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14


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ESpfawGaxmifcsD rif;tqufqufjzifhudk,fhwdkif;udk,fhjynf udk,fhxD;ukd,fheef;jzpfwnfcJhvnf;udkvdkeD pepfqdkk; t&dyfjzmxdk;ESpfwpfw&mausmfwdkif e,fcsJ@qdk;&J@cg;onf;vGef;wJh tjzpfqdk;eJ@igwdk@ wdkif;jynf arSmifcJh&vnf;udk,fusKd;pGef@cJh 'dk@bdk;bGm;wdk@eJ@jrefrmjynfwv$m; ol&Jaumif;rsm;}udK;pm;cJh=u ESpfaygif;&Snf=umay;qyfcJh=u toufaygif;rsm;pGm&,lay;cJh vGwfvyfa&;&J@wefzdk;}uD;jrwf av;jrwfrludkem;vnfodwwf av;pm;wwfIumvawGajymif; ESpfawGanmif;vnf;igwdk@rsKd;udk xdyg;vmol&ef[lor# wdkufzsufacsr_ef;rsKd;cspfpdwfjzifh apmifha&SmufumuG,fZmwdrmefxuf wdk@rsm;toufpGef@ay;qyfzdk@&ef wdk@wm0efwnf;---'dk@rsm;ordkif;ay;wm0efwnf;---

cdkif=unf0if;cdkif=unf0if;cdkif=unf0if;cdkif=unf0if;cdkif=unf0if;

15


ESvHk;tdrf udk,fpDxJt,f'DwmawG&J@ OD;acgif;udk,fpDxJerlemaumif;awG xnf@ay;cJhavovm; ?ol@&J@ pmay rl0g'&Sif;vif;vSay&J@e,fcsJ@udk wdkufzdk@ *sme,fausmf a[hvlxk&J@ [pfwdkif *sme,fausmf a[hr[kwfrcH ajymwJh rSefwma&;wJh*sme,fausmf a[h wJh --- ?zdESyftkyfpdk;ol&J@ rdk;aumif;uifxJrSm*sme,fausmf&J@ rl0g' =u,fyGifhrsm;vif;csif; oGm;av&J@[pfa=uG;oH awmfvSefaevHk;rsm;v#rf;v#rf;awmuf rD;v#HjzpfoGm;tkyfpdk;ol&J@ bavmifql=uGuf &ifbwf&ifckefoHrsm;ajrGawGvdk wdk;v#dK;0ifoGm;wkefv_yf ta=umufw&m; wGif;awGxJqD ?tkyfpdk;ol&J@ zdESdyfaoG;pkwfr_vlxktwGuf ckcHumuG,f az:xkwfcJhw&m;cJ vkyfypfcJhtJ'g *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif jzpfw,fuG,fh ?t,f'Dwmqdkwm owWdcGeftm; ydkif&SifyJt,f'Dwmqdkwm tofOm%f}uD;rm;olyJt,f'Dwmqdkwm wdkif;jynf&J@ ydokumwdkif;jynf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftwGuftouf[m jynfol@ t,f'DwmyJ ?

t,f'Dwmordkif;xJu t,f'Dwmordkif;xJu t,f'Dwmordkif;xJu t,f'Dwmordkif;xJu t,f'Dwmordkif;xJu -u,feDyGifh t,f'Dwmu,feDyGifh t,f'Dwmu,feDyGifh t,f'Dwmu,feDyGifh t,f'Dwmu,feDyGifh t,f'Dwm

igwdk@ awGa0awmhr,f }uHwdkif;ordkif;xJu OD;cspfarmif pmrsufESm

aumufvSefcJh& ?+cHpnf;&dk; cGxdkifawmhr,f

odk@r[kwfvlxktusdK; tkyfpdk;ol&J@ tusdK;roJuGJawmh r_ef0g;vmwJhtcg,drf;,dkif awGa0vmwJhtcg

=u,feDyGifh t,f'DwmOD;cspfarmifudkom vSefavSm&SmazGcJ@&

aumuf,lcJh&&ifxJ xnfhvdkuf&ayg@

qGwfqGwfjzLar$; py,fwyGifhvdkayg@ ? ?

at;jrESif;&nat;jrESif;&nat;jrESif;&nat;jrESif;&nat;jrESif;&n ff ff f ( 'DZifbm 15 / 2011 ) ( 'DZifbm 15 / 2011 ) ( 'DZifbm 15 / 2011 ) ( 'DZifbm 15 / 2011 ) ( 'DZifbm 15 / 2011 )

16


csKd;uloH vrf;uav;

'Dvrf;ue&odefudkoGm;wJhvrf; r[kwfe&odefu jyefwJhvrf;?'Dvrf;udko&ufqdyfurf;uaeyifvkHpcef;a&mufatmifqufvSrf;&r,f?'Dvrf;tcrf;em;qkH;?yef;cif;awGjrif;pD;&if;reif;rdapeJ h? ?(rif;udkEdkifESifh 88 &Jabmfrsm;odk@)

atmifa0;atmifa0;atmifa0;atmifa0;atmifa0;Zefe0g&D 17/ 2012

17


oufqkdifolokd h

yef;awGukda&avmif;&if²²²²²²vef;r,f/yef;awGukdtqdyfavmif;&if²²²²rsdK;wkef;r,f?

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ukdwmwD;ukdwmwD;ukdwmwD;ukdwmwD;ukdwmwD; (13²1²2012)

18


umwGef;

aoG;csif;nDtudkrsm;

jynfol hqEN jynfol hoabmxm;

19


a'guf a'guf.....b,folvJ

[Jvdk.....tm;vHk;aumif;oGm;rSmyg

20


*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif &mjynfh txdrf;trSwf pmrsufESm

OD;cspfarmifudk om,m0wDc¶dkif/ tkwfzkd+rdKŒ Y tz OD;jr/ trd a':apm,k wkd@ujrefrmouU&mZf 1273 ckESpf/ jymokdvqef; 13 &uf/ wevFmae@ (c&pfESpf 1912) wGif arG;zGm;onf?(trd. zcifjzpfaom a¶$usif0ef}uD; OD;usifonf +AdwdoSswkd@ jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;,lpOfu awmfvSefwkdufcdkuf&if; usqHk;cJh&onf?) ynma&;

i,fpOfu vufyHwef;jrdKŒtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;&onf?vufyHwef;jrd K Œ tpk d;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyf =uD; rpPwmtdk-atmifxGef;uausmif;xm;ay;ojzihf (10)wef;atmifjrifum xdkausmif;Yyif acwWausmif;q&m tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf?

twKy`wdtusOf;

*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif (1274 =1307)

21


pmayavmuodk@ 0ifa&mufjci f;xdkŒaemuf &efukefjrdKŒokdŒpmtkyf0,f&ef acwWa&muf&mrS wpfcgwnf;rjyefawmŒbJ

taemf&xmowif;pmwdkufwGif 0ifvkyfonf? xdk@aemuf 'aps;E_ef; owif;pm'/ 'jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm' wkd@wGif 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcJhonf? OD;cspfarmifonf ^m%fxufjrufI tvkyfudkrem;rae }udK;pm;vkyfum pmrjywfzwfavh&Sdonf? xdk@a=umihf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufwGifnt,f'Dwm b0rS t,f'DwmcsKyf &mxl;odk@ tqihfqihf wdk;wufvmcJhonf?

1938 - atmufwdkbmwGif a':rrav;(aemif-*sme,fausmfrrav;)ESifŒvufxyfonf?jrefrmhtvif; t,f'DwmcsKyfb0ESih f Ed kifiHtwGuftudsK;&S drnhf owif;rsm;udk

xufxufjrufjrufa&;ojzihf wkduf&SifESihf pdwfoabmxm;jcif rwlojzihf 1939 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfrS EkwfxGufcJhonf? xkdokd@ EkwfxGuf+yD;aemuf rdrdudk,fwkdif OD;pD;I '*sme,fausmf' trnfjzihf*sme,fwapmifudk 1939 ck/ arv 2 &ufae@wGif pwifxkwfa0cJhonf? '*sme,fausmf' onfEdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;wdk@udk jywfjywfom;om; a0zef a&;om;ojzihf tvGef vl}udKufrsm;cJhonf?xkd*sme,fwGif +AdwdoSsacwf wkdif;jynfvlxkudk rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoefap&efESihf vGwfvyfa&; qENjyif;xefap&ef txl; wdkufwGef; a&;om;cJhonf? xdk@jyif qif;&Jom;wdk@. epfemr_rsm;udk wifjyume,fcsJŒ tpdk;&tm; jyif;xGefpGm a0zef a&;om;cJhonf?

1941 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 23 &ufae@wGif 'kwd,ur Bmppf}uD; jrefrmjynfodk@ul;pufvmaom tcg pme,fZif; xkwfa0r_rsm; ¶kwfw&uf &yfqkdif;oGm;onf? owif;pmrsm;rxkwfa0=uojzihf owif; iwfaecsdefwGif OD;cspfarmifonf 'ae@pOfa=u;rHk' (Daily Mirror) trnfESihfowif;pmudk ppfab; ppf'%f=um;rS rjzpfjzpfatmif xkwfa0cJhonf? apmifa& 600 eD;yg; xGufcJh.?odk@aomf ppftajctae tvGef qkd;0g;vmI rv$JraoG bdkuav;+rdKŒodk@ ajymif;a¶$Œ&ef jzpfvmaoma=umihf 'ae@pOfa=u;rHk' owif;pmudk 15 &ufom xkwfEdkifcJh.?

'a¶$vif;,kef' uavmuftrnfjzihf '&Sm&SmazGazG'/ 'urBm}uD; ysufpD;vk eD;+yDavm' ponhfEdkifiHa&; usrf;pmrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf? 'ol' trnf&Sdaom 0wWKwdk wyk'fudkvnf; a&;om;cJh&mpdwfaepdwfxm; jyKjyifa&; twGuf oifcef;pmay;aom 0wWKtjzpf tvGef vl}udKufrsm;cJhonf?'rd_if;r_Hr_H' 0wWKudkvnf; OD;cspfarmifyif a&;om;cJhonf?

*syefacwfwGif bdkuav;+rdKŒokd@ a&SmifaecJhonf? xdk@aemuf &efukef+rdKŒodk@ jyefvmumawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif¶GufcJhonf? *syefacwfwGif zufqpf awmfvSefa&; twGufvdktyfaom ppfowif;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;udk zqyvtm; wm0efcH vkyfaqmifay;cJhonf? +AdwdoSsppfwyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg zrf;qD;jcif; cH&ao;onf? xkd@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom zqyv A[dk OD;pD; tzGJŒwGif yg0ifum vGwfvyfa&; twGuf yg0if aqmif¶GufcJhonf?zqyv tpdk;& zGJŒpnf;&ef twGuf bk&ifcHxHodk@ wifjyaom awmif;qdkcsuf pnf;urf;rsm;udka&;qGJ&mwGif OD;cspfarmif. t=uH^m%frsm;pGm yg0ifonf? OD;cspfarmifonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmfpma&;q&m toif;. OuUÏ tjzpfvnf; aqmif¶GufcJhonf?

1300 - jynfŒ - a&eHoydwfwyf=uD; csDwufvmonfŒowif;/ tpkd;&ykvdyfwyfrsm;u

22


jrif;wyfESifŒ ESdrf ESif;/wkwfESifŒodrf; &dkuf/vlawGukdzrf;csKyfonfŒowif;rsm;udk rSwfcsuftrdsK;rsdK;csay;v_HŒaqmfcJh&m xda&mufvSonf? 1938 - 1935 ckESpfwnf;u =udKjrifjyD;a&;xm;cJŒonfŒur?m=uD;ysufpD;vkeD;jyDavm pmtkyfxGuf&Sd? onf;a=uGvkzG,f 0wKwdk jrefrmŒtvif;wGifa&;? 1939- jrefrmŒtvif;rSxGuf? xkdESpfrSmyif '*sme,fausmf'udkOD;pD;vkyfudkif(jrefrmŒtvif;vnf; OD;cspfarmif. acgif;=uD;tdkifpDtufpfrsm;udk ta=umif;jyK-1940Œ=o*kwfvŒ 26wGif tydwfcH&?) b=uD;usef;/pHk axmufatmifbk.tr_rsm; paom0wˆKwdkrsm; *sme,fausmfwGifa&;? 1941 - *syefacwfwGifEdkifiHtwGuf ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif? ygavjyDwJŒ0wˆKudk *sme,fausmf wGifa&;? 1942 -'k-urBmppftwGif;? bdkuav;okdŒ ppfwdrf;a&Smif? jyefvm awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm; qufvkyfcJŒ?

1945 - *sme,fausmf-=o*kwfvxkwfwGif tcka&puf0wˆKwdk/ Edk0ifbmxkwfwGif0wˆK0wˆK pufwif bmxkwfwGiftqufacwfpaom 0wˆKwdkrsm;a&;? a&$vif;,kefuavmiftrnfjzifŒur Bm=uD;ysufpD;vkeD;jyDavm &Sm&SmazGazG ol paom0wˆKrsm; vl=udKufrsm;/ aemifwGif oludkarmifoifESifŒ &kyf&Sif&dkufcJŒ? r_dif;r_Hr_H0wˆKudkvnf; OD;cspfarmifyifa&;cJŒ?Edki fiHa&;

OD;cspfarmifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom zŒqŒyŒv A[dkOD;pD;tzJGŒwGifyg0ifum vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdk&mwGif xda&mufpGmyg0ifaqmif&GufcJŒ? zŒqŒyŒv zJGŒ pnf;&efbk&ifcHxHokdŒwifjyaom pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qJG&mwGif OD;cspfarmif.t=uHOm%frsm;pGmyg0ifonf?jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;OuUXtjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJŒ?b0ed*Hk;

xdkokd@ aqmif¶GufaeqJwGif ¶kwfw&uf rusef;rrm jzpfI 1307 ckESpf/ aESmif;wefcl;vqef;2 &ufae@/ c&pfESpf 1946 ck/ {+yDv 3 &ufwGif uG,fvGef&m rqyv tzGJŒcsKyfrS }uD;rSL;I =uHawmok\efwGif o+*dKvfcJhonf? uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; a':rrav;/ om;(2)a,mufESifŒ orD;(1)a,mufusef&pfcJŒ? 1946 - OD;cspfarmif uG,fvGefjyD;aemuf OD;cspfarmif. aeŒpOfrSwfwrf;udk*sme,fausmfwdkufrS pmtkyfxkwfcJŒ? (ynmA[kokw/ EdkifiHa&;A[kokw/ &mZ0ifA[kokw/yx0D0ifA[kokwrSpI A[kokw [if; av;tdk;=uD;jzpfonf?) *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifta=umif;udkZeD;onf *sme,fausmfrrav;uolvdkvl trnfjzifŒ a&;om;xkwfa0cJŒ?a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;1? tdrf}uD;rm,m - 1934 (yxr aps;E_ef; owif;pmwGif 1934/ 'kwd, *sme,fausmfwGif 1940wGif tcef;quf azmfjy+yD; 1967 ckESpfrSom oajyOD;pmayrS vHk;csif; xkwfa0cJhonf?)2? urBm}uD; ysufpD;vk eD;+yDavm - 1938 (yxr aps;E_ef; owif;pmwGif 1935 ck/ {+yDvrS arvxda&;cJh/ aemufrSom udk,fwkdif pmtkyftjzpf xkwfcJhonf?)3? ol (yxrydkif;) - 19414? ol ('kwd,ydkif;) - 19415? *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif. ae@pOf rSwfwrf;rsm; - 19466? (15) ESpfajrmuf *sme,fausmf awmfvSefa&; pmapmif txdrf;trSwf - 1946 (*sme,fausmf


23


OD;cspfarmif ruG,fvGefrDu a&;om; xkwfa0cJhaom pmapmif jzpf+yD; uG,fvGefI (15) ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf tjzpf 1961 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf?)7? EdkifiHawmfopfqDodk@ (*syefacwfwGif a&;om;cJh+yD; w0ufwysufjzihf r+yD;jywf *sme,fausmfrSpmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf?)8? rif;om;wefrJh vlysdKvSnhf&mwGif9? r_dkif; r_Hr_H10? &Sm&SmazGazG11? aoyef;yGihfcsdef12?*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif.0wˆKwdkrsm; ¡1¢

udk;um;(jyef=um;a&;ESihf jynfol@ qufqHa&; OD;pD;Xme (¶Hk;csKyf)/ pmwnf;tzGJŒ pkaqmif; jyKpk+yD;

a¶$[oFm pmtkyfwkdufrS 2006 Edk0ifbmrSm yxrt}udrf xkwfa0 jzef@csdcJhwJh 'ESpfq,f&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESihf pmpkpm&if; ('kwd,wGJ)' rS)

24


awmfvSefaomowif;pmq&m pma&;q&m *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif

usaemfwdk@i,fi,fwkef;u“pmay”qdkwmudk b,fvdkrsm;pwif owdjyKrdvmovJ vdk@jyefawG;rdwJhtcgawG&Sdygw,f/ rlvwef;txufqifh ausmif;om;t&G,frSm tdrfuvl}uD;rdbawG pmta=umif; ayta=umif;ajymjyykHawGudk em;pGef@rdwmudk owd&ygw,f/ “pma=umif;aya=umif;”qdkwm bk&m;pmvJr[kwf ausmif;pmxJrSmvJrygwmudk ac:&rSmayghaemf/ tJ'DumvrSm usaemfhrdbawGeJ@ OD;}uD;OD;av;/a': }uD;a':av;awG[m olwdk@zwf=uwJhpmtkyf awGta=umif;udkwa,mufeJ@wa,muf oabmxm;zvS,f=uwmrsdK;awG&Sdygw,f/ olwdk@ajym=uwJhpmtkyfawGta=umif;xJrSm“olvdkvl”qdkwmyg cJha=umif;trSwf&apygw,f?

