD;bufu =unfhawmhvnf;orD;us wcrf;wem;vkyfay;cJh+yD; wlrusrS jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfay;onf[k tajymcH&rSmpkd;[ef &Sdygonf?

pDpDrSm u|efawmfwkd@ vl}uD;rsm;t=um; tawmfAsmrsm;oGm;ygawmhonf? aemufawmh a':odef; (pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;) u a[mfw,frSmtcrf;tem;usif;ya&;ukd tav#mhay;+yD; u|efawmfwkd@u “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”ukd u|efawmfwkd@ a,mufsm;av;bufu zdwfonfhzdwfpmw0ufwGifyif ±kdufESdyf&ef tav#mhay;vkduf&ygonf? r*Fvmaqmifukd pDpDwkd@tdrf ausmufajrmif;tdrfwGifyif usif;yjzpfcJhygonf?

1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm; tukefbGJ@&ukef+yD;/ tvkyftukdifrsm;ESifhjzpfum/ tdrfaxmifusolrsm;vnf; usoGm;ukef+yDjzpfygonf? u|efawmfh qDqHkvrf;tdrfrSmvnf; tdrfuav;u ao;i,f+yD; ab;ywfvnf axmufvSrf;a&;0kdif;aeojzifh tdrfrS u|efawmfw&ufaysmufr&yg? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmftdrf}uD;}uD;wvHk;0,f&ef pOf;pm;+yD; u|efawmftdrf&Sm&m prf;acsmif;/ ajrmif;jrvrf;xJwGifyiftdrft}uD;}uD;wvHk; &SmawG@ygonf? ay 50 ywfvnf ajruGufwGif [kdbuf'Dbuf 10 aypDcsefum tjynfhaqmufxm;onfh ESpfxyftdrf}uD;jzpfonf? a&S;u|ef;ukr%Du refae*smwOD;u aqmufcJhojzifh opfrsm;u taumif;pm;rsm;jzpfayonf? u|efawmfhqDqHkvrf; tdrfav;udka&mif;/tdrfrSm&Sdor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;csa&mif;um u|efawmf xkdtdrf}uD;ukd aiGwodef;eJ@ 0,fvkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmf vufaqmif&xm;onfhypPnf;rsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;/ bGJ@rsm;/ EdkdifiHjcm;uygvmaom vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;pojzifh tdrfwGif&Sdor# tukefcsa&mif;&ygonf?

1974 ckESpf/ ESpfvnfykdif;avmufwGif u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pk xkdtdrf}uD;okd@ ajymif;a&$@cJh=uygawmhonf? xkdtdrf. um;*kda'gifwGif&SdaomtdrfiSm;rsm;u awmfawmfESifhz,fray;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf'kuQ a&mufvkdufygao;onf?

u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtdrfajymif;+yD;aemuf ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif; ykdrkdjyif;xefvmygawmhonf? u|efawmfonf q &m}uD;r_dif;psmyeudpP/*lAdrmefudpP +yD;uwnf;u bmEkdifiHa&;pum;rS rajymawmhbJ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGifvnf; ab;a&Smifaeygonf? u|efawmfhtwGuf vufeufukdif

29

awmfvSefa&;rSvGJI bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdqkdwm u|efawmfod+yD; jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfygwDESifh tquf&atmif }udK;pm;aomfvnf;tqufr&yg? u|efawmfhtaeESifh ygwDESifh tquf&zkd@udpPrSm tvGefv#dK@0SufI vkyfudkif&ojzifh rvG,fulvSyg? t}udrftcsdK@ }udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf;ratmifjrifcJhyg? u|efawmfhyHk owif;pmxJ rygatmifvnf; tawmf}udK;pm;aeygonf? tdrfrSmvnf; r=umc% tjyifxGufxGuf=unfh+yD;/w&ufESpf&ufaysmuf+yD;rS jyefvmwmrsdK;vnf; vkyfygonf? xkdpOfu u|efawmfhorD;t}uD;vSvSrSm &efukefta&S@ykdif; aq;±Hk}uD;wGif vufaxmufq&m0ef vkyfae&m/ ol@twGuf aq;±Hku ay;xm;aom tdrfcef;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH vkdufaewwfygonf? u|efawmf tdrfrSm r&SdwmyHkrSefjzpfaeatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfhtdrfu zkef;ukdvnf; apmifhem;axmifrSef;odojzifh bmudpPrS zkef;ESifhrajymrdzkd@ owdxm;&ygonf? u|efawmf u b,fvkdyifEkdifiHa&;ESifh a0;atmifaeaomfvnf; xkdumvEkdifiHa&; rkefwkdif;jyif;xefvmaomtcg u|efawmftaeESifh wa=umif;r[kwfwa=umif; ywfoufvm&ygawmhonf?