“olvdkvl” qdkwm *sme,fausmfrrav;a&;wJh *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif ta=umif;udkvJwajz;ajz;odvmw,f/ *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifxkwf a0xm;wJh “*sme,fausmf”qdkwmawGudkvJ zwf&zl;ygw,f/ OD;cspfarmifqdkwm ol[mpmodyfzwfw,f/ pmodyfa&;w,f/ tdrfomoGm;&ifawmif pma&; pmzwfrysufap&bl;qdkwmvJ r=umc%ajymzl;=u+yD; usaemfOD;}uD;OD;av;rsm;[mOD;cspfarmifudktwk,l+yD; tdrfomoGm;&ifpmtkyf,loGm;avh&SdygowJh?

armifpGrf;&nf


25


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31


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32


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33


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34


armi fpdk;csdef'DZi fbm 15 / 2011

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35


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36


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owif;pmq&mvkyfzdk@ wufvm+yD;awmh owif;pmtvkyf pdkufvdkufrwfwwf vkyfwm?tJ'Dacwfu pmayorm; vlayvlawawG &Sd=uw,fav/ vlawmfawG vlayvlawawG?aomuf=upm;=u qdkwJh=um;xJrSm olu raomufrpm;bJ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ pmayyJ vdkufpm;w,f”

q&marmifpGrf;&nf ajymovdkygyJ? ZeD;jzpfol *sme,fausmfrrav; &JŒ ‘olvdkvl’ pmtkyfudkzwf+yD; OD;cspfarmifudk av;pm; tm;usvdk@ owif;pmorm;jzpfcsifwJhta=umif;/ 'DtwGufvnf;jzpfatmiftm;xkwfcJ ha=umif;/ ol@vdkyJ ‘olvdkvl’u vufonfvkyf arG;zGm;ay;vdkufwJhvli,fowif;pmorm;aygif; rsm;pGm&SdrSmjzpfa=umif; owif;pmq&m}uD; OD;0if;wif u ‘uGd’ pmtkyf‘bmomjyefol. rSwfcsuf’ rSm a&;om;cJhygw,f? uGd rl&if;pmtkyfu *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmiftvGefESpfoufwJh pmtkyfjzpfygw,f?

owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m eJ@ rsKd;cspfyk*~KdvfwpfOD; jzpfwJh *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif udkc&pfouU&mZf 1912 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@u om,m0wDc&dkif tkwfzdk+rdK@rSm arG;zGm;cJhygw,f?tz OD;jr/ trd a':apm,k jzpf+yD; rdcifu t*FvdyfawG jrefrmjynfudkodrf;pOf awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&if;usqHk;cJh&wJh a&$usif0ef}uD; OD;usif&JŒ orD;jzpfygw,f?

vufyHwef;+rdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rSm ynmpwifoif=um;cJh+yD; q,fwef;atmifjrif+yD;wJhaemuf tJ'Dausmif;rSm ausmif;q&mtjzpf acwWvkyfudkifcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf&efukefudk pmtkyf0,fzd k@ oGm;a&muf&mu rjyefawmhbJ ‘aemf&xm owif;pmwdkuf’rSm


37


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OD;cspfarmifu jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfeJ@ rsKd;cspfpdwft&if;cH&SdwJhtwdkif; wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sdr,fh ta&;udpPwdkif; &J&J&ifh&ifh a&;om;azmfjycJhygw,f?'Dvdka&;om;&if; vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifhtwGuf owif;pmwdkuf&SifeJ@ pdwfoabmcsif; rwdkufqdkifvdk@1939 ckESpfrSm t,f'Dwmtjzpfuae EkwfxGufcJhygw,f?

tJ'Daemuf ‘*sme,fausmf’ trnfeJ@ owif;*sme,fwpfapmifud k ud k,fwd kifOD;pD;xkwfa0ygw,f? 1939 ckESpf arv 27 &ufae@u p+yD; paeae@wdkif; xkwfa0wJh *sme,fausmf&JŒrsufESmzHk;rSm ‘r[kwfrcH jynfol@[pfwdkif’ vdk@ &dkufESdyfxm;+yD; EdkifiHa&; ppfa&;qdkif&m a0zefcsufawG/t}uHjyKcsufawGudk jywfjywfom;om; a&;om;azmfjycJhwJhtwGuf *sme,fausmf[m wrk[kwfcsif;ausmf=um;vmovdk OD;cspfarmifuvnf; *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmiftjzpf xif&Sm;vmcJhygw,f?

'kwd,ur Bmppf}uD; rjzpfcifrSm ‘*sme,fausmf owif;pOf’udk OD;pD;xkwfa0&if;‘a&$vif;,kef’ qdkwJh uavmiftrnfeJ@ ‘&Sm&SmazGazG’/ ‘ur Bm}uD; ysufpD;vkeD;+yDavm’/‘EdkifiHawmfopfodk@’/ ‘ol’/ ‘r_dif;r_efr_ef’ pwJh 0wKawG pmwrf;awG a&;om;cJhygw,f? ppfjzpf+yD; *syefawG0ifa&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm OD;cspfarmifu bdkuav;+rdKŒrSm acwWwdrf;a&SmifcJhayr,fh aemufydkif;rSm&efukefudk jyefvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;awG pwifvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? ppf+yD;vdk@ +AdwdoSsppfwyfawGjyef0ifvmwJhtcg OD;cspfarmif tzrf;cHcJh&ygao;w,f? tJ'Daemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifwJhzqyv A[dkOD;pD;tzG J@rSm yg0if+yD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdkwJ htcg xda&mufpGmyg0ifaqmif&GufcJ hygw,f? wzufrSmvnf; ‘jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;’ OuUÏtjzpfwm0ef,lcJhygw,f?

*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif[m 1938 ckESpfrSm a':wifv_dif (*sme,fausmf rrav;) eJ@vufxyfcJh+yD; om;orD; 3 OD; xGef;um;cJhygw,f? jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufaepOfrSmyJ *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif qD;a&m*geJ@ uG,fvGefcJhygw,f? OD;cspfarmifuG,fvGefwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; u usKyfwdk@awmh vuf&Hk;wpfzuf jyKwfoGm;+yD vdk@ tpcsD&if;O D;cspfarmifta=umif;rsm; ajymqd kc J hygw,f? +yD;awmh “OD;cspfarmifvd k vlrsK d ;ud kawmhajcusifyd k@oifhygw,f” ajymowJh? psmyeae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tygt0if zqyvacgif;aqmifawG/ owif;pmq&mawG/ pma&;q&mawG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG/ tEkynm&SifawGeJ@jynfolvlxk}uD;u OD;cspfarmif&JŒ EdkifiHawmfpsmyeudk vrf;avSsmufydk@aqmifcJh=uygw,f? 'g[mwdkif;jynftwGuf udk,fusKd;pGef@olwpfOD;udk jyefvnf*k%fjyK=uwmvnf; jzpfygw,f? ?

xdefvi f;1/ 6/ 2010

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+yD;cJhwJhaqmif;yg;rSm *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif&JŒ psmyeudk ol@udk av;pm;cspfcifolrsm;uajcv#if ydk@aqmifcJhwJhta=umif; wifjycJhygw,f?

'Dae&mrSm *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif uG,fvGefwJh&ufpGJudk trsKd;rsKd; a&;om;=uyHkeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ajymcsifygw,f? txifu&yk*~KdvfwpfOD;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ a&;om;&mrSm vGJrSm;r_r&SdrSaemufydkif; zwf&_avhvmolawGtwGuf tqifajyrSmjzpfygw,f?

‘OD;cspfarmif uG,fvGefwJh&ufpGJu 1946 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf Ak'<[l;ae@ eHeuf 9 em&D10 rdepftcsdefwGif qHk;onf’ vdk@ q&mrdk;[def; pkpnf;a&;om;xm;wJh ‘qifhIqifhI qufIqufI’pmtkyfxJu aps;E_ef;owif;pm "mwfyHkrSm awG@&ygw,f? *sme,fausmfrrav; a&;om;wJh ‘olvdkvl’pmtkyfrSmvnf; {+yDv 2 &uf wnvHk; uko&yHk/ aemufwae@reufrSm uG,fvGefyHkawGudk&ufpGJeJ@wuG a&;om;xm;ygw,f? 2008 ckESpf ZGefvu xkwfa0wJh ‘ydawmufyGifhopf’ r*~Zif;‘*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif. b0aumufa=umif;’ acgif;pOfatmufrSmvnf; 1946 ckESpf {+yDv 3&uf vdk@yJ azmfjyygw,f?

*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif . EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;


xdefvi f;

39


'gayr,fh tJ'D ydawmufyGifhopf pmtkyfxJu q&m armifaZ,sm &JŒ ‘*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif ESifh t,f'Dwm0wW&m;’ aqmif;yg;/ wuUodkvfudkudk}uD;&JŒ ‘OD;cspfarmif&JŒ *sme,fausmf’aqmif;yg;/ q&marmif0Ho&JŒ ‘uGsefawmf. pHerlemyk*~Kdvf’ aqmif;yg;wdk@rSm 1946 ckESpf {+yDv 2&ufae@rSm uG,fvGefw,f vdk@ a&;om;xm;=uwmawG awG@vdkuf&ygw,f?

2002 ckESpf =o*kwfv &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkufu yOPrt}udrf xkwfa0wJh AdkvfrSL;baomif;&JŒ‘pmqdkawmfrsm; twˆKy`wWd’rSm ‘t*FvdyfouU&mZf 1945 ckESpf’ vdk@ azmfjyxm;+yD; oD[&wempmtkyfwdkufu owWrt}udrf jyefvnfxkwfa0wJh OD;cspfarmif&JŒ ‘ol’ 0wKpmtkyfu pmaypme,fZif;OuUÏ OD;pdk;nGef@ (xDvmppfol) &JŒ‘a&$vif;,kef. tEkynmpGrf;&nf’ aqmif;yg;rSmvnf; 1945ckESpfwGif uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufonf’ vdk@ a&;xm;jyefygw,f? ‘oD[&wem pmtkyfwdkuf’uOD;cspfarmif&JŒ rsKd;qufrsm; OD;pD;wJh pmtkyfwdkufyg? tJ'Dpmtkyfwdkufu tckvdktcsuftvuf rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdapcsifygbl;? wu,fawmh twˆKy`wWdrsm; a&;om;wJhtcg xif&Sm;ol&JŒ ta=umif;yJjzpfjzpf/rxif&Sm;ol&JŒ ta=umif;yJ jzpfjzpf tcsuftvufawG rvGJrSm;zdk@ vdkygw,f?

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OD;cspfarmif[m i,f&G,foljzpfayr,fh tawG;tac: jrifhrm;ol/ A[kokw jynfhpHkoljzpfygw,f? 1935 ckESpf {+yDv 2 &ufae@uae arv 18 &ufae@txd aps;E_ef;owif;pmrSm a&;om;cJhwJh‘urBm}uD; ysufpD;vkeD;+yDavm’ aqmif;yg;pmwrf;u OD;cspfarmif&JŒ t&nftcsif;udk azmfjyaeygw,f?tJ'Dpmwrf;u ur Bmhta&; jrefrmhta&;awGudk pmtkyfpmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk tajccH+yD;a&;om;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? yxrur Bmppf jzpfyGm;+yD;wJhaemuf qufvuf jzpfay:aewJhtcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGm jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmudk tajccH+yD; urBmppf}uD; rvGJraoG jzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ a[mudef;xkwf a&;om;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?

*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif&JŒ psmyeudk zqyv tzGJ@csKyfu }uD;rSL;+yD; &efukef }uHawmokomefrSm *loGif;o+*õK[fcJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm }uHawmokomefudk zsufypfwJhtwGufq&mOD;cspfarmif&JŒtkwf*leJ@ 1982 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &ufae@rSm uG,fvGefcJhwJh *sme,fausmfrrav;wdk@&JŒtkwf*ludk 1997 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm rdom;pku a&a0;okomefqD ajymif;a&$ŒcJh&ygw,f?

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xdefvi f;6/ 6/ 2010

40


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44


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45


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50


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t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH tpdk;&wdk@udkawG@jrif&.? TolTolomv#if w&m;cHtppfjzpf=u.? Tpum; rsm;udkayghwefpGmajymqdkjcif;r[kwf &mZ0ifoabmjzifh txyfxyfapma=umajymqdkjcif;om jzpf.?1942ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@jrefrmjynfodk@0ifa&mufI ar$aESmuf acsmufcsm;Edkifjcif;rSm vGefcJhonfhtESpf50twGif;u t*[email protected]=umihfyiffjzpf.?xdkpepfqdk;jypf[lor#udkjrefrmjynfonfukef;IcHvdkuf&jcif;r#omjzpfacs.? t*FvdyftaeusHK@vmjci f;

&Sif;OD;thH/ 1900 jynfESpfrwdkifrDtxd t*Fvdyfwdk@omv#if ypdzdwfork'N&mESifh urBm@ta&S@zsm;wGif pdk;rdk;rif;r_EdkifcJh=u./ w&kwfjynfrSm bdef;ppfrsm;jzpfyGm; jyD;onfupI t*[email protected] pif;pif;cHv#ufaecJh&.? w&kwfjynf.pD;yGm;a&; wpfckvHk;yif t*Fvdyfwdk@cs,fvS,fovdkjzpfaecJh&./ w&kwfjynfrSm t*Fvdyfacgif;aqmifonfh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. pD;ydk;jcif;udk cH,lv#uf&SdaecJh=u.? 1900 odk@a&mufawmhrnfqdkv#ifyif t*[email protected]&S@zsm;&mZykvifrSm wkefvSkyfvm.?1898 ckESpfwGif tar&duefu zdvpfydkifudk odrf;jcif;jzifhxdktjcif;t&mudk odom.? 1899 ckESpfwGiftar&duefjynfxJa&;0ef *|ef;a[;u w&kwfjynfonf rnfonfhEdkifiHjcm;wckudkr# umomcGifhxl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&ay? ukeful;vdkaom EdkifiHrsm;wdkif;odk@ wHcg;zGifhay;xm;&rnf[k awmif;qdkvdkuf.?1898 ckESpfwGif *smreDu auG@acsmif;yifv,f atmfudk w&kyfwdk@xHrS r&t&,lIiSm;=u.?Todk@iSm;+yD;v#if a&wyfpcef;cszdk@vkyfvm.? TwGifxdkolwdk@. tpDtrHudkumuG,f&efoabjzifh t*Fvdyfwdk@uvnf;a0[dkif;a0;udkiSm;&.? 1900 jynfhESpfwGif *smreDu a&wyfwdk;csJ@zdk@ Oya'jyKvdkuf&m t*Fvdyfwdk@rSmOa&mywdkufajrmufydkif; yifv,f Y a&a=umif;&ef ckcHzdk@ wdk;csJ@jyifqif&.? ta&S@wdkif;rSma&mtaemufwdkif;rSmyg t*Fvdyfwdk@. pm;usuftae usHK@vmjcif;udk owdjyK=uzdk@jzpf.// ta&S@wdkif;wGif tjcm;Oa&myEdkifiH=uD;rsm;u toD;oD;jyiffqifvm=uaomtcgt*Fvdyfwdk@onf 1942 ckESpfwGif u|Ekfwdk@jrefrmjynfxGm;xGm;nufa=uatmif aESmufar$acsmufcsm;apEdkifrnfh tmedoif&Sdaom tvkyfudk pwifvdkuf.? 1894 ckESpfwGif xdkpOfu xdkae&mY 'kwd,wef;pm;r#avmufom &Sdao;onfh *syefjynfESifhwdkuf&dkufr[mrdwf qufoG,fyl;aygif;onfh pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkvdkuf&.? *syefa&wyfudkwnfay;.?ypPnf; &Smay;.? oif=um;jyoay;.? pmcsKyfcsKyfI 14 &ufr#om &ao;pOf *syefonf t*Fvdyftm;udk;&+yD;jzpfI w&kyfjynfudkyxr OD;qHk;t=udrf wdkufavawmhonf? Tppfum; yxrw&kwf-*syefppf 1894-95 ckESpf ppfjzpf.?TppfwGif *syefonf w&kwfjynfrS udk&D;,m;jynfudk cJGxkwfEdkifcJh.? (rSwfcsuf? ?Tudk&D;,m;jynfudk aemifaomtcg *syefonfodrf;ydkuf,liifvdkuf.? )vdGKifwef tiludk w&kwfu *syefodk@ay;vdkuf&.// TuJhodk@jzpfaomtcg &k&Sm; *smreDESifhjyifopfwdk@uxdkodk@w&kwfxHrS tEdkif&aom e,fwdk@udk jyefIay;tyf&ef yl;aygif;awmif;qdk=u.? t*Fvdyfuryl;aygif;yJoif;cJGaecJh.? aemuf qHk;Y *syefonfawmif;qdkcsuftwdkif;jyefay;vdkuf&.? 1902

56


ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyf-*syefpmcsKyf xyfrHcsKyfqdk =ujyef.? 1904-5 ckESpfwGif *syefonf &k&Sm;udkcsI &k&Sm;vufxJhrS ydk@tmomoabmFwyfpcef;ESifhwuG yxrt=udrfu &+yD;aemufrS jyefay;vdkuf&aom vdGKifweftiludk jyefodrf;ydkufvdkuf.?xdk@tjyifref;csL;&D;,m; jynff awmifydkif; tay:wGifvnf; cs,fvS,fv$rf;rdk; =oZmwdk;vmcJh.? 1905 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyf *syefonf ydkIwdk;wufcspf=unfa&;vkyf=ujyef.? xdkpmcsKyfwGifjrefrm jynftygt0ifjzpfaom tdENd,jynfY t*Fvdyfwdk@qufvufcsKyfcs,f v$rf;rdk;aeEdkif&eftwGuf*syefu ulyhHzdk@ yif tcsufwcsufyg&Sdacsao;.? tjcm;wdkif;jynf=uD;wjynfwnf;jzifh ppfjzpfv#ifwpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ulpwrf;[lI yg&Sdavao;.? Tenf;jzifh 'kwd,wef;pm;*syefonf t*Fvdyf.tuludkrSDum wuf=uGawmifhwif;e,fcsJ@jcif;jyK vm.? 1914 ckESpf Oa&mywdkufY ppf=uD;jzpfaeI rnfonfhOa&mywdkuf&SdEdkifiHur#vma&mufrpGwfzufEdkif a=umif;od&aomtcg 1915 ckESpfwGif *syefonf w&kwfjynfuvdkufem&rnfqdkaom 21 &yfaomawmif;qdk csufudk w&kwftpdk;&xHrS awmif;qdkavawmh.? xdk@aemuf&SHxH / ZluD,if / refcsL;&D;,m;ESifh twGif;rGef*dk;&D;,m;jynftjyif qdkufaA;&D;,m; ta&S@zsm;wcGifudkyif,liifodrf;ydkufvdkufavawmh.? 1914-18 ckESpf yxrurBmppf=uD;+yD;oGm;aomtcg *syeftacsmiftEdkifusifh &,lxm;ojzifhawmif h wif;aeaom tajctaeud k tar&duefu uef@uGuf.// yg&DwGif +i dr fcsrf;a&;uGefz&ifhusifhyonfhtcg xdkodk@ *syef &xm;+yDjzpfaom e,frsm;udkjyefay;zdk@ tar&duefuawmif;qdk.?xd kod k @*syef =ud K ;pm;rS Kud k t*Fvdy fu axmufcH.? tar&duefu e,frsm;tm;vH k ;ud kvufvGwfypfzdk@twif;awmif;.? aemufqHk;wGif *syefvuf 0,f &SDxHudk xm;OD;avmh[k oabmwlv#uf usefe,ftrsm;udk jyefvnfI ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ jzpfapcJh.? 0g&SifwefwGif a&a=umif;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkaomtcg yg&pfuGef@z&ifhu &cJhaom&SDxHyifv#ifvuf vGwfI &&Sdxm;aom e,frsm;tm;vHk;jyefay;vdkuf&.// t*Fvdyf *syefcsKyfqdkaompmcsKyfudkvnf; zsufodrf; cdkif;.// ppfoabFm=uD;rsm;udk t*Fvdyf tar&duef ta&twGufwlnDpGmxm;&Sd&ef w&kwfjynf. jynfwGif; wnf+rJrSKudk tmrcHI wHcg;r&Sd yGifhvif;pGm ukefoG,fcGifhEdkifiHwdkif;u &&efwdk@udkvnf; oabmwl&.? ,cif ppf=uD;t+yD;wGif tar&duef. tajctaerSm cd kifrmawmifhwif;ITuJhodk@+zdKcGif;um rdrd tvdkus vkyfudkifEd kifcJ h jcif;jzpf.? 1913 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuw&kwfjynftwGif;odk@ w&kwfjynf0if ukeftm;vHk;. 6 &mcdkifE_ef;om wifoGif;EdkifcJh&mrS 20&mcdkifE_ef;odk@av#mhusoGm;.? t*Fvdyf *syefpmcsKyfudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&aomfvnf; 0g&SifwefpmcsKyft& t*Fvdyfa&m*syefyg epfemae=uojzifh twlwlyif yl;aygif;vkyfudkifaecJh=u.? 1925 ckESpf ZGefv 30&ufae@wGif vef'ef+rdK@&Sd*syef oHtrwf b&Gef[m,m&SD;tm; E_wfqufnpm pm;yJGY ,ckqVrajrmufa*smhbk&ifjzpfaeaom xdkpOfu a,muf+rdK@pm; rif;om;u urBmu wpfjynfESif hwpfjynfppfa&;ppf&maygif;zJG@rSKudk oabmrwlvdk=u&m *syefESifhtu|Ekfyfwdk@ r[mrdwfqufoG,frSKrSmvnf;


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ypdzdwfork'N&mwGif tajcpdkufxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;tyg t0if +idrf;csrf;&m +idrfcsrf;a=umif; yl;aygif;onfht[mrdwftjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;ay+yD? odk@aomf t*Fvdyf *syefwdk@. cspf=unfrSKtm; ta&S@zsm;.+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfwhH&m yvifcH=uD; wpfckvnf;jzpfcJhI jzpfvnf; jzpfqJyif[lI rdef@=um;cJhao;.?

Tenf;tm;jzifh 1894 ckESpfu pwifcsKyfqdkcJhaom *syef t*Fvdyf yl;aygif;rSKonf0g&Sifwefpm csKyft& twnftvif; y,fzsufonfhtcsdefrwdkifrSD txdom wnf&Sdaomfvnf;xdkaemufwGifvnf; wnf whH+rJ+rHv#uf yif&Sd.?

1931 ckESpfwGif refcsL;&D;,m;onf *syefvufatmufwGif refcsL;aum[lI&kyfao;tpdk;&ESifhwuG jzpfvm.? 1933 ckESpfwGif *sD[dke,fudk *syefodrf;ydkufvdkuf.? xdkESpfwGifyifEdkifiHaygif;csKyf toif;=uD;u *syef E_wfxGuf.? 1934 ckESpf{jyDvwGif *syef 9 jynfaxmiftpdk;&0g&SifpmcsKyf r&Sdawmh+yD// ta&S@zuf wdkif;zsm;wGif bmjzpfaeonfudk rodEdkifaom tar&duefESifhtaemufEdkifiH wdkif;jynftm;vHk;yif w&kwfjynf udpPwGif0ifr&SKyfoifhbJ ab;odk@ z,fae=uavmh[lI *syefppfoH&Hk;rS wqifh a=uajimvdkuf.? 1935-36 ckESpftwGif;wGif rGef*dk;&D;,m;ESifh w&kwfjynfwjynfvHk;udk odrf;,lvdkufonf// TuJh odk@*syef0hHus,fvmpOf t*FvdyfESifh ( =udK;qJGwdkif;uaeaom ) jyifopfwdk@u xda&mufpGmulnDcJh=u.// tar&duefudk qef@usifqD;qdk@vdkIvnf;ul.// &k&Sm;udk qef@usifqD;qdk@vdkIvnf;ul.// 1931-32 ckESpf refcsL;&D,m;udk *syefwdkufonfwGif tar&duefu t*Fvdyftm;rdrdESifhyl;aygif; I *syefudkta&;,l&ef twefwef ajymqdk.? t*Fvdyfu oabmrwlcJh? 1933 ckESpfw&kwfjynf. wdkif;wef csuft& *syefay:wGif0dkif;Ita&;,l&ef EdkifiHaygif;csKyfY onf;onf;rnf;rnf;aqG;aEG;pOfu t*FvdyfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD; qm*|efqdkifrGefu *syefa&S@ae=uD;tjzpf Edkif;Edkif;eif;eif;aqmif& Gufc J h&m *sye fud k,fpm;vS,f rufql td kumuyif twdtvif;cs D ;usL;c J h.?ajrmufydkif;w&kwfjynfudk &,l+yD;onfhtcg *syefwdk@onf w&kwfjynf urf;&dk;wef;+rdK@rsm;udkrnf;+yD;odr f ;,lvmc J h =u.? & S Dx Hud ky g odr f ; +y D ; t*Fvdy fwd k @ud k t0wftpm;c|wfI & Smaz Gonfhtajctaetxda&mufvm.?w&kwfjynf. qdyfurf;tm;vHk;yif *syefvufodk@a&mufaomtcgw&kwf tpdk;&wdk@. ylqmawmif;qdkcsuft& tar&duef.tuljzifh jrefrmjynfrS w&kwfArmvrf;r=uD;azmufay; +yD; w&kwfjynfudk toufq,faeonfht=um;rSmyif 1941 ckESpfY*syefuxdkvrf;r=uDudk jrefrmjynf bufrS ydwfay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkaomtcg t*Fvdyftpdk;&uydwfay;vdkufao;.// tar&duefESif hw&kwfwdk@u twif;tusyfwdkufwGef;rS jyefzGif hay;.?rdk;a=umifhydwfonf[k qifajcay;vdkufao;.?

1941 ckESpfwGif *syef.0hHus,faomajcvSrf;udk jrefrmjynfvlwdkif;vdkyif odae=u.?*syefonf tif'dkcsdKif;em;jynfodk@a&mufvm.// ,dk;',m;jynfay:odk@ =oZmydkrdk ul;pufvm.//t*[email protected]&mufpGm umuG,fjcif;udk rawG@& ? odk@jzifh tar&duefESifh t*Fvdyfudk *syefuppfa=ujimaom 1941 'DZifbm 1 &ufae@odk@a&mufcJh.?

xdkodk@a&mufI wpfvausmfausmfuav;wGif jrefrmjynfwHcg;0odk@ *syefa&mufvm.?w&kwfwkd@ u *syefjrefrmjynf r0ifEdkifatmif olwdk@ppfwyfrsm;ESifhumuG,fay;ygrnf[lItwefwefajym.?t*Fvdyf ppfaoemywdrsm;u vufrcHcJh? jrefrmjynfudk ckcH&&ef udk,fhtifudk,fhtm;onfr&Sd

58


olrsm;ay;aomtul tnDudkvnf; vufrcHcJ h.? t*Fvdyftpd k;&udk zdES dyfcsKyfcs,faom0g'pepfa=umifhjrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u vnf; xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfwdk@tm; axmufcHtm;ay;vdkjcif;r&Sd? ppftm;xkwfrSK wpfckvHk;udk ausmay;ae.?

ausmay;ae&Hkomr[kwf rsm;aomtm;jzifh *syeftvmudkyifapmifhar#mfae=uacsao;.?*syef vmv#iftcuf[k 'D;'kwfut+rJa&;.? *syefvmv#iftcuf[k *sme,fausmfu t+rJa&;.?tcsnf;tESD;yif?

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urBm.v_dif;wHydk;rsm; wuf=uGrnf wuJuJ&SdpOf jrefrmjynfuJhodk@ wdkif;i,fjynfi,fuav;. vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;rSKonf urBmhtjyifyESifh rqufoG,fv#if rjzpf[laom todjzifhw&kwfjynfbufodk@ xGufIoGm;aom ocifatmif fqef;rSm xdkawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;.tpDtpOft& trdGKif+rdK@wGif *syefjynfodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cH,lcJh&.?

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1945 ckESpfwGif jrefrmawmfvSefrSKa=umifh *syef&efjrefjref+ydKI r[mrdwfwdk@uapmapmatmif EdkifouJhodk@ 1942 ckESpfu jrefrmhawmfvSefrSKa=umifh t*Fvdyfwdk@ jrefjrefxGufajy;&I*syefapmapm0ifEdkif cJh.? xdkawmfvSefrSKr&Sdv#if xdktcgu *syeft0ifaES;&Hkom&Sd.? 0ifrnfum;rkwfcsyifjzpf.?

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59


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armi fpGrf;&nf

60


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“a&$udkif;om;” [m woufvHk; &[ef;0wfeJ@aeoGm;wJh “bkef;awmf}uD; pma&;q&m”trsKd;tpm;yg? }uD;yGm;a&; pmtkyfwdkuf[m rEWav;uqdkawmh/ &[ef;oHCmawGtrsm;qHk;&SdwJhAk'<bmomA[kdtcsuftcsma'ou bkef;awmf}uD; pma&;q&mxGufay:wm rqef;vSygbl;?pma&;q&m OD;qef;xGef; (aemiftcg qef;xGef;- ref;wuUodkvf) qdkwmvJ }uD;yGm;a&;/vlxkowif;pmwdkufu xGufay:cJhwJh &Sif^med\&bGJŒcH &[ef;wyg;ygyJ? rEWav;pmaywdkufurdk@&[ef;pmqdkawG xGufay:wm[m rqef;vSygbl;vdk@ xifp&mygyJ? [kwfuJh? rqef;ygbl;? 'gayrJh'D&[ef;ESpfyg;[m vlxkOD;vS rEWav;ra&mufcif}uD;yGm;a&; r*~Zif;xkwfa0pOfumv uwnf;u}uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;r Sm uavmifaoG;c J h =uwmyJ? “tdrfawmfyg” uavmif&Si fawGvd ky JrEWav;pum;eJ@ajym&ygr,f?

vlxka':trmuvJ }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif; &efukefrSmxkwfa0aepOfumvuwnf;uwuUod kvfausmi f ;olb0e J @ ti f ;vsm;aqmi fol rtrmtaee J @ pwif +y D ;uavmifaoG;cJholjzpfygw,f? vlxka':trm t+rJwrf;ajymavh&Sdwmuawmh “OD;Zif; (OD;aombdw)eJ@ igu }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;uae udkvSarG;xkwfcJhwJh uavmifarmifESr” wJh? jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; ajymwmyg?“aemifb0tqufqufrSm armifESrjzpfyg&ap” vdk@vJ igt+rJqkawmif;w,fvdk@vJ usaemfwdk@udka jymz l ;y gw,f? a':a':vlxk a':trmu O D ;Zi f ;ud k “ i,folc si f ;” tjzp fe J @txl;cspfcifoHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f? OD;av; vlxkOD;vSuG,fvGefawmh pdwfrxdef;EdkifrSmpdk;vdk@qdk+yD;q&mawmfu ppfudkif; uae rEWav;udkul;vmcJhbl;? vlxka':trmu [Hom0wDOD;0if;wif (cktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfOD;0if;wif) udk ac:+yD; “'Dr,f udk0if;wif um;,loGm;+yD OD;Zif;udkrygygatmifyifhcJh? rvdkufzl;qdk&if &Sifudk,fwdkif OD;Zif;udkayGŒwifcJh” vdk@rSm=um;+yD; tac:cdkif; vdkufowJh?a&mufvmawmh q&mawmfu OD;vS&JŒ¶kyfuvyfab;rSm pHk&yf tH}udwf+yD; rsuf&nfawGawGusowJh?nDtudkt&if;vdk woufvHk;aevmcJhwmudk;? a':trmu bkef;}uD;qdkwmudkarhoGm; “tdkudkxGef;v_dif&JŒ &Sifholi,fcsif;jzpfyHkudk =unfhygtHk;” vdk@ qdk qdk+yD; q&mawmf&JŒykcHk;udk ezl;eJ@wdkuf+yD;¶_ duf}uD;wiifid ka=uG;&SmygowJh? tJoavmuf olwdk@i,foli,fcsif;oHk;OD;u uGsrf;0if&if;ES D ; =u&Smygw,f?q&mawmfOD;aombdw/ udkxGef;v_ difb0rSm urŠnf;ausmufpm¶H k; ac:a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerSm tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;ygw,f? ausmufpm0ef OD;jrwdk@&JŒvufatmufrSmvkyfcJhwmyg? ausmufpm0efOD;jruvJ OD;azarmifwifvdkyJ c&pf,mefqdkayrJh Ak'<pmayeJ@ jrefrmr_bufrSmawmh tvGefausnufolyg? rEWav;rSm 1960 - 70 ckESpfrsm;wGif;u ESpfpOfvkyfcJhwJh

61


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q&mawmfa&$udkif;om;&JŒ zGm;&mZmwdudku ppfudkif;yg? ppfudkif;+rdKŒ waumif;&yfrSmarG;zGm;cJhygw,f? armifxGef;vd_ifu i,frnfyg? pma&;q&m}uD;r[maqG/ ref;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; OD;udkav; (pma&;q&m aZ,smarmif) wdk@[m i,foli,fcsif;awGyg? &[ef;b0eJ@woufvHk;aeoGm;wmuawmh ppfudkif; ted¶kd'<acsmifu bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmyg? a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;awG/pme,fZif; ta[mif;awG/ pmtkyfawG=um;rSm wyg;wnf; owif;oHk;aexdkifoGm;cJhygw,f? ajrG}uD;/usm;awGawmif vmwwfwJhae&myg? vloGm; vlvmjywf+yD; tvGefacgifygw,f? wcgawmh"g;jyawGu emrnfausmf bkef;}uD;rdk@ csrf;omrSmyJxif+yD; "g;jyvmwdkufzl;ygw,f? bmrSr&awmhq&mawmfudk ¶dkufESufoGm;=uvdk@ '%f&mtemw&jzpf+yD; tawmf0Éf'kuQcHcJh&&Smygw,f?

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62


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q&mawmf arG;zGm;wmu 1912 ZEM0g&D 5/ aom=umae@jzpfa=umif; vlxkajr;bkdbkdvef;pifu vef'efuaevSrf;+yD; usaemfwkd@ukd owday;ygw,f? 2012 rSm ESpf 100 jynfhawmhrSm/&mjynfhyGJvkyf&tkH;rSmayghukdvJ E_d;aqmfygw,f? bkdbkd;vef;pif owday;wmukdvJ aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f?'gayr,fh q&mawmfukd odrSDvkd@ a&;&cGswf&r,fhvlawGu tvGefenf;oGm;cJhyg+yD OD;0if;wif/armifomEkd;/ armifrkd;ol/ ukdav; (tif;0*k%f&nf) wkd@tjyif vlxkom;ajr;awGavmufyJ&Sdygawmhw,f? &mjynfhyGJukd ppfukdif;om;awGuvJ OD;aqmif yg0if=urSmygyJ? q&mawmf&JŒvuf&mpmtkyfawGvJ trSwfw&xkwf=u&ygvdrfhr,f? ckuwnf;u vkyf=u&awmhrSmyg? 2012 ZEM0g&Dqkdwm=um;u wvomomyJ& S dawm hy guvm;? q&mawmf[m 1987 Z Ge f 29 r SmysHvGefawmfrlcJhw,fqkdawmh ysHvGefawmfrlwmvJ ESpfaygif; 25 ESpf&SdawmhrSmyguvm;?

q&mawmfa&$udki f;om;u olawoeaqmif;yg;awGtjyi f olawoepmtkyfawGvJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;xkwfcJhzl;ygw,f? yHkESdyfxkwf a0jci f;rjyK&ao;wJh pmawGvJ&Sdygao;w,f? ppfudki f;ZmwdokawoDqdkawmh ppfudki f;ol ppfudki f;om;wdk@&JŒ qENeJ@tnD ywWjrm;acwf ordki f; ppfudki f;awmi f qGrf;O D;ykn&Si fbk&m;ordki f;pwJh bk&m;ordki f;pmtkyfrsm;udkvJ a&;om;xkwfa0zl;ygw,f? “rEWav;” qdkwJh pmtkyfwtkyfeJ@

“tESpf 600 ti f;0” wJh +rdKŒordki f; pmtkyfESpftkyfvJ xkwfa0zl;ygw,f?

63


usaemftaeeJ @ ' Daqmif;yg ;tjyi f t&ifua&;z G J Œy laZm fz l ;wJ h uAsmav;ygyl;wGJazmfjyvkdufygw,f? q&mawmf&mjynfhae@ 'DuAsmukdu ESpf 30 jynfhcJhyg+yD? uAsmu ........

oufawmf 70 jynfhq&mawmf OD;aombdwokd@ uefawmhyef;0g0gjrifvSsif zl;vkdufcsifonf

igvSsif jrefrmhom;ayukd?

pmayy&d,uf/ yÉdyufjzifhaumif;jrwfajzmifhwef;/ edAŠmefvSrf;rnfh

&[ef;oHCm/ =uHKaomtcgwGifokH;cg okH;}udrf/ rmefESdrfOD;csuefawmh&aomf/ oEW&om=uufoD;jzmonf/ rmefrmr&Sd

“ig” r&Sdonfhr&Sdc%/ csrf;ompG?

q&mawmfrSmpmayvnf;wwf/ tusifhjrwf.

tm;wwfoa&GŒ/ =um;jzwfarGŒaom"avhwck/ jrefrmr_ukd

aphikazG&Sm/ xkwfazmfumjzifhjrefrmjynfom/ Ak'<&Gm[kjrefrmjynfom/ "rR&Gm[k

jrefrmjynfom/ oHCm&Gm[kpmtarGvnf;/ Ak'<enf;jzifh

csD;jrifhvao;/ wkd@ukday;aomfjrwfav;q,fp/ zl;r0onf

q,fqoufawmf &Snfapaomf ......?(1981)

armi fpGrf;&nf

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

'DZi fbm 10/ 2011


64


yknawmifqD &nfvsufrvif;

EkEk&nf (ti f;0)

{&m0wDjrpfrjyifus,fxJudk rdk;puf rdk;aygufawG ckefaygufusqif; ae=uw,f?avuvnf;xefaeawmh v_dif;awGu w0kef;0kef;? ppfudkif;wHwm; }uD;atmufu v_dif;awG=um;xJrSmuGsefrwdk@ ‘iSuf’ uav; wvl;vl; wvdrhf vdrhfjzpfae+yD? v_dif;vkH;awGuae rsufESmudk jzef;ceJjzef;ceJ vmpOfwJh a&pufav;awGu at;pdrhf aewmyJ? =unhfygOD;? rdk;pufr_efr_efawG=um;xJrSma&$=uuf,uf a&$=uufus&JŒ tvS?[dkrSmbufrSm ppfudkif;rif;0Hawmif&JŒ tvS? i,fb0uwnf;utjrJjrifawGŒ pJGvrf;cJhwJh 'DjrifuGif;[m ckxd vnf; r¶dk;Edkifao;ygvm;?uíefr pJGvrf;aewkef;ygvm;?