1974 ESpfukefykdif; OD;oef@ta&;tcif; ay:vmawmh 'Dta&;tcif;ukd OD;aqmifaeonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rrSaeI u|efawmfhqD zkef;quf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; awmif;ygonf?

1976 ckESpf/ r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif; t+yD;rSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH (rsufrSef) AkdvfwifOD;u tac:ckdif;Iygqkd+yD;axmufvSrf;a&;u AkdvfrlS;&Jaq$ESifh txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme n¸ef=um;a&;rSL;OD;oef;wifwkd@ u|efawmfhukd vmac:ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhu|efawmf tquftoG,f &Sdonf[k owif;&ojzifh ar;jref;vkdaoma=umifh[k qkdygonf? u|efawmf xkdae@u AkdvfwifOD;ESifh awG@&ygonf?rif;wkd@ ig w,fvDzkef; ajymor#awGukd wdwfeJ@zrf;xm;w,fvkd@ =um;w,f? tJ'DrSm tukef&SdwmyJ[k u|efawmfuajymawmh AkdvfwifOD;u[m - u|efawmfwkd@ twwfynmu ajymoavmuf r[kwfygbl;vkd@ ajymygonf? olwkd@ xkdae@ ae@vnfavmufwGif u|efawmfhukd tdrfjyefykd@ygonf?

xdkuJhokd@ EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;rsm; jyif;xefaepOfumvrSmyif 1976 ckESpfZGefvqef;/ we*FaEGae@ wnaewGif u|efawmfh om;ti,fausmfaZmOD;u “azaz u|efawmhfukd ygwDA[kdu qkwfckdif;vkd@ u|efawmf oGm;awmhr,f”[k E_wfqufvmygonf?

xkdpOfu ausmfaZmOD;rSm vufxyf+yD; om;OD;ol&defausmfaZm (,ck vef'ef bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfae) ukd arG;+yD; wESpfrjynfhwjynfhtcsdef jzpfonf? olonf vufxyf+yD;aemuf pDpDwkd@tdrfwGif vkdufaeaomfvnf; aoma=umae@nae ±Hk;qif;wmESifh ol@ZeD;ESifhtwlu|efawmfwkdf@tdrf jyefa&mufvm+yD; wevFmae@reufrS ±Hk;wuf&if; tdrfjyefoGm;wwf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ajrmif;jrvrf;tdrfwGif olwkd@twGuf tcef;wcef; xm;ay;ygonf? olESifhol@tpfukd atmifausmfaZmwkd@ ESpfa,muf }udwf}udwf}udwf}udwfESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfaerSef; u|efawmf&dyfrdaomfvnf; u|efawmfwcgr# ar;r=unfhyg? u|efawmfhorD;}uD; vSvSukdvnf; olwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;pum;rajym&ef u|efawmfESifhyJ ajymp&m&Sdajym&ef rSm=um;xm;ygonf?

olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;vkyfief;awG vkyfaea=umif; owif;awGxGufaewm tawmf=um+yD jzpfonf?OD;oef@ta&;tcif; +yD;uwnf;u ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd vuf0Jvuf,m ESpfbufpvHk;u v_H@aqmfaea=umif; rqv ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; cscsaqG;aEG;ae=u+yD; vuf,mbufuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;om;rsm;u OD;aqmif+yD;/ vuf0Jbufuawmh AkdvfausmfaZmom;rsm;uOD;pD;a=umif; ajymqkdae=uoH u|efawmfwkd@ jyef=um;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf?