“r_dif;r_dif;&dyfarSmif ²² pGefawmifrSif ²²+ydKrSmavvm;rdk;&JŒ ²² pdk;atmif ckyif ²²trŠKefarmif ²²zeftm;av&ufESif ²²” iSufOD;xdyfrSm xdkifaewJh av;av; udkav;eJ@ uíefr cifyGef;oDcsif; 0goemtdk;ESpfa,mufu oDcsif;atmfqdk=uw,f?

uíefr wdk@iSufuav; 0g;csufqdyfrSm qdkufawmh rdk;wdwfoGm;+yD? 0g;csuf &GmxJuaetEk¶k'<gacsmifudk jzwfwuf wm[m ydkeD;owJh?

ausmufwkH;awG xdk;xdk;axmifaxmifeJ@ vloGm;vrf; av;ay:rSm av;av;udkav;u

65


a&SŒqkH;u/ ol@aemufu uíefr cifyGef;/ +yD;awmh uíefr/ uíefraemufu armifopfeD(tif;0)/rif;rif;eDeJ@ udkcufarmif(tif;0)/ uíefrwdk@wpf awG pum;wajymajymeJ@ q&mawmf a&$udkif;om;oDwif;okH;&m tEk¶k'<g acsmifqDudk wuf=uw,f?

“q&mawmf acsmifu wu,hfudk acsmifuswmyJaemf” “'gayr,hf 'Dacsmifuawmifay:rSm pwnfwJh acsmifudk;acsmifxJrSm ygw,f” av;av;udkav;u ol@tusihf twdkif;oDcsif;/ uAsm/ pmwdkpmpawG udk rem;wrf;wwGwfwGwf &Gwfzwf vm&mu ‘ydawmufa&$0g/aum¾n ESihf/ y&uUrEk¶k'<g/ ybmaAm"d/ vGefom,mw,f?

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“q&mawmh tEk¶k'<gu acsmifquf a0;+yD; at;csrf;wmawmh aumif;yg w,f? 'gayr,hfacgifvGef;vSw,f” “at;aygh-'ga=umihfvnf; "m;jy wdkufcH&wmaygh? "m;jyu at;at; aq;aq;/+cdrf;ajcmuf¶dkufESuf+yD; &SmazG,laewmawmif b,furSs r=um;bl;” “"m;jyuvnf; ¶dkufp&m &Sm;vdk@av;av;&,f/ acgif;rS¶dkuf&w,fvdk@? ckq&mawmhf pdwftajctaeaum b,fvdk aew,f&,frod”“q&mawmf pdwfxdcdkufoGm;wmu acgif;¶dkufcH&wmxuf "m;jyu ydkufqH ray;&if ol@ausmif;udkrD;eJ@¶_dŒr,f vkyf vdk@ ausmif;rD;¶_dŒ&if ol@pmtkyfawGukef csnf&JŒqdk+yD; odyfvef@oGm;&Smwm?

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q&mawmfu acsmifwnfpu &SdcJhwJh ausmif;}uD;ay:rSm oDwif;rokH;bl;? ausmif;}uD;udkq&mawmf pkaqmif; xm;wJh a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;awG xnhfxm;+yD; aomhcwfydwfxm;w,f?

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OD;cs&if;ajymvdkufawmhrS- “a=omf-at;/ udkav;vm;” wJh?“t&Sifbk&m; olwdk@ESpfa,mufu &efukefuvm=uwm/ atmifausmfwdk; wJh/ EkEk&nfwJh/

EkEk&nfu ckpm=unhf wdkufynm oifwef; wufaewm? tJ'g pmwrf;jyKpkzdk@twGuf EkEk&nfuq&mawmfa&;cJ hwJ h pmawGud k pmpk pm&if;vkyfcsifw,fwJ h? ol@[molvnf; &Smw,f?ckq&mawmfqDuvnf; ar;csifjref;csif/ ul;csif rSwfcsifw,f bk&m;”

“a=omf OD;;aomfaumif;wdk@qDu aygh? OD;aomfaumif; odw,f” awmfygao;&JŒ/q&mawmf owd& ao;wmyJ?

uGsefr0rf;omtm;&eJ@ “wifyg hbk&m;/ q&mOD;aomfaumif;u wynhfawmfwdk@q&mygbk&m;”vdk@ avSsmuf&w,f? q&mawmfu tdyf&m ay:uae zswfceJx+yD; eH&HrSm uyf¶dkufxm;wJh pifawGay:u vlxkowif;pm a[mif;awG/ a&$ref;atmifpnf owif; pma[mif;awG/wjcm;zkefwufaewJh owif;pma[mif;rsm;pGm cscdkif;/ &Smcdkif; awmhwmyJ? yg;pyfuvnf; wwGwfwwGwfeJ@?

“rodrf;Edkifbl;/ rodrf;Edkifbl;? ESajrmzdk@aumif;w,f/ ul; ul;/ awGŒ&JŒvm;? arhvdkufwm?t&ifvdk rSwf^m%f raumif;bl;? ajymjycsifw,f/ ajymjy csifw,f” uGsefrwdk@ owif;pmawGvSefavSm &SmazG+yD; ul;aewkef; q&mawmfu uíefrem;vm&yf+yD; vuf[efajc[efeJ@ “uwfjym;/uwfjym;/ uwfjym;av;awG eJ@ rul;bl;vm;”wJh?

uíefr odyftHh? oGm;w,f? q&mawmf okawoe xkH;pHawGudk rarhao;bJudk;? okawoevkyf&mrSm tcsuftvufawGudk a&;rSwfwJh 8 vufr » 5 vufr/ 5 vufr » 3 vufruwfjym;av;awG udk q&mawmf rSwfrdaeao;wmyJ?

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uíefrp+yD; avhvmwmeJ@/ pkaqmif;wmeJ@ wpf+ydKif euf q&mawmftEkynmta=umif;udk tHh=op&maumif;atmif odvm&ygw,f? q&mawmfrSm uavmifcJGawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yJ?‘OD;aombdw/ a&$udkif;om;/ &wemykHbdk;rSwfpk/ rSwfpk armif/ v_difcifat;(rEœav;)’qdkwJh emrnfawGeJ@aqmif;yg;rsKd;pkHudk a&;cJhw,f?

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b,fu[mawGvJ oGm;=u ²² rvm=ueJ@ ²² ausmif;ay:rSmwif uGsefrwdk@ ajc vSrf;awGwkH@ceJ&yfoGm;=uw,f?

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“t&Sifbk&m;²²t&Sifbk&m;²² 'DrSmbk&m;/ pmtkyfuwynhfawmfudk wpfjrefae@ut&Sifbk&m; iSm;vdkufwmav? pmpkpm&if; vkyfzdk@avbk&m;²²” tdk q&mawmfcrsm jrefvdkufwJhjzpfjcif;/ 0kef;ceJx+yD; pmtkyfudkaumuf ,lvdkufw,f? rsufESmuvnf; 0if;oGm;wmyJ? “awmfao;&JŒ/awmfao;&JŒ/ pmtkyf jyef&ayvdk@/ at;od+yD/ od+yD? 'umrav;wdk@udk udkav; ac:vmwmav?ckolrygbl;vm;? uJ²²bmul;csif ao;vJajym” csufcsif; ajymif;vJEl;nHhoGm;wJh q&mawmfudk =unhf+yD;


68


uíefr pdwfraumif; jzpf&w,f?bk&m;²²bk&m; 'Dae@om u íefrrvmjzpfcJ hvSsif q&mawmfbk&m; b,fvdkrsm;

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y&uUracsmifudk jzwf+yD; Orif udk;q,f qif;cgeD;ae&mav;rSm uuíef;zdkyifav;ESpfyif&Sdw,f?

q&m awmf[m ol@'um 'umr pmayrdwf aqGawGvm&if 'Duíef;zdkyifav; ESpfyifem;tjrJvdkufydk@ E_wfqufwwfowJh?

tJ'Dae@uvnf; u íef;zd kyifav;ESpfyif em;rSm q&mawmf&yf+yD; u íefrwdk@ud kE_wfqufw,f?“vmcJh=uOD;aemf”wJh?

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'DokH;vudk uíefrpmwrf;a&;&if uíefrbJGŒwpfck&r,f? 'gayr,hf uíefr 0wˆKra&;jzpfawmhbl;? uíefr bmvkyfrvJ? pm=unhfwdkuf rª;vkyfrvm;/ pma&;q&mvkyfrvm;? cufwmyJ²²u íe fro&D;wGrfwD;vnf; rvd kcsi fbl;? Ed ki fi H jcm;vnf; roGm;csifbl;? wpf&ufrSvnf;ratmihfEdkifawmhbl;? ig;jym;yJ&& uíefrpma&;q&myJ jzpfcsifw,f? pm=unhfwdkufrª;awG trsm;}uD;arG;xkwfEdkifayr,hf pma&;q&m wpfa,mufjzpfzdk@ vG,fygovm;? uíefrjrefjrefqefqefyJ pm;yJGudk&Sif;vdkufw,f?

pmpkpm&if; uwfjym; av;awGudk tdwfwpfvkH;xJrSm tom;odrf;/ usefwJhuwfjym;tvGwfav;awGudkawmh pm;yJ Gay:u 0wˆK pmrlay:wifw,f? 'Duwfjym;av;awGudk 0wˆKa&;zd k@uGif;qif;wJhtcgrSm tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;a&;rSwfzdk@twGuf tokH;jyK&r,fav?

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1349 ck/ 0gqdkvqef; 4 &uf (29-6-87) wevFmae@u q&mawmf a&$udkif;om;

69


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xl;cGsefxufjrufwJh tEkynm&Sif wpfa,muf&JŒ wpfydkif;wpfppkaqmif; vufptEkynmvuf&mpmpk pm&if;a[mif;awGudk uíefr jyefxkwf=unhfrdw,f? olvGef+yD;wJhaemufrSmol@tEkynm vuf&mtm;vkH;[m wpfae&mrSm pm&if;av;wpfcktjzpf wpfpkwpf pnf;wnf;&Sdaeoihfwmayghaemf? t&Sifbk&m; ²² wynhfawmf&JŒ wm0efrausr_twGuf OD;cdkufawmif;yefyg&apbk&m;? t&Sifbk&m;[m pma&;q&m wpfa,muftaeeJ@ jynfoltay:rSm wm0efauscJhyg+yD?

wynhfawmf [m pma&;q&mwpfa,muf&JŒ wm0efudk ckrSp+yD xrf;aqmifpygbk&m;?t&Sifbk&m;[m vGwfvyfjcif;/ pGef@v$wfjcif;/ tepfemcHjcif;wdk@udk odem;vnfwJh pma&;q&mwpfa,mufrdk@ wynhfawmf&JŒ pma&;q&m b0udk pmem+yD; wynhfawmf&JŒ wm0ef rausr_twGufcGihfv$wfem;vnfEdkif ygap t&Sifbk&m;?

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2012 ckESpf[m 1912 rSm arG;zGm;wJh q&mawmf a&$udkif;om;&JŒ touf 100 jynhf/arG;ae@ ESpfwpf&mjynhfwJh ESpfyg?

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1987 ckESpf q&mawmf ysHvGefawmf rlwkef;uvnf; uíefrwpfa,muf udk,hftjypfeJ@udk,faqmif;yg;av; wpfyk'feJ@ q&mawmfudk awmif;yef uefawmfcJh&zl;ygw,f?

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(q&mawmf OD;aombdw (a&$udkif;om;) . ESpf 100 jynfhtwGuf q&mr EkEk&nf (tif;0) a&;om;onfh txufygpmrludk ayzl;v$m (1987) ESifh jrefrmwkdif;(rf) *sme,f (twGJ 27/ trSwf 539) wkd@wGif azmfjy+yD;jzpfygonf?

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EkEk&nf (ti f;0)


70


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ukef;abmifacwf omoemrSm tavmif;rif;w&m;u “TEdkifiHawmftwGif;aexdkifoDwif;oHk;awmf rl=uukefaom &[ef; oHCmwdk@onf rdrdcsD;ajrSmufxm;wJ@ rif;q&mawmf.tvdkt,lodk@omvdkuf+yD; usif@}uHaexkdif=u&rnf” [k trdef@jyefwrf; tvGJwpfckxkwfcJ@ygw,f?tJ'D bk&if@trdef@a=umif@ rif;q&mawmf twkv,orax&f [m ?Zmxufvm+yD;/ oleJ@ *dk%f;rwlol@tvdkrvdkufwJ@ armif;axmif&Gmu rax&f}uD;ESpfyg;udk oJ'%f a&'%fay; ESdyfpufcJ@zl;ygw,f?

tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; &SdorSs oHCmawmftm;vHk;[m rif;tvdkeJ@rif;q&mawmf&JŒ tvdkudk vdkufcJ@=u&+yD;/ qef@usiftmcHolqdkvdk@ usrf;wwf &SifrkedENaCmorax&fwpfyg;om &SdcJ@ygw,f?tJ'D rax&fudk rif;q&mawmfawGu ok"rRmZ&yfrSm “oif@q&mb,foljzpfvdk@ acgif;rmaewmvJ” qdk+yD; ac:,lppfaq;wJ@tcg/ Z&yfay:&Sd &kyfqif;wkawmfudk xdk;jy+yD;“TonfyifvSsif ig@q&mwnf;” qkd+yD; ajzygw,f?

aemuf oHCmxktv,frSm aqmif@a=umif hxd kif vuftkyfcs D +yD;/ “t&Sifbk&m;wynfhawmfonf toufqHk;onfhwdkifatmif wynfhawmf toufudkom pGef@ygrnf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ynwfawmfrltyfaomoduQmyk'fawmfudk rpGef@yg”[kqif;wkawmfudkavSsmufxm;ygw,f?tJ'D jzpf&yfud k rif;q&mawmfu rauseyfvd k @ tavmif;rif;w&m;ud k jyefajymjyawm@/“Trax&fonf rme cufxefvSonf/ ig@EdkifiHawmftwGif;rSm raeoif@” qdk+yD; wdkif;wpfyg;ESifxkwfygw,f? aemuf xyfrH zrf;qD; tusOf;csxm;+yD; jyefvmrS owfr,fajym+yD; ppfcsDwuf&if;tavmif;rif;w&m; ewf&GmpHoGm;ygw,f? pdwfazmufoGm;wJ@ bdk;awmfO D;0dki f;

bdk;awmfrif;w&m;vufxuf tr&yl&acwf omoemudk=unfh&if armif;axmifomoemydkifeJ@ omoemydkifq&mawmfa[mif; twkv,orax&f wdk@=um; t,l0g'jy\emwufygw,f? armif;axmif omoemyd kifeJ@ ol@wynfhawGu “T twkv,oyk*~ d Kvfonfomoemawmf. &efql;ajimif@ jyKusif@aeoljzpfonf” qdk+yD; ausmif;wkdufuae armif;xkESifxkwfcJ@ygw,f?bdk;awmfbk&m;uvnf; twkv,o &[ef; (vltrnf OD;yef;axG;) udk =uufiSuf wd&dp>mefwdk@uJ@odk t0wfAvmrJ@ xm;+yD; jcif;=um;aqmif;eJ@ avSmifxm;ygw,f? pavmif;zHk;eJ@xrif;a=uG;/ vSH "m; &H+yD; {&m0wDjrpfa=umif;twdkif; pHkarSsmcJ@ygw,f? ‘twkv omomeydkifa[mif;iyef;axG; tm; ESifxkwfjcif;’ qdkwJ@ pmvHk;}uD;}uD;a&;+yD; a&mufav&m +rdKŒawG &GmawG 0dkif;=unfhzdk@trdef@xkwfxm;cJ@ygw,f?

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rif;wke f ;vufxuf wefc d k ;xGm;wJ@ ok"rRmrif;q&mawmfawGu olwd k @ud krav;rcef@jyKw,fqdk+yD; a&p}udKq&mawmf OD;*E<eJ@ a&$usifq&mawmf OD;Zm*& wdk@udkatmufjynfatmuf&Gm ESifxkwfcJ@ygw,f? oDaygrif;vufxufrSmvnf; ok"rRmudk yrmrcef@jyKwJ@rdk;aumif;q&mawmf OD;*E<rm [m atmuf+rdKŒ [oFmwudk ESifxkwfcHcJ@&ygw,f? t*Fvdyfpmoifwm rdpm?t,l

t*FvdyfacwfrSmawm@ bmoEW&wdkufyGJwpfck bkef;}uD;awG=um; ay:xGufvmygw,f?q&mawmf t&Si f tm'dp P0 Ho jyKp kwJ@ pmoifom; &[ef;oHCmrsm; omoemjyKz d k @t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;a&; qdkwJ@ “bmoEW& vrf;n$efusrf;’ udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; jy\emwufcJ@wmyg?

tJ'Dacwf q&mawmf}uD;trsm;pku t&Sif tm'dpP0Ho&JŒ tqdkjyKcsufudk rdpm?t,lqdk+yD;cg;cg;oD;oD; qef@usifwdkufcdkufcJ@ygw,f? ,ae@ jrefrmEdkifiHu &[ef;oHCm trsm;tjym;wuUodkvfawGrSm t*Fvdyfpmudk t}uD;tus,fvdkufpm;ae=uayrJ@/ tckxd &Siftm'dpP0Ho&JŒ‘bmoEW& vrf;n$efusrf;’ udk omoema&; 0ef}uD;Xmeu yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGif@ ydwfyifxm;qJyJjzpfygw,f? &Siftm'dpP0Hotay: trSm;vkyfcJ@wmudk 0efrcHEdkifao;vdk@ jzpfygw,f? omoem}uD;yGm;zdk@ ri f;udkyJ trSDjyK&rvm;

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tck pma&;ol wifjyaewmu Ak'<bmomeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD b,fvdk vufwGJoGm;EdkifrvJqdkwJ@ta=umif;t&m jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD ay:xGef;zdk@ ax&0g'bmoma&;ub,fvdk qufvuf tusKd;jyKEdkifrvJqdkwJ@ udpPjzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifwpfa,muftaeeJ@udk,fEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD zGH@+zdK;a&;udk aqG;aEG;=unfhjcif;rSs jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDvufwGJoGm;Edkifzdk@twGuf t&ifqHk; 'Drdkua&pD&JŒ aemufa=umif; enf;enf; jyef=unfhzdk@vdktyfygr,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ jrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m b,favmufyJ udk,f@udk,fudk }uD;us,fcrf;em;*k%fjrifholawGvdk@ xifygap/ tckrS ppftm%m&Sifatmufu vGwfajrmufzkd@ &kef;uefae&qJ 'Drdkua&pDudkusif@oHk;zd k@ prf;w0g;0g; oGm;ae&qJqdkwm jiif;r&wJ@ tcsufjzpfygw,f? 'Drd kua&pDrSmav;bufwGm;tqif@yJ &Sdygao;w,f? 'Dawm@ vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD bdk;at taemufEdkifiHawG&JŒjzwfoef;rS_udk wap@wapmif; av@vm&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? bmoma&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk olwdk@ b,fvdkvufwGJoGm;cJ@ovJqdkwm av@vm=unfhzdk@ vdkygw,f? vpfbmwDtp ausmi f;awmfu

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vpfbmwD r&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pD[m tm%m&Sifpepfudkawmif OD;wnfapygw,f? Oyrm/*smr%Du [pfwvmeJ@ ,l*dkpvyfu rDvdkqApf wdk@[m vlxk&JŒ rJtjywftowf axmufcHrS_eJ@wifajrSmufcHcJ@&+yD; tm%m&SifawG jzpfvmolawGyg?

tJawm@ ' Dr d kua&p Dz G H @ +z d K ;z d k @e J @ vrf ;r Se fa&mufz d k @twGuf vpfbmwDuxdef;a=umif;ay;ygw,f? taemufrSm 'Drdkua&pD rjzpfxGef;rD vGwfvyfrS_qdkwJ@ vpfbmwDut&ifpvmygw,f? tJ'D taemuf&JŒ vpfbmwDudk pwifjzpfxGef;ap&mrSm c&pf,mefausmif;awG&JŒtcef;u¾u ta&;ygygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if taemufEdkifiHawG&JŒ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDrSmausmif;awmfeJ@ EdkifiHawmf pnf;jcm;rS_ (Separation of Church and State) u tvGefta&;ygygw,f?

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c&pf,mefausmif;awGeJ@ bk&ifawG[m acwftqufquf tm;+ydKifyGJawG &SdcJ@=uygw,f?bk&ifawGu bmoma&;ud k cs Ky fud ki fE d ki fwmxuf yky f&[ef;rif;awGu bk&ifawGud kjyefvnfcsKyfud kifEd ki fcJ@ygw,f? tJ'Dvd k ausmif;awmfeJ@ Ed ki fiHawmf tm;+ydKifrS _awGuaetusKd;xGufwmu vlom;awG&JŒ vGwfajrmufrS_ygyJ? tkkyfcsKyfolawGu vlxkudk zdESdyfzdk@vkyfwJ@tcgwdkif;c&pf,mefausmif;awGu tumuG,fay;ygw,f?

'Djzpf&yfud k aemufqHk; Ed kifiHav;q,fausmf 'Drd kua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;cJ@wJ@wwd,vS_dif;jzpfpOfrSmvnf; (1974 ckESpfuae 1990 jynfhESpfawGtxd) awG@&ygw,f? ydkvef/csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; pwJ@ ta&SŒ Oa&myEdkifiHawGeJ@ vufwiftar&du wdkif;jynfawGudk oGm;wJ@ykyf&[ef;rif; *Gsefayg&JŒ c&D;pOfawG[m tm%m&SifawGeJ@ xdyfwdkufwdk;+yD; uwWDygawmfvSefa&;awGjzpfxGef;apcJ@ygw,f?

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' gayr J @ c&p f,me f ausmi f ;awmfawGu E d ki fi Hawmf& J Œ tm%mud kt+rJqef@usif@ay;xm;wwfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk bk&ifawG&JŒ tm%mudk uef@owfxm;rS_uaeEdkifiHom;awGtwGuf arG;jcif; aojcif;/ tdrfaxmifjyKjcif; vGwfvyfpGm pD;yGm;&Smjcif; pwJ@vlrS_tumtuG,fawG ay;vmEdkifcJ@ygw,f? wpfOD;csif; tcGif@ta&;awG wdk;wufvmapcJ@ygw,f? ausmi f;awmfeJ@ Edki fiHawmf cGJjcm;rS_ vdktyfae+yD

tck ajymaewm b,fbmomu b,fbmomxuf ydkaumif;w,fqdkwJ@ bmoma&;tjiif;yGm;wJ@udpP r[kwfygbl;? bmoma&;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufa&;twGuf b,fvdk tusKd;jyKEdkifovJqdkwm wifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f?

taemuf'Drdkua&pD&JŒausmif;awmfeJ@ EdkifiHawmf cGJjcm;rS_ (Separation of Church

and State) jzpfpOfrsKd; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfoif@+yDqdkwm wifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f? vuf&SdoHCmr[me,utzGJ@[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&&JŒ atmufuae &kef;xGuf+yD; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJ@bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf &yfwnfoif@ygw,f?

'Dvdk cGJjcm;&yfwnfwm[m &[ef;oHCmawG EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm r[kwfygbl;? tpdk;&utpd k ;tm%mvky fie f ;owfowf/ &[ef;awGu ud k,f @bmoma&;vky fie f ; owfowfpnf;jcm;vdkufudkif=ujcif;omjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk cGJxGufEdkifrS_uom omoemudk vGwfvyfrS_ tjynfheJ@yd krd kwd k;wufvmap+yD;/ vlxktwGuftwGufvnf; vGwfvyfrS _eJ@ tumtuG,fawG yd krd kay;Ed kifygvdrf@r,f? jrefrmEd kifiHrSm vpfb&,f'Drd kua&pD zG H @ +zd K;zd k @vnf; taxmuftuljyKay;Edkifygvdrf@r,f? Edki fiHa&;vkyfaewm r[etzGJ@

wu,fawm@ &[ef;oHCmawG[m tm%mEdkifiHa&;&JŒ cyfa0;a0;rSm aeoif@ygw,f?'Dae@ jrefrmEdkfifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfaewJ@ oHCmawG[m axmifxJu udk,fawmfawG r[kwfygbl;?

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omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm Xme}uD;wpfckozG,f &yfwnfaewJ@ oHCr[mem,utzGJ@u q&mawmfawGyJ jzpfygw,f?

'Dq&mawmf}uD;awGuom t%mEdkifiHa&;eJ@ eD;pyf+yD; tpdk;&udk aus;Zl;jyKaewmjzpfygw,f? tpdk;& qufuyfxm;wJ@ &Snfvsm;wJ@ bGJ@wHqdyfawmfawG/ ZdrfcHum;opfawGeJ@avat;ay;pufatmufrSmae+yD; rdrdwdk@&JŒ wynfhoHCmawGudk apmif@=unfhzdk@ tpdk;&twGuftvkyfvkyfay;ae&wm jzpfygw,f? bGJ@xl; *k%fxl;awGeJ@ vbfvmbawGaemuf &[ef;awGvdkufwm[m Ak'<omoem jcpm;rS_}uD; jzpfapwmygyJ? t+yD;wdki fzsufypf&r,f@ Xmeydk

aemuf wpfqufxJ a jymvd kwmu omoema&;0e f }uD ;Xme jzp fy gw,f?omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeqdkwm 'Drdkua&pDEdk fifiHwdkif;rSm rxm;&SdwJ@ Xmejzpfygw,f? tD&efeJ@aqmf'Dwdk@vdk EdkfifiHawGrSmawm@ tpPvmrfbmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjyXmef;+yD; tpdk;&uvlxkudk bmoma&;ta=umif;jyESdyfuGyfzdk@ xm;&SdwJ@ XmersKd;jzpfygw,f?

omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeudk omreftm;jzif@ omoemudk csD;ajrSmufwJ@ tzGJ@vdk@Ak'<bmom0ifawGu jrifwwfygw,f? trSefawm@ bmoma&;udk tm%meJ@ a&maxG;apwJ@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfygw,f? r[e q&mawmf}uD;awGudk tm%meJ@ ywfoufap+yD; omoemudkysufpD;apwJ@ Xme}uD;jzpfygw,f? bmoma&; omoema&;[m vGwfvyfwJ@ tifpwDusL;&Sif;yHkpHjzpfaezdk@vdktyfygw,f?

'ga=umif@ tem*wf Ak'<omoem oef@&Sif;a&;wnfwH@a&;twGuf vGwfvyfwJ@oHCm@tzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHopf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &Sdzdk@vdktyfaeyg+yD? EdkifiHawmfatmufuae &kef;xGuf+yD;vGwfvyfwJ@ r[etzGJ@topf ay:xGef;zdk@eJ@ omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme zsufoDrf;zdk@ vdktyfaeyg+yD?'Dvkdjzpfzdk@udkvnf; &[ef;oHCmwdkif; Ak'<bmom0ifwdkif;u wm0efwpf&yftjzpf 0dkfif;0ef;aqmif&Gufzdk@vdktyfygw,f?

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84


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armi f0Ho16 / 11 / 11

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EdkifiHa&; okw/&o

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92


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93


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94


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vlxkt"du vl htzJG htpnf;(Civil Society)

atmi fxl;

EdkifiHa&; okw/&o

95


yavwdk;eJ@ a[*,fwdk@ajymwJh vlwa,muftaeeJ@ rdrd&Jhudk,f&nfudk,faoG;tay:todtrSwfjyKcHvdkwJhpdwfudk vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;=uD;u *k%foduQmtaeeJ@ jyXmef;xm;jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@em;vnf&ygw,f?

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vl[mvGwfvyfr_r&dS&if +idrf;csrf;r_r&dSedkifbl;vdk@vnf; ynm&SifawGu oHk;oyf=uygw,f?'gjzifh&if vGwfvyfr_qdkwm bmygvdrfh? bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawGu vlrSm jyifyta=umif;w&m;awGxuf twGif;ydkif;pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& vGwffvyfr_/ +idrf;csrf;r_&zdk@u ta&;}uD;w,fvdk@ ajym=uw,f?tJ'Dtay:rSmwcsdK@u apm'uwuf=uw,f? aus;ydkifuíefydkifacwfrSm aus;uíefwa,muftjzpfeJ@&yfwnf&Sifoefae&jyD; tcdsefra&G; tedSyfpufcH/ towfcH&rSmudk a=umufae&wJh vlwa,muf[mtwGif;ydkif;pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vGwfvyfr_ jidrf;csrf;r_udk&atmif xdxda&mufa&muf &Smedkifyghrvm;?qdkvdkwmu acwfpHepf=uD;udku vludkrvGwfvyfatmif zefwD;xm;wJhtwGuf vlwOD;jcif;pD&Jhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mvGwfvyfr_udk &SmazGwJhae&mrSm tcuftcJ&dSedkifw,fvdk@ axmufjy=uwmjzpfw,f?'DtajccHay:uae acwfpepfbufuvSnfh+yD; vl@tzJG@tpnf;wckvHk;&Jh tajymif;tvJudk pOf;pm;=unfhjyefw,f?

1917 ckESpfrSm &k&SedkifiHrSm aAmvf&DSApfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD; ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfudkwGef;vSefvd kuf w,f? acwfpHepf=uD; ajymif;vJoGm;+yD? vlawGvGwfvyfoGm;=u+yDqd k +yD;qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk a=ujim wnfaqmuf vmcJh=uw,f? ESpfaygif;ckeSpfq,favmuf=um+yD;wJhtcgrSm1990 ckeSpfrSm qdkAD,uf &k&SEdkifiH}uD;[m 0kef;ueJ +ydKusoGm;cJhw,f? vlawG tckrS wu,fp+yD;vGwfvyfwJh vrf;a=umif;a&muf vmw,fvdk@ ajymvm=ujyefw,f?

1948 ckeSpfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m e,fcJs@t*FvdyfeJ@ 8syefudkawmfvSefjyD; vGwfvyfa&;&vmcJha=umif; wur BmvH k;ud k a=ujimcJ hw,f? tJ'DuxJu wu,frvGwfvyfao;bl;qd k +y D;wdkufyJG0ifae=uwJh ygwDtzJG@tpnf;awG&dSovdk 1962 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGpwifw,fvdk@ oHk;oyf ajymqdkolawGvnf; &dSvmjyefw,f? 1986 ckeSpfrSm zdvpfydkifedkifiHrSm tm%m&SiforwWrm;udk;pfudk vlxkuqef@usiftHk=uG+yD; awmfvSefvdkuf=uw,f? 'Drdkua&pDorwedkifiHudkwnfaxmifa=umif; a=ujimcJh=uw,f? tm%m&Sif tkyfcksyfr_atmufuae vGwfvyfoGm;=u+yDvdk@wur BmvH k ;u vufc H c J h =uw,f? vlwOD ; jci f ;p Dtaee J ha&m vlxktaee J ha&mwu,fvGwffvyfoGm;=ujyDvm;? ouU&mZf 2000 ckeSpf 'DZbFmvxJrSm zdvpfyd kifrSmbJ'Drdkua&pDenf;usa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufxm;wJh orwW *sdK;Zuftufpx&m'gudk vmbfpm;r_pJGcsufawGeJ@vlxkujzKwfcs vdkuf&jyefw,f?

wcg qdkAD,uf&k&SuaecJGxGuf+yD; vGwfvyfoGm;+yDvdk@ wnfaxmifvdkufwJh ,lu&def;EdkifiHrSmouU&mZf 2001 ckeSpf azaz:0g&DvxJrSm axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&dSwJhvlxk[m olwdk@a&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf

96


xm;wJh orwWudk t}uD;tus,fqENjyae=uw,f? t"duuawmh owif;pmq&mwOD;towfcHvdkuf&wJh udpP a=umifhjzpfw,f?

'Djzpf&yfawGtay:rSm b,fvdkem;vnfcsnf;uyfjyD;awmh vl@tzJG@tpnf;udk 'grSr[kwfvl@tzJG@tpnf;&Jh tajymif;tvJudk pOf;pm;=urvJ? wnfaqmuf=urvJ? vl@tzJG@tpnf;uvGwfvyf+yDvdkha=ujim vdkufwJh tcdsefrSm vlwOD;jcif;pD[m wu,fvGwfvyfoGm;=ujyDvm;?vlwOD;jcif;pD&J h vGwfvyfr_ud k umuG,f az:aqmifay;ed kifrnfh wd kif; jynf&J h,EW&m;awG/z J G @pnf;wnfaqmufr_awGr&d SbJ vGwfvyfwJ h vl@tzJ G @tpnf; w&yf jzpfe d ki fyg hrvm;?b,fvd ktcgrs d K ;r SmrS vl[m vGwfvyfw,fvd k @ ajymvd k @&rvJ? vl&J h vGwfvyfr_ud ktwdkif;twmeJ@tnD tmrcHvd k@&atmif vl@tzJ G @tpnf;ud k b,fvd kwnfaqmufrvJ?vl@tzJG@tpnf;&Jh tajymif;tvJudk b,fvdkzefwD;rvJ pwJhar;cGef;aygif; waomif;ajcmufaxmifay:vmygw,f?

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atmi fxl; taxGaxG twGi f;a&;rSl;jrefrmedki fiH a&S haersm;aumi fpD

(RFA a[majymcsufrS)

EdkifiHa&; okw/&o

97


'D&ufydkif;twGif; jrefrmvlrsKd;awG&JŒ=um;rSm a&;yef;pm;aewJh owif;wpfck? +idrf;csrf;pGmtoGiful;ajymif;Ekdiffa&;eJ@pyfwJh owif;awG yg? [dkae&mrSmvJ 'Dowif;/ 'Dae&rSmvJ 'Dowif;?owif;ud k tESp fcs Ky fajym&&ifawmh “'Dr d kua&pDE k di f fi Hawmf’’ ok d @ toGiful;ajymif;a&;eJ@pyfwJhowif;pum;awGyg? vlajymolajymrsm;vmwJhowif;qdkawmh ([dkt&iftcgrsm;u'Drdkua&pDpum;ajym&if qef@usif a&;pum;vkd@txifa&mufae=u+yD; a=umufa&Smif a&Smifae=uwJh)trsKd;orD;awGvJ pdwf0ifpm;vm=u[efwlw,f? 'Drdkua&pD pum; pwifajym=um;vm=uw,f?pdwf0if;pm;p&myg? vltrsm;pk[m 'Drdkua&pDpum;ajymae=uayrJh 'Drdkua&pD&JŒ teSpfom&ubmvJqdkwm rodolu rsm;aeao;w,fvkd@ xifrdw,f? wcsKdŒuvJ Ak'<bmomyDyD 'Drdkua&pDudkbk&m;a[mcJhovm;vkd@ ar;ol rsm;yif&dSvmw,f? 'Dawmh “'Drdkua&pDudk bk&m;a[mcJhovm;’’qdkwm tjyefjyeftvSefvSef pOfpm;=unfhrdw,f? [kwfyg&Jh? bk&m; a[mpum;awmfawGxJrSm“'Drdkua&pD’’ qdkwJhpum; yg§rygaygh? pOf;pm;Ekdifzdk@yg? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh tawG;tac:udk *&d (Greek)

Ekdif fiHu pifusL&D ig;&mpkeJ@ av;&mpktv,fydkif;avmufrSm Ekdif fiHa&;ay:vDpDwpfcktaeeJ@pwifcJhwmvkd@ ayghayghyg;yg;odxm;zdk@yg?

bduQK"rRyd, (USA)

'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ Ak'<0g'D

jrefrmh,Ofaus;rSk okw/&o

98


1? jynfolawGuyJ jynfolawGtwGuf tky fc s Ky foltpd k ;&tzJ G Œud kvGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwifajrmufay;&wJh Ek dif fiHa&;pepfwpfckyg? jynfol/ jynfom;awGuwifa jrmufxm;wJ h tpd k ;& jzp fvk d @ E k di f fi HwGi f ;r Smae=uwJ h jynfol / jynfom;awG[mvGyfvyfpGmajymxkwfazmfqdkcGifheJ@ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:a&;om;cGifhwkd@udk&&dS=uw,f? jynfol/jynfom;awGua&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wJh EkdifiHawmf orRwwkd@/ jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;wkd@/jynfol@v$wfawmftrwfwkd@u EkdifiHawmfESifh jynfol/ jynfom;rsm;twGuf vlaer_pepfrsm;/pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;/ ynma&;pepfrsm;/ usef;rma&;pwJhpHepfrsm; jrif hrm;wdk;wufEk dif fap&efoifhawmfavSsmufywfwJhOya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;owfrSwfay;=u&w,f? twdkcsKyfajymawmh'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&qdkwm jynfolawGudk rSsrSswwtkyfcsKyfEk di f fa&;twGuf jynfol awGua&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;udkac:wm?

2? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm EkdiffiHa&;pepfwpfckjzpf+yD;/ jynfoleJ@tpdk;&=um;rSm EkdiffiHa&;yg0gudk tnDtrSsrSsa0+yD; EkdiffiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpfckyg?

3? 'Drdkua&;pD;pHepfrSm vltrsm;ajymqdkavh ajymqdkx&dSwJh pum;oHk;vHk;rSm -(1) vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh (Freedom to speech)

(2) vGwfvyfpGm yHkedSyfxkwfa0cGifh (Freedom of press)

(3) vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh (Freedom of religion)

'DvdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk vlwdkif;&&dSEkdiffatmif tpdk;&u cGifhjyKay;&wJhpepfrsKd;vkd@ qdk&rSmyg?'Drdkua&pDqdkwJhpum;[m jrefrmpum;r[kwfyg? *&dbmompum;rSqif;oufvmwJh qifhyGm;rsKd;jzpfwJhbmompum;yg? a&S;tvGef uswJh *&dEkdiffiH&Jh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm tpt?;ydkif;wGif ae&mcyfrsm;rSmrdkemcDpf (Monarchies) bk&if{u&mZf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk usifhoHk;cJhw,f? xdkrSwqifh tdkvD*gcDpf(Oligarchies) vltenf;pk tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ xdkaemuf wdkif&efeDpf (Tyrannies) tm%m&Sif(od k@r[kwf) tm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ xd kaemuf 'Drd kua&pD (Democracy)

jynfoluvGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJh A[dktpdk;&tzJGŒu tkyfcsKyfwJh tkyfcsKyfpepfqDokd@tqifhqifhul;ajymif;vmwJh EkdiffiHwpfEkdiffiHjzpfw,f?

4? 'Dvdk *&dEkdifiH&JŒtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;owfrSwf+yD;/ a0zefaxmufjyoGm;oluawmh yavwdk@(Plato) &Jh wynfh}uD; rsm; xJrS xif&Sm;vSwJh t&pfpwdkw,fvf(Aristotle) jzpfw,f?

5? *&dvlrsK d ; zDvd kqd kzm}uD; qd ku&wD;pf (Socrates) u ol@acwf/ol@tcgrSm'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ajAmifususa0zefcJh+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf&Jhtm;enf;csuf/ tm;omcsufrsm;udkvJ xkwfazmfa0zefoGm;cJhw,f? Polotics pmtkyf}uD;udk

99


a&;oGm;wJh qdku& wD;pf&Jhxif&Sm;wJh wynfh}uD;vJjzpf/ tu,f'rD (Academy) vkd@ac:wJh wuUodkvf(University) ausmif;awmf}uD;wpfckudk wnfaxmifoGm;cJhwJh yavwdk (Plato) uawmhol@q&m}uD; qdku&wD;pf&JŒ EkdiffiHa&;t,ltqrsm;twdkif;om qufvufusifhoHk; ajymqdkoGm;cJhw,f?

6? b,ftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;rqdk tm;enf;csuf/ tm;omcsuf rsKd;qdkwm&d SwwfpjrJrd k@ “'Drd kua&pDrS 'Drd kua&pDjzpfaewJholrsm;’’ owd rsm;vJ xm;Ek dif f =uzd k@yg?'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfeJ@pyfI EkdiffiHa&;pum; rsm;rsm;rajymwwfolrdk@ pdwfxJrSm rSwfrdaewJh'Drdkua&pDeJ@ pyfwJh tdENd,EkdifiH 0ef}uD;csKyf *s0[vm ae;&l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) ajymoGm;wJhpum;wpfc Ge f ;ud ky J vufqif hurf;a jymyg&ap? 0e f }uD;cs Ky fae¶ l ;u “uG sE k fy fuawmhtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfawGxJrSm 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk t}udKufqHk;yJ? bma=umifhvJqdk&if taumif;rsm;vkd@yg’’wJh? tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;eJ@ywfoufI qifjcifzkd@eJ@ pOf;pm;Ekdiff=uzdk@yg? bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfawGxJrSm “'Drd kua&pD’’ qdkwJ hpum; yg§ rygqdkwJ hpum;pOf;pm;+yD;avmufa&mhaygh? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJhpum;[m jrefrmpum;r[kwfovdk ygVdpum;vJr[kwfyg?*& dbmompum;r S qif ;oufvmwJ hpum;? ' Dr d kua&p Dqd kw J h E k di fi Ha&;a0g[m&pum;toHk;tE_ef;jzpfayrJh/ tJ'Dpum;&JŒteSpfom&u EkdiffiHudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;eSifh jynfol/ jynfom;rsm;yl;aygif;I om,mwJh vlabmifudkwnfaqmufEkdiff&ef udk,fusifhoduQm (Ethics) jrifhrm;a&;eJ@vlom;wpfa,mufY&dSoifhwJh pmempdwfeJ@ udk,fcsif;pm pdwfrsm; (Humanitarian attitudes)

zGifh+zdK;a&;wddk@udk pkaygif;aqmif&GufwJh tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfwckvkd@qdk&rSmyg? a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf xm;wJh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&u Oya'rsm;udka&;qJG+yD; jynfolrsm;udkumuG,fay;wJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwckvkd@vJ qdk&rSmyg? tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfrSm yg0ifwJhpHE_ef;awGu“vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh” rsm;tjyif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fwifajrmufEkdiffcGifhrsm;udk &&dSEkdiffa&;/ w&m;rSswpGm tkyfcsKyfEkdiffa&;/ t=urf;rzufa&;/vltcsif;csif; cJGjcm;qufqHr_rsKd; udkwmqD;a&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;/ EkdiffiHawmf&JhtcGifhta&;rsm;wef;wl&nfwl&&dSedkkifa&;/ vHkjcHKwJhb0rsKd;eJ@aeEkdiffa&;-pwJh ta&; awG yg0ifw,f? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; 'DvdktcGifhta&;awGudk touftaoG;awGay;+yD; awmif;qdkae&jcif;[m(odk@r[kwf) awmif;qdk&wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfae&jcif;[m tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm;eJ@tky fc s Ky fc Hvlwef ;pm;wk d @& J Œo¾mefr Sm ud k,fusi f ho DveSi f h jA[Rp d k& fw&m;awGqdwfokOf;oGm;cJ h =uwJhtwGufa=umifh jzpf&jcif;yg? usifh&r,fh rif;usifhw&m; (10) yg;udkrusif hc J h =uvkd@ jzpf&wmyg? Ek di fi Hawmf&JŒvrf;pOfud k usif hoH k;&mY 'Drd kua&pDyJajymajym/qdk&S,fvpfyJajymajym/ uGefjrLepfyJajym/ b,fvrf;pOfyJvdkufvdkuf vrf;pOfu t"dur[kwfyg?trnfemrut"dur[kwfyg? acgif;pOfu t"dur[kwfyg? ppfrSefwJh udk,fusifhoduQmeJ@ jzLpifwJhjA[Rp d k& fw&m;rsm;ud k usi f ho H k ; jy jci f ; uom t"duyg? ' Dr d kua&p D& J husi f hx H k ;[mvlwpfa,muf&JŒ&ydkifcGifhudk ajymwwfzdk@vdkovdk/ ¶kd;om;pGmeJ@ vdkufemusifhoHk;EkdiffrS jynfolawGvdkvm;wJh vl@tcGifha&;awGudk &&dSEkdiff=urSmyg? 'Drdkua&pD;EkdiffiHawmfu csrSwfxm;wJhOya'rsm;udk


100


jynfolrsm;u rvdkufemcJh&if bmacgif;pOfyJwyfwyf? b,fvdkyJ 'Drdkua&EkdifiHvkd@ajymajym/tajymeJ@awmh bmrSxl;jcm;vmrnfr[kwfyg? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Jhw&m;awmfawGrSm 'Drdkua&pDusifhxHk;awGtrsm;}uD; yg0ifaewmudk awGŒ&w,f?'Drd kua&pD usif hxH k;awGyg0ifaew,fqdkvk d@ jrwfpGmbk&m;[m 'Drd kua&pDusif hxH k;awGu,l+yD;a[mxm;w,fvkd@awmh rxifapvdkyg? 'Drd kua&pDusifhxHk;awG[m &mpkeSpfw&meD;eD;aemufus +y D ;r S ay:aygufvmwJ h E k di f fi Ha&;ay:vpDwpfc ky g ? xd kE k di fi Ha&;ay:vpD jzi f howfrSwfjyÏmef;ay;xm;wJh w&m;rSswpGmaeEkdif fa&;/ t=urf;rzufa&;/ vlom;tcsif;csif;umuG,fapmifha&SmufEk dif fa&;/ vl@tcGif ha&;udk tjyeftvSef av;pm; vdkufEk dif fema&;pwJhusifhpOfawG[m oDvoduQmjzifhjrSifhwifay;xm;wJh vlom;awGusifhoHk;&rJh udk,fusifhoduQmawGqdkwmem;vnf Ekdif f=uzdk@yg? oDvoduQm&JŒtm;omcsufu 'Drdkua&pDusifhxHk;rSm trsm;vufcH&iftrSe fw&m;onfyi f trSm; jzp foGm;E k di f fovd k / r Sm;,Gi f ; wJ hud k,fusi f ho duQmrsm;ud kr Se fuefwJ hud k,fusi f ho duQmvk d @ txifa&mufoGm;E k di f fwmrs K d ;awGvJ& d Sw,f? Oyrm/ud k,fusif hoduQmavsmhyg;vmrS kawG/ vlrS ka&;azgufjyefrS kawG/ vifr,m;uGm&Si f;r S kawG/'DvdktjzpfrsKd;awG[m rdom;pkrsm;twGuf/ txl;ojzifh i,f &G,fwJhom;i,f/ orD;i,fav;rsm;twGufuav;i,fawG &oif h&xd kufwJ h vl @tcGi f ha&;ud k ' Dr d kua&pDusi f hxH k ;awGu tumtuG,fray;Ekdiffbl;qdkwm odomxif&Sm;aeygw,f? umuG,fapmifha&SmufEkdiffa&;qdkwJh toHk;tE_ef;rSm Ak'<bmom¶_Œa'gifheJ@ 'Drdkua&pD¶_Œa'gifheSpfckt=um; tjrifwlwmawGvJ&dSw,f? tjrifrwlwmawGvJ&dSw,f? Oyrm wef;wltcGifha&;wkd@/+idrf;csrf;pGm twlaexdkifEkdiffa&;wkd@/ vlom;tcsif;csif; udk,fusifhoduQmjzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;pwJhta&;rsm;yg? 'Dta&;awG;u Ak'<bmomrSmvJ&dSw,f ? 'Drdkua&pDrSmvJ&dSw,f? rwlwJhtcsufawGuawmh rdbESpfyg;pGef@jypfcH&wJh uav;i,fwpfa,mufudk pm0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;pwJhtaxmuftyH hawGeJ@ Ek di fiHawmfu umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;xm;¶k HeJ@ vH kavmuf+yDvk d@rowfrSwfEkdiffwJhtcsufrsKd;awGyg? i,f&G,fwJhuav;i,frsm;rSm wu,f vdktyfwJht&mu rdb&JŒaEG;axG;wJharwWmw&m;yg? =uifempGmjzifh aEG;axG;vHkjcHKr_udkay;EkdifwJh rdbrsm;&Jh u¶k%mw&m;awG/rdbrsm;rS aEG;axG;pGmapmifha&Smufxm;r_a=umifh wcpfwcpf&,farmaewJh uav;i,frsm;&JŒtjypfuif;pifpGm&,farmaewJh rk'd wm oHpOfv_dif;awG/ om;i,f/ orD;i,fav;awGidk&ifoHacgif;,HrSmyJjzpfap/ tm¶kHOD;rSmyJjzpfap/ b,ftcsdeftcgrqdk pdwfrwdkEk difwJh rdbrsm;&J hOayuQmE SvH k ;om;rs K d ;awG qd kwmb,fae&mrs K d ;r Smr S r&E k di f =uvk d @y g ?EkdiffiHawmfaiGa=u;"eeJ@axmufyHhxm;wJh umuG,f apmifha&Smufr_rsKd;xuf jA[Rpdk&fw&m;awGeJ@apmifha&Smufxm;wmu uav;i,frsm;&JŒpdwf"mwfawGudk ydk+yD;&$ifvef;apw,f? pdwfusef;rma&;awG/udk,fusef;rma&;awGudkvJ ydk+yD;&apEkdiffw,f? 'gu uav;i,frsm;arSsmfvifhwJh vl@tcGifha&;yg?'Drdkua&pD usifhxHk;u 'Dp¶kdufwrsKd;udk ay;Ekdiffrnfvm;? aemufwpfcku 'Drdkua&pDusifhxHk;qdkwm 'Drdkua&pDEkdiffiHwGif;rSmaewJh EkdiffiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;&JŒvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom umuG,f ay;Ekdif f+yD;/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rSmaewJhvlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;&Jhvl@tcGifhrsm;udk &&dSEkdiffatmif/ &SifoefcGifhrsm;&Ekdiffatmif aqmif&Gufay;&mY tm;enf;aewmudk

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awGŒ=u&rSm? udk,fhEkdiffiHom;u oabmrwl&if vkyfvkd@r&EkdiffwJh usifhxHk;rsKd;yg? odk@aomf Ak'<0g'uawmhudk,fusifh oduQmeJ@ jA[Rpdk&fusifhpOfawGudkusifhoHk;&mY vlrsKd;uef@owfr_/ EkdiffiHuef@owfr_r&dSyJvlrsKd;tm;vHk;/ owW0gtm;vHk;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm; awGudk aqmif&Gufay;wJhusifhpOf? owW0grsm;tay:rSmarwWmw&m;rsm; / u¶k%mw&m;rsm;ud k wajynDxm;E k di f fw J h usi f hpO fr s K d ;y g ? ' gud kjA[Rpdk&fusifhpOfvkd@ac:wm? 'ga=umifh jrwfAk'<&JŒw&m;awmfrsm;[m 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrSmyJjzpfjzpf/qd k& S,fvpfEk di f fi Hr Smjzpf jzpf / uGef jrLepfE k di f fi Hr SmyJ jzpf jzpf / tm%m&SifE k di f fi Hr SmyJ jzpf jzpfusifhoHk;vkd@&Ekdiffw,fqdkwm rSwfom;Ekdiffzdk@yg? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;[m &mZ"rRvkd@ rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk vspfvsL¶_xm;+yD; udk,fhenf;/udk,fh[efeJ@tm;xkwf=uvkd@ wdk fif;jynfrSm jy\emawG r}uD;xGm;oifhyJ/ }uD;xGm;ae&wm?trkef;w&m;awG ryGm;oifhyJ yGm;ae=uwm? rqif;&JoifhyJ qif;&J'kuQawGa&muf ae=u&wm? bk&m;&JŒtqHk;truawmh &Sif;w,f? tod^m%f[m tusifhr[kwfbl;qdkwm? odxm;wJhtwdkif;usifhrStusKd;w&m;qdk wm jzpfay:vmwm? &mZ"rRw&m; q,fyg;qdkwm …(1) &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ qif;&Jolrsm;tm; tvSLay;jcif; ('ge)(2) udk,fusifhoduQmjzpfwJh ig;yg;oDvudk vHkjcHKatmifapmifhxdef;jcif; (oDv)/(3) tr_xrf;wkd@tm; pm;eyf&duQmrsm; vHkavmufatmifay;jcif; (y&dpPm*)(4) ¶kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif; (tZ…0)(5) om,mEl;nHHhpGm ajymqdkusifh=uHjcif; (r'N0)(6) tusifhoDvwkd@udk +cdK;jcHpGmapmifhoHk;jcif; (wy)(7) trsufrxGufjcif; (tauUm"e)(*) jynfolvlxkwkd@udk tcGeftwkwftrsKd;rsKd;wkd@jzifh rnSif;qJjcif;/ redSyfpufjcif; (t0d[d Ho)(9) onf;cH&jcif; (cEWD)(10) &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolwkd@oabmeSifh rqef@usifjcif; (t0da&m"e) wkd@jzpfw,f? ^m%fESifhqifjcifpOf;pm;Ekdiff=uzdk@yg? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;[m 'DusifhxHk;rsm;udk pGrf;EkdifforSsvdkufemr,fqdk&if jynfolawG&Jhb0awGvkjcHKpdwfcs&jcif;/ qif;&J/ csrf;om uGm[r_ enf;yg;jcif;/ jynfolwkd@&JhqENudk em;axmifay;jcif;jzifhjynfolawG&JŒvdktyfcsufudk wdkif;jynfrS jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdiffjcif;/ acgifaqmifrsm; &Jh ¶kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/udk,fusihf oduQmrsm; aumif;rGefjcif;a=umifh jynfolwkd@&JŒav;pm;r_udk ydkrdk&Ekdiffjcif;/ jynfolrsm;eSifhpum;ajym qd k&mY om,mEl;nH h +y D ; ud k,ftrlt&m/ E _wftrlt&mrsm; odr f har G Œ Iwdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;tay: =unfndKav;pm;pdwfrsm; ydkI ydkI jzpfay:Ekdiffjcif;/ tpdk;&udk,fwdkifuwd ki f ; jynfb¾mrsm;ud k cs K d ; jc Hp Gmusif haewJ htwGufa=umif h jynfolrsm;u vmbfay;/vmbf,luif;wJhtpdk;&tay: ,Hk=unfpdwfrsm; rsm;jym;vmEkdiffjcif;/ tcGeftwkwfrsm;udk aumufcH&mYrS swjcif ; / tvky fvky fvS suf om;orD;rsm; jym; jci f ; jci f ;a=umif h qif;& JwGi f ;eufaewJ hqif&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;tm; ynmay;jcif;/ tcGeftwkwfrsm; avSsmhayghaumuf cHjcif;/ vdktyfvmcJh&iffrdom;pkrsm;&JŒ0ifaiGudkxyfaqmif;ay;jcif; pwJhaumif;usKd;w&m;awGudk jrwfAk'<&JŒtqHk;trw&m;


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rsm;Y twdtvif;a[mjyxm;w,f? 'Dw&m;awmf&Jh teSpfom&awGudk vSspfvls&_xm;jcif;/em;rvnf;jcif;/ em;vnfxm;aomfvJ rusifh oHk;jcif;a=umifh vltcGifhta&;awG qHk;¶_H;ae&wmyg?'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDEkdiffiHawmfrsm;&Jh usifhxHk;Oya'rsm;udk arSsmfrSef;a&mf&rf;+yD; We want De-

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urBmay:&Sd tm%m&Sif}uD;wdkŒ. vkyf&yfrsm; (odkŒ )tm%mudkqkyfudkifxm;aomtpdk;&wdkŒ.rw&m; vkyf&yfrsm;udk tqdkygowif;"gwfyHkrsm;u urBmwnfSoa&GŒoufaocHaeayvdrfhrnf?xdkŒa=umifh tqdkygoufaocsufwdkŒonf jiif;Ir&aom pm&Gufpmwrf;oufao (DOCUMAN

TARY EVIDENCE ) yifjzpfayonf?txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; urBmay:&Sdtm%m&Sif}uD;pdk;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y +rdKŒawmf}uD;rsm;

onfppfajrjyif ppfwvif;rsm;jzpfcJhayonf? +rdKŒawmfcef;rrsm;. a&SŒwGifvnf; ppfom;rsm;uvufeufr&Sdaom jynfolrsm;udk ol&Jaumif;}uD;rsm;yrm ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhayonf? vufawGŒtm;jzifhoufaoxl&rnfqdkvSsif +yD;cJhonfh 2007 a&$0ga&mif oHCmhta&;tcif;wGif/ &efukef+rdKŒv,fql;avbk&m;a&SŒwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;*syefvlrsdK;owif;axmuf KANJI NAKAI tm;ypfowfcJhonfudk,aeŒb,ftcsdefwGifyif=unfh=unfh tifwmeufpmrsufESmay:wGif =unfh&_Edkifayonf?

xdkŒtwl 1988 ckESpfu jzpfyGg;cJhonfhta&;awmfyHkwGifvnf; &efukef+rdKŒ ukefonfvrf;tar&duefoH&Hk;a&SŒ/ r[mAE<Kvyef;jcHab;&Sd anmifyifykav;wGifaoewfrSefrSmudka=umufI ykef;aeaom vlrr,fausmif;om;av;rsm;udk b,fae&muvmrSef;rodonfhusnfqHrsm;uxdrSefIusqHk;cJh&onfhtjzpftysufonfvnf; tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGif raeŒujzpfcJhonfhtvm; &Sdaeayonf?