r_dif;&mjynfhyGJwGifvnf; olwkd@ESpfa,muf ygyHk&onf? olwkd@ukd,fwkdif yg±Hkru u|efawmfhtdrfwGif vmausmif;wufaeonfh u|efawmfhwlav; (u|efawmfhnDti,fqHk; ukdodef;a&$-om;) armifjrwfausmfukdvnf; [kdckdif;'Dckdif; ckdif;wwf&m/ u|efawmfhZeD;u wqlqlwylyleJ@ wm;qD;uef@uGufwwfygonf? (u|efawmfhwl armifjrwfausmfrSm EkdifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;yHk &onf? yxrykdif; ol@tpfukdrsm; ckdif;or#ukd vkyfukdif+yD;/aemufykdif;olukd,fwkdif wufwufºuºu yg0ifvkyfaqmifvm&mrS r_dif;&mjynfh ta&;tcif;t+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufvHzrf;qD;&mwGiftzrf;tqD;cHoGm;&ygonf?)

xkdtxJwGif vuf0Jpma&;q&m}uD; ocifjroef; uG,fvGef&mwGif olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf psmyeaumfrwDxJyg+yD; 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;=u&mu psmyeudpPrsm;+yD;aomtcg xkdpsmyeaumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; zrf;r,fqD;r,f jzpfvmojzifh olwkd@ESpfa,muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajratmufuvmyfpnf;u awmckdckdif;jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

u|efawmfonf ausmfaZmOD;. E_wfqufpum;ukd =um;wmeJ@ &ifxJwGif 'dwfceJjzpfoGm;um ol@vufukdvnf; zrf;qGJxm;+yD; “rif;ukdygwDA[kdu b,folrSef; taotcsm odovm;” [k u|efawmfuar;&m olu “odygw,fazaz? u|efawmfhukd azazhom;rSef; od=uygw,f”[kjyefajzygonf? xkdtcg u|efawmfu “'gqkdæighac:wm jzpfrSm? igqufaewm =um+yD? igvnf; vkdufr,f”[k qkdvkdufygonf?

ausmfaZmOD;u ol@qDvmwJh ta=umif;=um;pmrSm azazta=umif;rygyg? 'ga=umifh u|efawmft&ifoGm;+yD; ygwDA[kdukd azazvmcsifa=umif; tpD&ifcHr,f? +yD;rS vlv$wf+yD; azazhvmac:r,f[kqkdum u|efawmfwkd@om;tz tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfa&;qGJ=uygonf?

yxr olwkd@tpDtpOfrSm nDtpfukdESpfa,mufvHk; twlxGuf=u&ef jzpfaomfvnf; tckESpfa,mufpvHk; aysmufoGm;v#if axmufvSrf;a&;u tdrfukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unhfrSmjzpfojzifh aemif u|efawmfxGuf&ef vG,fawmhrnf r[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh zrf;umrS zrf;qkd+yD;atmifausmfaZmukd yHkrysufxm;cJh+yD; ausmfaZmOD;wa,mufwnf; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uvnf; awmckdv#if nDtpfukdESpfa,mufpvHk; oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufxm;ojzifh wa,mufu v_yf&Sm;aewmukd apmifh=unfhaeygonf?

'D=um;xJ ol&def@ wESpfjynfh arG;ae@ukd usif;y&ef u|efawmfhZeD;ESifh pDpDtdrfom;rsm; wv_dif;v_dif; jyifae=uygawmhonf?u|efawmf ausmfaZmOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;onfhae@rSmyif u|efawmfhorD;}uD;vSvStm; ajymjy&m orD;u azazoGm;&if olvnf;vkdufrnf[k

qkdvmygonf? xkdpOfu vSvSrSm &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;Y bGJ@vGefoifwef;wufaeygonf? u|efawmfu azazu tpuwnf;u azazoGm;&iforD;ukdyg ac:oGm;zkd@ pOf;pm;+yD;om;ygvkd@ajym+yD; vSvSaq;±HkrS cGifh&&Sda&;/ rSwfyHkwiftwkrsm; jyKvkyfa&;udpPrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;=uygonf?