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tqdkyg tjzpftysufwdkŒrSm azsmufzsufIr&aom tjiif;yGm;&Ir&aom taumif;qHk;oufaorsm;/ cdkifvHkaomoufaorsm;&Sdygvsuf jynfolrsm;.qENESifhtnD vGwfvyfrSswpGmusif;ycJhaom 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f udky,fzsufI ppftpdk;&. rw&m;rSswpGma&;qGJxm;ygonfqdkaom 2008 zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'udk rausmfvGefEdkif=uIjynfolrsm;u 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwGifvuf&Sdtpdk;& udkrJay;a&G;cs,fcJhonfyJqdk=uygpdkŒ/ wufvmonfhtpdk;&topf uvnf;jidrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiHudkxlaxmifrnf? 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;uspGmwufvmygaomtpdk;&jzpfIvlŒtcGifhta&;udk rcsdK;azguf/ rdrdESifhtjrifrwlonfh N.L.D (trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyfudkyifa&G;aumufyGJ0ifEdkifonftxdOya'rsm; jyif+yD;pnf;&Hk;Edkifyg&JŒu,feJŒ tb,fa=umihftrSefw&m;udkvufudkifxm;jyD;trSefw&m;udk &J&J0Hh0hHaemifvmaemufom; rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;udk ajyjyqHk;raeaomq&mawmf OD;ynmoD[(a&$n0gq&mawmf) tm; 'kAdBp yk*~dKvf [kqdk&ygoenf;? q&mawmftm;'kAdBp yk*~dKvfqdk=uonf/ xdkuJhodkŒ owfrSwfcH&jcif;twGuf q&mawmfonfbma=umifh 'kAdBpyk*~dKvfjzpf&oenf;/bmvkyfcJhIjzpf&oenf;?q&mawmfonf EdkifiHa&;rvkyfyg/tpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&efr=uHpnfyg? oufaojy&efwm0efonf 'kAdBp [kajymaomolwdkŒ. ykcHk;ay:odkŒusa&mufayonf?

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1988 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;qdk&S,fvpfpepfudkawmfvSefaom ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ay:aygufcJhonf?xdkta&;awmfyH kumvwGif udpPwckjzif husaemfonf rEWav;+rdKŒod kŒa&muf&S daeayonf?jre frmwEd ki fi HvH k ; arm fawmfum; / r D ;&xm; / av,mOf / oabFm tm;vH k ;&yfwefŒoGm;onfjzpfIusaemf&efukefodkŒ jyefIr&cJhyg?xdktawmtwGif; rEWav;+rdKŒwnf;cdkcef;wckwGifusaemfESifhtwla&SŒae pma&;=uD;vnf; aomifwifaeayonf? aeŒpOfwnf;cdkcef;cay;&jcif;/v?uf&nfz d k ;xRi f ;z d k ; ponf jzi f haeŒpO fuke fusp& dwfrsm;& S dav&m ygvmaomaiGrsm;ukefoavmuf&SdjyDjzpfIpma&;=uD;uolESifhodaom rif;uGef;wzufurf;&Sdbkef;=uD;ausmif;odkŒusaemftm;ac:oGm;avonf? bkef;=uD;ausmif;uvnf;vGefpGmrS oabmaumif;avonf?ausmif;wGif eHeufpm/aeŒvnfpm/ npm jynfhpHkatmifaus$;arG;xm;avonf? usaemfvnf; =uHKwkef;ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmvdkonfjzpfI q&mawmfxHcGifhawmif;&mq&mawmfu udk&if 2 yg;udkvrf;jytjzpfxnfhvdkufavonf? usaemfESifhpma&;=uD;vnf;vrf;jyudk&if2yg;ac:aqmif&modkŒvdkufygcJhavonf? rif;uGef;rif;0Hawmif&dk;=uD;onf vGefpGmrSqdwfjidrfIom,mvSayonf? obm0 awmawmifrsm;.tvSw&m;rsm;tjyif ukef;wukef;/ acsmifwacsmif (bkef;=uD;ausmif;)/ a&uefwuefjzifh rsm;jym;vSpGmaomawmif&dk;aysmf &[ef;oHCmwdkŒudk zl;jrif&ygonf?xl;jcm;csufwckrSm ,QifESpfaygif; 30cefŒuusaemfa&mufzl;aom rif;;uGef;ESifhrwlawmhacs?

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tpdk;&tqufquf. rpGrf;aqmifEd kifaom udpPudkq&mawmf=uD;wyg;wnf;.OD;aqmifr_jzifh atmifjrifpGmpGrf;aqmifEdkifonfudk twk,lzdkŒaumif;vSonf? xdkuJhodkŒ oGm;&if;rSausmif;ocFef;wckwGif ntdyfwnf;cdk&avonf? xdkausmif;ocFef;onfyif usaemfajymjyvdkaomZmwfvrf;.tpyifjzpfonf? awmwef;awmifwef;jzpfI nOfheufonfESifh v.ta&mifrSm aiGa&mifawmufyaeonf? avoifhwdkif;ar$;aeonfhawmyef;&eHŒwdkŒuvnf; ar$;ysHvSonf?

q&mawmfxHrS rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;udk em,laepOf &[ef;tdk=uD;wyg;a&muf&Sdvm&mq&mawmfurdwfqufay;I od&onfrSm OD;yZif; Z0e(trnfrSefr[kwf) jzpfa=umif;oufawmfrSm50 omom cefŒom&Sdaomfvnf; ESvHk;a&m*g/ tqkwfa&m*g wdkŒa=umifh 60 ausmfru[kxif&ayonf? &[kef;=uD;onf txuftnmjrdKŒav;wckrS pD;yGg;a&;acsmifvnfaomrdom;pk.taxG;qHk;om;jzpfavonf? rdbrsm;.qdkqHk;rr_rsm;udkemcHI i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0rSpI pmayudk=udK;pm;cJh&m/ wuUodkvf0ifwef; pmar;yGJudk *k%fxl;rsm;jzifhatmifjrifjyD; &efukef=udKŒukef; pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;opf=uD;. yxrqHk;aom ausmif;awmfom;=uD;jzpfcJh&mrS BE ( CIVIL ) bGJŒudk&&SdcJhavonf?

rdom;pk. yxrqHk;bGJŒ&ol/ jrdKŒi,fav;. yxrqHk;bGJŒ&ausmif;om;/ pufr_t*FsifeD,mwa,mufjzpfcJhI rdrdudk,fwdkifa&m/ rdbrsm;a&m/ jrdKŒoljrdKŒom;rsm;yg aysmfrqHk;jzpfcJhayonf?xdkrSwqifh tpdk;&. y²v²u ( jynfolŒaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; ) aemifrSm q²v²& ( aqmufvkyfa&;0ef=uD;Xge )wGif ti,fwef;t*FsifeD,mrSonf n$ef=um;a&;rl;txd&mxl;rsm; tqifhqifhwufvmcJhavonf? rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;/&efukef/ rEWav;/ arjrdKŒponfhjrdKŒ=uD;rsm;wGif wdkifjcH/ tdrf,mrsm;

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0,f,lI? tdrfpD;um;/ukefum;rsm;0,f,lxm;Edkifjcif;jzifh csrf;om=uG,f0cJhavonf? arG;&yfZmwdjrdKŒi,fav;&Sd pmoifausmif;/ pm=unfhwdkuf/ bkef;=uD;ausmif;rsm; udk topfaqmufvkyfvSL'gef; Edkifjcif;/i,fpOfu oli,fcsif;rsm;/ qif;&Jolrsm;/ aqGrsdK;Omwdumrsm;udkvnf;axmufyHhay;urf;jcif;jzifhukodkvfjyKEdkifcJhavonf?

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jrefrmjynf&Sd awmawmifrsm;txdoGm;I tvkyfvkyf&onfjzpfI iSufzsm;a&myg&&Sdxm;avonf? w&ufwGif iSufzsm;a&m*g cHpm;&I aq;&Hkwuf&onfhtcsdefwGif rdrdarG;zGg;cJh&mjrdKŒuav;odkŒ jyefvnfaecsifonfh pdwfrsm;rSmwm;qD;r&Edkifatmif jzpfay:vmI tvkyfrScGifh,ljyD;jyefcJhavonf? jrdKŒa&mufawmh q&mawmftm;oGm;a&muf *g&0jyK&if; vSLjyD;aomudpPt00 twGufa&pufoGef;csaom tr_udkjyKcJhavonf? xdktcsdefwGif q&mawmfu ig;yg;oDvw&m;awmfudka[m=um;cJhavonf? i,fpOfuav; b0rSpI ig;yg;oDvta=umif;rSm od&SdcJhygonf? odkŒ&mwGif,QK=um;emonfavmuf pdwfr0ifpm;cJh/ ,QKrl tqdkyg q&mawmf. ig;ygoDvw&m;awmfrSmtdyfIraysmfpm;Ir0ifEdkifcJhyg rdrdESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufaeovdk/ rdrdudk a[m=um;aeovdkcHpm;&ygonf? pm;r0iftdyfraysmfjzpfaeI cGifhraphcifw&uf q&mawmfxHjyefoGm;jyD;rdrdodvdkonfhta=umif;udkar;jref;cJhavonf? xdkodkŒar;jyD;cgrS tajzudk wduspGm odcJh&jyD;jzpfI ydkIaexdkifraumif;jzpf&avonf?

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108


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armi farmi fbdk;vd_i f

109


bmomjyef tcef;quf

,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf

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bmbJajymajym ukdcspfEkdif&J@ ajcaxmufawG[m vufESifhrsufESmxufykdjyD;jzLaew,f?tESpf 20vkH;vkH; ppfzdeyfukd wygwfrSm 6&ufpD;xm;cJh&w,f? tusOf;axmif&J@tjyifbufukdwygwfwcg tjyifxGufwJhtcgavmufbJ t&yf0wf/ t&yfpm;0wfjyD; vrf;av#muf&wm? ol[mwygwfrSm w&ufbJ tjyifrSmaewJh omrmef&kkd;&kd;vlawGvkd cHpm;vkd@&w,f?

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110


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“taqmuftOD;emrnf rod&if oGm;&wmrvG,fbl;? tJ'Dae&mrSmu bkef;=uD;ausmif;awG trsm;=uD;&Sdw,f? ”pD;u&ufwvdyfukd xyfjyD;rD;n‡dvkdufw,f/ t=uHay:vmykH&rS

“OD;av; [kd;ta&S@u acgufqGJqkdifawG@vm;? tJ'Dta&S@u wuUpDorm;ukd ar;=unfhygvm;? tJ'Dvlemrnfu ukdoef;xkdufwJh? usaemfodor#awmh olu vl@ajrykHbJAs? b,fae&mrqkdolodw,f? olukdar;=unfh&if OD;av;oGm;csifwJhae&mukd odvdrhfr,f? tck odu um;odrf;csdefbJ?ol ulnDygvdrfhr,f? ”

..................acgufqJGqkdif[m bufx&DrD;tm;av;ESifh &kef;uefae&awmh odyfjyD; oJoJuGJuGJrjrif&yg?

acgufqGJa=umfteH@a=umifh Akdufqmvmovkd jzpfvmw,f? a&vnf;iwfvmw,f? olvm&if;udpPrjyD;rcsif; bmrSrpm;bl;vkd@ ol@ukd,fol *wday;xm;w,f? vrf;awG[m rD;rvmvkd@ tjrJarSmifae=uw,f? t&JpGef@jyD; tJ'D,mOfarmif;orm;ukd ac:vkdufw,f?

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wJh vljzpfEkdifw,f? ukdcspfEkdifu um;orm;tem; uyfxkdif&if;/ olodyfcsifwJh vrf;emrnfukdar;vkdufw,f? um;orm;u

“tJ'Dae&mukd usaemfodygw,f? 'Dvrf;u jzwfoGm;jyD;/ ta&S@vrf;ukd0if/ abmvkH;uGif;ukdausmf&if taqmuftOD;awG@r,f? tJ'D taqmuftOD;ukd ausmfvkduf&if vrf;ao;ao;av; awG@r,f? tJ'Dvrf;u cifAsm; &SmaewJhvrf;bJ? ”

“ cifAsm;oGm;csifwJh taqmuftOD;emrnfa&modvm;? ”um;q&mtar;ukd ukdcspfEkdifu“ [kwfuJh tJ'Dvrf;ukda&muf&if &Smvkd@awG@rSmyg? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? wu,fqkd&if

usaemfvkdufydk@ay; csifw,fAsm? tckum;odrf;jyD; reuf 4em&Djyefx&OD;r,f? ” “usaemf 'Dn atmifAef;vrf;ukd a&mufatmifoGm;&r,f? ”&,f&,farmarmESifh

oabm aumif;wJh ukdoef;xkdufukd ajymvkdufw,f? ukdoef;xkduf xyf&,fvkdufwJhtcg ukdcspfEkdifukdoef;xkdufukd rSwfrdoGm;w,f? t&ifaxmifusbl;wJhol jzpfw,f? ukdcspfEkdif emrnfwckukd&Gwfjyvkdufawmh ukdoef;xkdufuvnf; tJ'g ol@emrnfbJ jyefajymvkdufw,f? tckaygif30ausmf0aewJh ukdoef;xkduf u axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifukd aumif;aumif;rSwfrdoGm;jyD; acgufqGJa=umfygau|;vkdufw,f?

axmifxJrSmaewkef; 0vmrSma=umufayrJh tjyifrSmaewm=umawmh 0vmwmygyJ?“ ukdcspfEkdif usaemfhukd &kwfw&uf rrSwfrdbl;r[kwfvm;? usaemfh ukdcspfEkdifukd b,fvdkrS

rarhbl;? rD;&xm;oHvrf;vkd ydefjyD; za&mfzufqmrsufrSefESifh tckxufxd rajymif;vJbl;? cifAsm;

111


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“ axmifxJrSmaewkef; t=uD;tus,f &efjzpf=uw,f? usaemfwkd@tm;vkH;ukd axmifykdif=uD;u ppfwyfay:wmvkdufzkd@ xnfhvkdufw,f? a&S@wef;ukd oGm;&w,f? ay:wmawGb0 b,fvkdZmwfodrf;ovJqkdwm tm;vkH;odygw,f? usaemf iydefaumifav;[m ay:wmrSmqkd&if tckqkdaoavmufjyD? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u usaemfhtwGuf a&S@u rm;rm;&yfjyD; axmifykdif=uD;ukd &Sif;jyay;cJhwJhtwGuftqifajyoGm;w,f? cifAsm;ukd usaemf b,fawmhrS rarhygbl;? ”

ukdcspfekdifu “ usaemfvnf; tJ'DudpPrSm cifAsm;tjypfr&Sdbl;vkd@ xifxm;jyD;bJ? ”“ [kwfygw,f? usaemfvnf; tJ'DtzGJ@eJ@ rygwfoufygbl;? 'gayrJh axmifxJrSmawmh

bm rS jyefajymvkd@r&bl;av? ”ta&S@rSm awG@&wJh vrf;rus,f=uD;ukd jzwfarmif;&if; vrf;ab; vufzuf&nfqkdifukd

awG@vkduf&w,f? acgufqGJqkdifvnf; zGifhaew,f? n 10em&Dqkdawmh wdwfqdwfaew,f? q,frdepfavmuf b,fauG@/ nmauG@ESifh c&D;qufvmwm ukdcspfEkdifpdwfxJrSm oGm;csifwJhc&D;ukd a&mufawmhr,fvkd@ pdwfxJ0ifvmw,f?