30

u|efawmfwkd@onf atmifausmfaZmtm; zrf;rsm;zrf;rvm;[k &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae=uygonf? xkdtcsdefu atmifausmfaZmrSmajreDukef;Y pmtkyfqkdifav; zGifhxm;&m olvnf;t&Sdrysuf pmtkyfta&mif;t0,f vkyfaeygonf?

ausmfaZmOD;xGufoGm;+yD; wvrjynfhwjynfh tcsdefrSmyif u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZmu wnaewGif “azaz qufom;a&mufvm+yD”[k owif;ykd@ygonf? u|efawmfu xkdqufom;ukd u|efawmfhtdrfab;um;*kda'gifwGif zGifhxm;aom u|efawmhfom;ruf a'gufwm0if;vGif. oGm;aq;cef;rSwqifh tdrfay:ac:wifoGm;&ef ajymvkdfufygonf?

Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@tdrfokd@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS qufom;wOD; u|efawmfwkd@ukdac:&ef a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf?

u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;Akdvfae0if;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGeftuif;yg;ol jzpfygonf? ol@wukd,fa& }uD;yGm;r_twGufqkdv#if b,fol@ukdrqdk bmrqdk

vkyfoljzpfonf? b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd cGmI b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd uyf&rnfukd aumif;aumif; wGufcsufwwfolvnf; jzpfonf?ol@tm;qef@usifol rSefor#ukda&m axmufcHolrsm;ukdyg bmawGpOf;pm;aeonf? bmawGvkyfaqmifaeonfukd t+rJapmifh=unfh+yD; tpOfrjywfod&Sdae&rS auseyfol jzpfonf? axmufvSrf;a&;bufwGif tvGeftuGufaphol jzpfygonf?

u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&uwnf;u u|efawmfhukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unfh+yD;aeonfukd u|efawmfukd,fwkdifvnf; odonf?u|efawmfhqD 0ifxGufoGm;vmae=uolrsm;vnf; od=uygonf? odatmifvnf; wrifvkyfonfhtcgrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? +cdrf;ajcmufonfhoabmvnf; jzpfygonf?

TuJhodk@ vlodxif&Sm; rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=uyf=unfh±_aeonfh=um;u u|efawmf uGefjrLepfygwDokd@ vGwfajrmuf xGufajy;Edkifonfhtcg vltawmfrsm;rsm;u tawmfyif tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif taemufEkdifiHom; pma&;q&mwcsdK@u u|efawmfhukdAkdvfae0if;u wrifv$wfay;vkduf[ef &Sdonf[kyif a&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygonf?

wu,fawmh u|efawmf TuJhokd@ vGwfajrmufvmEkdifonfh tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm; &Sdygonf? xkdta=umif;rsm; rSmæ1? u|efawmf tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufonfhudpP? ? 1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfu tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufjcif;onf u|efawmf

vGwfajrmufvkduf&onfh tajccHta=umif;&if;}uD; w&yfjzpfayonf? Ttdrf}uD; u|efawmf0,fvkdufonfhtwGuf vltawmfrsm;rsm;.pdwfxJwGif u|efawmf EkdifiHa&;qufvkyfawmhrSm r[kwfbJ om;orD;rsm;/ ajr;rsm;ESifh at;at;aq;aq;yJ aexkdifawmhrnf[k xifrSwfrSm;oGm;apygonf?

xdktcsdefu u|efawmfhorD;i,f pef;pef;. orD;}uD; u|efawmfwkd@. ajr;OD;cifav;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH xdef;ae&ygonf?u|efawmfwkd@ vlykdrxm;yg? tdrfazmfvnf; riSm;yg? orD;pef; tvkyfoGm;v#if u|efawmfwkd@ESpfa,muf wvSnfhpD xdef;=u&ygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;csufjyKwfcsdefwGif u|efawmfu xdef;&ygonf? u|efawmf ajr;yJ xdef;ae&onf[k tjyifwGif owif;xGufaeygonf?

1975 - 76 wGif pkpk (a':atmifqef;pk=unf) &efukefokd@ acwWjyefvmpOf u|efawmfESifhawG@&m olu “OD;av;u ajr;yJ xdfef;aew,f=um;ygvm;? Armjynf}uD;twGuf OD;av;wm0efaus+yDvkd@rsm; OD;av;xifaeovm;”[k u|efawmfhukd &efawG@ygonf? u|efawmfu “rif;pdwfcsyg? OD;av;wm0ef OD;av;ausyGef&ygaphr,f? rif;wkd@vnf; ukd,fhtvSnfhus rEJG@=ueJ@aygh”[k jyefajymcJhzl;ygonf?

xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfESifh enf;enf;a0;aeolrsm;u u|efawmf EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeawmhrnf[k xif=uygonf? u|efawmftouft&G,ft&vnf; &vm+yDjzpfI pGef@pGef@pm;pm; vkyf&rnfhtvkyfukd vkyfawmhrnf r[kwf[k xif[ef&Sdygonf? Akdvfae0if;ukd,fwkdifuvnf; u|efawmf uGefjrLepfygwDtay:wGif pdwfempdwfckaeonf[k xifae[ef &Sdonf? u|efawmfuvnf; tJovkd xifaeatmifol@em;a&mufEkdifonfh ae&mrS xkdtmabmfrsdK; v$ifhxm;zl;ygonf?

Ttcsufa=umifhyif u|efawmfhukd apmifh=unhfonfh tvkyfwGif 0D&d, ayghvm=u[ef &Sdygonf?yuwdbm0t&vnf; tdrf}uD;rSm ESpfxyfjzpfojzifh atmufxyfwGif pef;pef;wkd@ rdom;pkomae+yD; usefvlrsm;u tay:xyfwGif

ae=u&m vrf;ru=unfhI rjrifEkdifrodEkdif &Sdygonf? qDqHkvrf; tdrfav;wkef;url u|efawmfrSm tdrfu usOf;vnf;usOf;/ arSmifvnf;arSmifojzifhtdrfujyifav;rSmyif yufvufukvm;xkdifwvHk;ESifh pmzwfae&&m vrf;ay:u t+rJapmifh=unfhaeolrsm;u jrifae&+yD; enf;enf;aysmufoGm;wmESifh ysmysmovJjzpf+yD; &SmazG=uygonf? ,ckawmh olwkd@taeESifh u|efawmf&Sdr&Sd b,fvkdrS tuJjzwfr& &Sdwwfygonf?

xkd@jyif u|efawmfwkd@u Ttdrf}uD;ukd ajymif;cgpyif jzpfao;ojzifh u|efawmfhudk axmufvSrf;a&;xm;onfh olwkd@. axmufvSrf;a&;uGef,uf pepfwus tjynfht0 wnfaqmufr&ao; &Sdygonf? Tonfuvnf; u|efawmfwkd@twGuf tcGifhaumif;w&yf jzpfygonf?

2? 'kwd,ta=umif;uawmh vwfwavm tvGeftusdK;&Sdapvkdufonfh udpPw&yf jzpfygonf? xkdudpPrSm Akdvftkef;ausmfjrifhwkd@tr_ay:aygufvkdufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? xkdudpPESifh axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;w&yfvHk; ±_yf,Sufcwf tvkyfrsm;oGm;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ukdapmifh=uyfaer_rsm;vnf; vpf[if;oGm;[ef &Sdygonf?

xkdpOfwkef;uawmh bmudpPrSef; rodyg? u|efawmfwkd@ oGm;zkd@vmzkd@jyifqifaepOfrSmyif wae@ vSvS naejyefvm+yD; ajymjyonfrSmolESifhtvkyfvkyfzuf q&m0efrwOD;&Sda=umif;/ xkdq&m0efrrSm avwyfrS ykdif;avmhAkdvf}uD;wOD;.ZeD;jzpf+yD; e0&wf&dyfomwGifaea=umif;/'Dae@aq;±Hk a&mufvmcsdef aemufusojzifh bmjzpfovJ[k ar;=unfh&m bmudpPrSef;rod/ olwkd@aeonfh e0&wf&dyfomukd reufvif;tm;}uD;wGifppfwyfESifh0kdif;I olwkd@. tdrfatmufwGif aexkdifonfh AkdvfcsKyfausmfxif. ukd,fa&;twGif;a&;rSL; (P.A) ukd zrf;oGm;a=umif; ajymjyonf[kod&onf? xkd@aemuf vSvSuyJ qufajymjyonfrSm olwkd@vlemcef;rS ol@q&mwa,mufu ajymjyonfrSm “[-nu bmjzpfovJrodbl;a[h? wkd@ vrf;xJu M.I XmcsKyfxJ um;awG 0ifvkdufxGufvkdufeJ@ wnvHk; tvkyf±_yfae=uwm? udpP}uD;wckckawmh jzpfay:+yD xifw,f”[k qkdyg onf? xkdq&mrSm [Jvfyifvrf;xJwGif aexkdifol[k od&ygonf?

31

u|efawmfu xkdudpPudk odaomtcg TonfrSm u|efawmfwkd@twGuf tcGifhaumif;jzpfEkdifonf[k wGufrdygonf? (u|efawmfawmxJa&muf+yD; tawmf=umrS Akdvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifhwkd@ tr_qkdwm od&ygonf?)

3? wwd,ta=umif;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@ c&D;pOftwGif; jyifqif&mwGif tcsdefa&G;cs,fr_utp tvGeftao;pdwf+yD; pepfwusaphaphpyfpyf bufpHkjyifqifcJhr_a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? tcsdefwkdtwGif; uGufwdusatmif pDpOfEkdifI jzpfygonf?

xkdESpfu tmZmenfae@ Zlvkdif 19 &ufonf ±Hk;ydwf&uf pae/ we*FaEGESifhqufae+yD; ±Hk;qufwkdufydwfcsdef jzpfygonf? T±Hk;ydwf&uftwGif; u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefrS xGufcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wGif rSwfyHkwif twkrsm;tjyif vSvS. tvkyfa&$@ajymif;v$mtwkvnf;ygvmygonf? vSvSrSm erfhcrf;aq;±Hkokd@ ajymif;&onfh q&m0efwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfu ol@ukd apmifha&SmufvkdufvHykd@aqmifay;onfh OD;av;tjzpfvnf;aumif; [efaqmifcJh=uygonf?

vSvSrSm xkdc&D;rxGufcif wywftvkdwGif ol@bmomol rouFmI aq;ppf=unfh&mrS nmzuftqkyfxdyfwGif wDbDa&m*g jzpfyGm;aea=umif; odvkduf&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh olu xkd"mwfrSefjyI ol@tcef;tkyfq&mxHrS vkyfoufcGifh 10 &uf,l+yD;/ wDbDaomufaq;ESpfrsdK;ukdvnf; oHk;av;vpm awmif;vmcJhygonf? xkdudpPa=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ wtdrfom;vHk; aq;±Hkajy;aq;ppf&/ "mwfrSef±kduf&ESifh tvkyf±_yfoGm;=u&ygonf? TudpPukdvnf; w,fvDzkef;rSwqifh a&;}uD;cGifus,fvkyf+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ [kdvlajym/ 'Dvlajym ajymqkd=uygonf?u|efawmfwkd@udk apmifhaeonfh axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; rsufpdvnfap&ef jzpfygonf? u|efawmfu wcsdK@rdwfaqGawGaqGrsdK;awGukd orD;pdwf"mwfxdckdufaea=umif; wae&m&moGm; tem;,laecsifaea=umif;/ u|efawmfvnf; vkdufoGm;r,fvkd@ pOf;pm;xm;a=umif;pwmawG zkef;ESifhajymqkdowif;v$ifhwmvnf; vkyfygonf?

xdktcsdefu rkd;wGif;}uD;jzpf&m um;vrf;rrsm;ukd a&ausmfwwfojzifh u|efawmfhom; ukdatmif (atmifausmfaZm) ukd um;jrifhjrifhwpD;iSm;ckdif;&molu tar&duefa'gh*spfwpD;ukd rE Wav;okd@ toGm;tjyefwntdyf aiGusyfoHk;axmifESifh iSm;xm;ygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ paeae@reufykdif;wGif u|efawmfhZeD;ukd zGifhajymjy=uygonf? om;i,fukdausmf (ausmfaZmOD;) awmckdoGm;&mwGifvrf;c&D;Y zsm;aea=umif;=um;&ojzifh vkdufac: =urnf[k ajymjyygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ om;tzwawG ajryHkwcsyfESifh nnrSm }udwf}udwf}udwf}udwf vkyfaeonfukd wnolxtvm awG@xm;ojzifh olr,Hkyg? olygvkdufrnf[k qkdygonf? vSvSu ararygvkduf&if tm;vHk;rdukefrSm?tm;vHk;aysmufv@kd rjzpfbl;? araru tdrfrSm [efrysufaecJhyg? oHk;av;&uf=umatmif olwkd@ukd vSnfhjzm;xm;EkdifrS tm;vHk;vGwfrSmvkd@azsmif;zsygonf? xkd@aemuf ukdatmifonf tdrfwGif a&mufaeonfh ygwDrSqufom;ESifh t&ifxGufoGm;ygonf? vSvSu tdrfrSzkef;ESifhyifol@vlemcef;rS wm0efusaeaom tvkyfoifq&m0efav;tm; olwDbDjzpf+yD; aoG;tm;enf;vGef;aoma=umifh rdk&mrif tm;aq;oGif;&efaq;±HkvmcJhrnf[k csdef;ygonf?

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32

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u|efawmfwkd@ om;tz wnvHk; =uuftdyf/ =uufEkd; tdyf=uygonf? reuf 7 em&DcGJavmufwGif xkdqufom;av; a&mufvm&mu|efawmfwkd@ tawmf0rf;omoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; a[mfw,fteD;&Sd qkdifwqkdifwGif reufpmpm;=u+yD; wuUpDjzifhyif erfhcrf;um;qdyfokd@ oGm;a&muf=uygonf? um;qdyfwGif ukdatmifwkd@ a&mufESifhae+yD; jzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ um;vufrSwf0,f+yD;tokwfESpfokwfcGJ um;ESpfpD;ay: wuf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@um;ay: wGif erfhcrf;rS vm±_d;okd@ vmoDcsif;qkdonfh &Srf;rdef;rysdKav;wtkyfygvmygonf? uav;rav;rsm;rSm ±kyf&nfom;om;em;em;ESifh oGufoGufvufvufuav;rsm;jzpf&m vrf;wav#mufawG@&onfh ppfaq;a&;orm;rsm;onf xkduav;rav;rsm; ESifhom w&if;wESD;E_wfqufa&maESm ajymqkdaeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawGtawmf uHaumif;cJhygonf?usefc&D;onfrsm;udk rnfol@udkr# *±krpkdufvSawmhbJ 0wfauswef;ausom ppfaq;wmawG@&ygonf?

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33

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34

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35

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36

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38

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40

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41

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42

&Spfq,f æ æ wJhtESpfºu,fºu,f vl@b0rSmvSywJh orkdif;a=umif;eJ@EkdifiHom;aumif; yDopGmvlxkacgif;aqmif yDopGm*k%fajymifpGm jzwfoef;rkefwkdif;vrf;ay:u =u,feDtrdjynftwGuf *k%f,lp&mu|efawmfwkd@twGuf *k%f,lp&m=unfndKpGm OD;ckdufE_wfcGef;qufovkdufygw,f OD;av;a&

OD;av;&J@jzwfoef;cJh+yD;ESpf&Spfq,fESpf ESpfq,fpDpdwfykdif;orkdif;aemufcHum;awGeJ@ ,SOfpyfav;av;jrwfjrwf =unfhrdwJhtcg

(1)

1919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 19391919 rS 1939

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(2)

1939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 19591939 rS 1959

e,fcsJ@qdk;ukd qef@usif

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43

zufqpfqef@usifa&; wm0efauscJhw,fæt*Fvdyfjyeft0iftoifhjyifvmwJh puULjzLpmwrf;EkdifiHeJ@t0Sef;qef@usif=uorkdif;0ifaeol&deftpnf;ta0;yGJ&J&J&ifh&ifhqifE$J=uArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toifhjyiftqdkjyKcsufawGwif=uwJhtcgAkdvfausmfaZm&J@tqkd[mtrsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;tqkdygvGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD;ta&;}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmiforkdif;wGifatmif todtrSwfjyK=u&ppfaoe*FAsL[mrSm wacwfxlw±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;ukdarmif;xkwfa&;bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;&J@ Adokum&ef}uD;atmif ppfqifa&;&J@ Adokumwdkif;jcm;&efukdumuG,f&mrSmtc&mtcef;uygcJhw,fEkdifiHom;aumif; yDcJhw,fæ

(3)

1959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 19791959 rS 1979

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(4)

1979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 19991979 rS 1999

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44

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45

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Education

ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)