“ q&m tdrfeHygwf rSwfrdw,f r[kwfvm;? ” “ ukdoef;xkduf usaemfajymwJh tdrfeHygwfa&muf&if usaemfhzmom &Smyg&ap? ”“ vrf;u 'Dvrf;bJq&m? usaemfhukd r,kHao;bl; r[kwfvm;? ”“ r[kwfygbl; ukdoef;xkduf/ cifAsm;ukd usaemf ,kHygw,f? ukd,fhzmom ukd,foGm;r,fvkd@

qkH;jzwfxm;vkd@yg? aus;Zl;ygyJ? um;c b,favmufusvJ? ”ukdcspfEkdif&J@tar;ukd“ q&m&,f ay;p&mrvkdygbl;? wckbJ&Sdw,f/ 'DuaejyefxGuf&if vrf;r=uD;a&mufzkd@

em&D 0ufavmuf tcsdef=umvdrfhr,f? 'gawmif cifAsm; uHaumif;jyD; vrf;rSef&SmawG@rSyg? ”“ ukdoef;xkduf 'Duaeapmifhaeyg? usaemfjyefvmyghr,f? ”“ 'gvnf;aumif;ygw,fq&m? usaemfvnf; wa&;warm usKd;vkdufOD;r,f? jyefa&muf

vm&ifom ekd;vkdufyg? rdef;rudpPqkd&ifawmh =umr,fxifw,faem? ”ukdcspfEk difu ukdoef;xkduf ykck H;ukd vufykwfvkduf&if; “cifAsm;pdwfxifwmawG

av#mufajym raeeJ @O D ;? usaemfu =umrSmr[kwfbl;? oGm;awG@r J h aumifrav;upum;av;wcGef;ESifh ar$;ar$;av; wcsufay;vkduf&kHESifh auseyfrSmyg? ”

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“ xifom;yJ rdef;rudpPqkdwm [J[J[J? ”um;wcg;ukd ajz;ajz;ydwfvkduf&if; arSmifaewJhvrf;xJ vrf;av#muf0ifoGm;w,f? tr_dufykHudkawmh a&;a&;av;jrifae&jyD? tdrfwcsKd@u za,mif;wkdif rSdefrSdefav;awG&w,f? 'Dbufae&mawG[m nykdif;qkd wcgwav rD;rvmwwfbl;? arSmifaewmukdbJ ukdcspfEkdiftwGuf ykdpdwfcs&w,f? 'gayrJh =uGuf=uD;waumif jzwfajy;wmjrifawmh enf;enf;vef@oGm;w,f? npfygwfaewJh tr_dufykHvrf;vnfqkH;a&m tkwfeH&HawG um;xm;wJh ESpfxyfwkdufukda&;a&;jrif&w,f? pdwfxJrSm [kd;a&S;wkef;u t*FvdyfawGaqmufoGm;wJh taqmuftOD;ta[mif;awGukd jyefjrifa,mifvmw,f? txJuuae acG;a[mifoH=um;&w,f? ausmif;&J@ eHab;rSmtaqmif =uD;=uD;wckudk jrif&w,f? rdbrJhuav;awGuk dpmoifay;wJh pmoifausmif;qkdwm'gbJjzpfr,fqkd jyD; pdwfxJrSwfvkdufw,f? taqmifjzLjzLbufu tjzLa&mif ,kefwaumifckefqGckefqGESifh ol&SdwJhbuf ukd vmaew,f? ukdcspfEkdifvnf; vef@oGm;jyD; aemufukdqkwfvkdufw,f?tJ'DtcsdefrSm vl=uD;wa,muf &J@ a[mufvkdufwJhtoHukd =um;vkduf&w,f? ckefqGckefqGESifh,kefvnf; &kwfw&uf&yfoGm;w,f? ukdcspfEkdifvnf; a=umufpdwfESifh wHawG;awmif r&Sdawmhbl;?tmajcmifawG ajcmufoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh teD;a&mufrS ,kefvkd@ckefqGckefqG taumifukdjrifvk duf&awmh a=umufpdwfuae &,fcsifpdwfyk d rsm;vmw,f? pdwfxJu tm;&yg;&&,fvkdufrdw,f? 'gukd vlawGodvkd@awmh rjzpfao;bl;? trSef uawmh axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifukdajcokH;acsmif;acG;u acsmufvkdufwJhta=umif;om jzpfygw,f?

'Dvkd arSmifrdkufvmwJhtcsdefrSm ukdcspfEkdifukd vl=uD;wa,mufu ar;vkdufw,f?“ b,folvJ/ bmudpP&Sdvkd@vJ ”“ usaemf q&mawmf OD;qbENeJ@ awG@csifvkd@yg? cifAsm;u 'Dausmif;u tapmifhvm;”“ r[kwfygbl;? igu xrif;csufbJ? 'Dausmif;rSm igu bmrqkdtukefvkyfw,f? ”vkd@

vl=uD;u jyefajymw,f?ukdcspfEkdifu “ 'Dvkd n=uD;rkd;csKyf vmawG@&wmukd awmif;yefygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf

q&m awmfeJ@ awG@rSjzpfrSmrkd@vkd@ cGifhjyKyg? ”“ rkd;odyfcsKyfoGm;jyD? cifAsm; jyefawmh? reufjzefrS jyefvmawG@yg? ”tJ'Dvl=uD;ukd ukdcspfEkdif vSrf;=unfhhvkduf&if;“usaemf tckvkd n=uD;tcsdefrawmf q&mawmhfukd awG@csifwm t&rf;ta&;=uD;vkd@yg?

q&mawmfukd rav#mufvkd@rjzpfwJh udpPrkd@vkd@yg? c%awG@cGifhay;yg? ”“b,favmuf ta&;=uD;=uD; tckcsdefrSm ausmif;xkdifq&mawmf/ pmcsq&mawmfESifh

ausmif; om;awG tdyfukefjyD? cifAsm; odygw,f/ 'gbkef;=uD;ausmif;As? tm;vkH; reuf 4em&D x=u&rSm?ighukd bJ=unfh touf=uD;wmawmif tm;vkH;tdyfjyD;rS tdyf&wm? tm;vkH;rEkd;cif Ekd;&w,f? rif;eJeJodzkd@ aumif;r,f? ”

udkcspfEkdif vufz0g;ESpfzufukdyl;jyD; &Sdckd;jyD;awmif;yefwJh ykHpHESifh“usaemfawmif;yefygw,f? q&mawmfESifh rawG@vdk@ rjzpfvkd@yg? c%av;bJ jzpfjzpf

q&mawmfukd Ekd;ay;ygcifAsm? usaemf uav;wa,muf vmykd@csifvkd@ q&mawmfqD vmav#muf

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wmyg? ”“ 'DrSm uav;awGjynfhaejyD? b,favmuf ao;ao;av;vJ? rqef@awmhbl;?

zsmtykdvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? trSefajym&&if uav;awG[m ae&mravmufvkd@ wa,mufay:wa,muf xyftdyf ae=u&w,f? igawmif[kdtzDav;atmufrSm tdyf&wm? [kdrSmawG@vm;?aowWmwvkH;? tJ'DaowWm ay:rSm igtdyf&wm? 'Dausmif;rSm&SdwJh O,smOfrSL;awmif tdyfp&mae&mr&Sdbl;? ”

“cifAsm;ajymwkef;u xrif;csufqkd ”“ [kwfw,f? ig[m tvkyftrsm;=uD; vkyf&wJhvlbJ ”“ aus;Zl;jyKjyD; q&mawmfukd Ekd;ay;yg? ”“q&mawmf 'DrSmr&Sdbl;? ppfukdif;ukd oGm;w,f? 3&uf 4&ufavmufae&if jyefvmr,f?

rif;wu,f q&mawmfeJ@ awG@rSjzpfr,fqkd&if aemuf 3-4&ufae&if aemufwacgufjyefvmyg? ”ukdcspfEkdif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJqkdwm t=uHxkwfvkduf&if;“ 'Dausmif;rSm q&mawmf r&SdayrJh ol@ukd,fpm; 'kwd,t=uD; tuJwa,muf a,muf

awmh xm;cJhrSmbJ? usaemf oleJ@awG@csifw,f? usaemf uav;wa,muf ta=umif; ta&;w=uD;ajymcsifw,f? ”

“ 'DrSm zsmvnf; tykdr&Sdbl;? aemufjyD; tJ'Duav;u igeJ@vnf; vmtdyfEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?ae&mtykdr&Sdqkdwm rif;tjrifbJ? touf=uD;wJhvl igvkdvlwa,muftwGufawmif ausmcsae&mr&SdoavmufbJ? ”

ukdcspfEkdifuvnf; “ OD;av; usaemf[m axmifuaxmifrSL;wa,mufjzpfygw,f?axmiftwGuf ta&;w=uD; vkyfp&m&Sdvkd@vmwm? aemufwcg b,fvkdenf;eJ@ vmzkd@rvG,fbl;?wwfEkdif&if wa,mufa,mufeJ@ pum;ajymyg&ap? wm0eft& pum;ajym&rSm? ”vl=uD;enf;enf;vef@vmw,f?

“ 'gqkd&if c%av;apmifhOD;? OD;a&0wukd Ekd;ay;r,f? olu rif;ukd ulnDEkdifvdrfhr,fvkd@xifw,f? ol@u tay:xyfrSm usdef;ygw,f? "gwfrD;oGm;,ljyD; Ekd;ay;r,f? 'DrSmbJ c%apmifhyg? ”

vl=uD; pum;ajym enf;enf; El;nHhvmw,f? ajymajymqkdqkd vl=uD;vnf; tarSmif&dyfxJukd0ifa&muf aysmuf uG,foGm;w,f?

vl=uD;[m vufwzufrSm "gwfrD;eJ@vufwzufu vufwef;ukdukdifxm;w,f? acgifrkd;tay:vkdae&mrsKd;ukd a&mufoGm;awmh vrif;=uD;ukd awG@vkduf&w,f? vrif;&J@tvif;ESifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifEkdifawmhw,f? vrif;ukd awG@awmh a':pENm (awZtar)ukd owd&oGm;w,f? pENmqkdwmygVdvkdvrif;ukd ac:w,f? ukdcspfEkdifpdwfxJrSm ig'Dukdvmwm ightwGufr[kwfbl;? awZtwGuf&,fa':pENmtwGuf vm&wmjzpfw,f? a':pENm[m rdef;ryDojyD tvGefusufoa&&SdwJh trsKd;orD;=uDwa,mufjzpfw,f? pum;ajym&if tjrJwrf;jyKH;jyKH;jyD; ajymwwfw,f? a':pENmESifh aemufqkH;t=udrfukdcspfEkdif qkHcJhwkef;u ta=umif;jyefowd&w,f? a':pENm[m awZtwGufarmfzdef;xkd;aq; (emusifoufomap&ef) aiGawGukd axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifvufxJ ay;vkdufw,f?

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“usr ra=umufygbl;? 'g[m ukd,fhom;orD;twGuf rdcifwkdif;vkyf=urJh wm0efbJ? &Sif[mwm0ef&Sd wJhvlwa,mufjzpfjyD; usrwkd@ om;trdukd ulnDvkd@'kuQa&mufrSm? &SifhukdbJ usrtm;emw,f? ”

awZ tpmiwfcHqENjywJhtcgus&if ukdcspfEkdifvnf; taetxkdif qifjcif&r,f? a':pENmukdxyfawG@vkd@rjzpfbl;? whcg;zGifhoHESifhtwl "gwfrD;a&mifatmufrSm bkef;awmf=uD;wyg; =uGvmwmukd jrifvkduf&w,f? xrif;csufwJhvl=uD;[m q&mawmfab;u uyfygvmw,f? ukdcspfEkdifvnf;a&S@udkwkd;&if; udk,fukd nGwfvkdufjyD; vuftkyfcsD t&kdtaojyKvkdufw,f?

“ uJ vmyg? igwkd@ [kdtcef;av;xJoGm;jyD; pum;ajym=uwmaygh? ” q&mawmfrdef@vkdufw,f? ” ..................

tcef; ( 49)pdwful;xJrSm ar#maew,f? udk,fhbmomukd ukd,fcE<mtjyifbufukdxGufjyD; tusOf;cef;

jzpfoGm;w,f? cE<mukd,f[m eH&HawG jzpfvmw,f? eH&Hukd rsufaphu azmufxGif;jrifvkdufw,f? 'gayrJh ukd,fhukdukd,f awZqkdwm odw,f? ukd,fvkH;=uD; qef@qef@tdyfaew,f? rsufvkH;awGvnf;ydwf aew,f?

'gqkd&if ukd,fhukdukd,f b,fvkda=umifh jyefjrifaewmvJ? ig[m wu,faooGm;cJhovm;?aeOD; 'g[m igt&ifaecJhwJh tacgif;wvm; tcef;r[kwfbl;? =unfhygvm;/ =urf;jyif[m oHrHwvif;r[kwfbl;? ausmufcJtuGufav;awG jzpfaew,f? rsufaph[m tjyifzufukd jrif&w,f? 'g[mt&ifwkdufydwfcef; r[kwfbl;? igtck wjcm;tcef;rSm a&mufaejyD? bmbJjzpfjzpf wkdufydwfcef;bJjzpfjzpf &kd;&kd;tcef;bJjzpfjzpf ol@twGuf[m bk&m;ausmif;aqmifwckbJ? yk*Hu apwDykkxkd;awGukdol@rdom;pkESifh a&mufcJhbl;w,f? oaA`LnKbk&m;0if;xJu opfyift&dyfawGatmufrSm tar[mav;rsufESm bk&m;rSm olwkd@udkf xrif;cGH@au|;bl;w,f?

uefawmf=uD;/ ty,f&wem/ *0,f=uD; bk&m;a[mpum;awG[m &ifxJrSm jrifhrm;pGm&Sdaew,f? e*g;&kHbk&m;ukd pdwfukl;,OfaeovkdbJ ukd;&mpkacwftcgu e*g;rif;[m usefppfrif;tm;umuG,fapmifha&SmufaeykH/ awZ[m tJ'Dae&mawG a&mufbl;w,f? tmeENmbk&m;&ifjyifrSm tdyfaysmfaerdw,f? av;bufav;vHu 0ifa&mufEkdifjyD; tm;vkH;qifwljzpfw,f? ta&mifwif cs,fxm;wJh qifpG,fvrf;rozG,f jrwfpGmbk&m;&J@ rsufESmawmfukd tvif;a&mifjzmaew,f?

'gayrJh awZae&m[m arSmifaeovkdbJ? bmjzpfvkd@vJqkd&if nOfhoef;acgif,HrSmrufaewJ h tdr fruf jzp faevk d @y J ? t&k%fO D ;u ra&mufE k di fao;yg? wHcg; =uD;bufuk dvSrf;=unfhvkdufrdw,f? rsufESmay:rSm at;pufr_ukd cHpm;&w,f? igb,fa&mufaeovJ?&SmazGae&if; awG@jyD? [kdrSmigbJ? (wu,fawmh tdrfajr‡mif) waumiftaeeJ@ jrwfpGmbk&m;&J@ykckH;awmfay:rSm tkwfcJawG/ bdvyfajr awGESifhvnf; aqmufxm;w,f? vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;& Sp f&mausm favmufu ' Dy k* H jynf =uD ;r Sm r D ;t=uD;tus,f avmi fc J hz l ;w,f?a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&J@vuf0Jzufvufz0g;[m xkdifaewJh ajc awmfay:ukd wifxm;w,f?

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vuf,mzufvufu ajray:ukd axmufxm;w,f?avScg;xpfawGukd vlESpfa,muf wxpfcsif;wufvmaew,f? vlwa,mufESifh uav;

wa,muf wD&Syftpdrf;ESifhr&rf;apha&mifykqkd;ESifh ESpfa,mufpvkH; zdeyfrygbl;? bk&m;&Sdckd;zkd@ vm=uwm? aumifav;[m Free ElsalvadorjzpfjyD; vl=uD;u umuD0wfpkHESifh axmifrSL; ukdvlacsm(c) nGef@a0OD;jzpfw,f? ol[m wu,fhvlacsmwa,mufjzpfjyD; a'gorsufvkH;awG r&Sdbl;?b,fvkdvkyfjyD; tJ'DvlESpfa,muf aygif;rdovJ? ol[m vSJavsmif;aew,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;u ol@tay:u v$rf;rkd;xm;w,f? aumifav;[m &SufaewJhykHpHESifh wckckajymcsifaeovkdbJ? toHxGufrvmayrJh tzkd;rsufESm[m ywf=um;tufjyD; jyKdusvmw,f? tkwfcJawGjyKdusvmjyD; ausmif;aqmif=uD;jyKdusoGm;jyD? ol[m tjyifzufuae =unfhaerdw,f? olrsufapha&S@rSm tkwfykH=uD;jrifae&w,f?tkwfykH =uD;xJrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&J@ zkefawGwufaewJh vufz0g;awmf/ vkH;0kdif;aewJh 'l;awmfESifhwawmifawmf? ol@rsufvkH;awG &Da0jyD; oJoJuGJuGJ rjrifEkdifawmhyg? ol[m ol@ukd,fol tdrfajr‡mifvkd@owfrSwfxm; wJh tdrfajr‡mifvnf; b,fa&mufoGm;jyDvnf;? Free ElsalvadorESifhaxmifrSL;vlacsmvnf; b,fa&mufoGm;jyDvJ? igwkd@tm;vkH; bmawG jzpfoGm;=ujyDvJ?

tkwfykHxJrSm vl@ESvkH;om;a&m t&kd;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? igwkd@[m touf&Sifjcif;ESifh aojcif;rSm&Sdw,f? igwkd@[m aoG;awGvnf; twlwlbJ/ tom;awGvnf; twlwlbJ jzpfw,f?tm;vkH;tkwfykHxJrSm ysufpD;cJhjyD? &kwfw&uf pmuav;iSufwaumif[m tkwfykHxJu xysHoGm;w,f?ol@&J@ cE<mukd,f[m avxJrSm ysH0Jaew,f? =unfhvkdufawmh tJ'Dpmuav;[m igjzpfaew,f? tawmifyHawGpm wcgu ajcaxmufawGbJ? tJ'DajcaxmufrSm tdrfajr‡mifu zufwG,faeygw,f?ysH oef;ae&if; vGifjyifawGukd awG@w,f? a&$tkda&mif vGifjyif/ tnKda&mif ta&jym;/ vl&J@ta&jym;/igvljzpfwkef;u ihg&J@ta&jym;? ..................

jrpfwpif;ukdvnf; jrifae&w,f? aiGa&miforf;jyD; wGef@vdrfaew,f? {&m0wDjrpfvkdbJjzpfw,f? vlawG&J@ jrpfwpif;/ igwkd@&J@ t"du jrpfwpif;jzpfw,f?

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yGifhaewJhpmtkyfjzpfjyD; pmtkyfxJu abmfvfyif tjzLa&mifu ol@&ifbwftay:ukd jyKwfusvmw,f? awZ oabmusvGef;vkd@ &,farmypfvkdufw,f? yg;pyfyg emvmwJhtxd &,farmrdw,f?quf&,fae&if; abmvfyif&J@ epfukd uvpfuvpfESifh ydwfvkdufzGifhvkduf vkyfvkdufw,f? wawmifESifh axmufjyD; tdyf,muxvkdufw,f? wukd,fvkH;wkefaeatmif &,farmrdw,f? yg;pyfu ykdemvm

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wef;pD; OD;usm;=uDu a&$a&mifvufywfem&Dukd =unfhvkdufw,f?“ at; rif;ajymwJhtcsdef twdtusbJ? ”“ usaemf tvkyfoGm;OD;r,f? OD;usm;=uD; 0g'gukd ac: jyD; wHcg;zGifhckdif;ay;ygvm;? ”“”rif; 'DrSm axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifvmwJhtxd aeygvm;? olvJ rif;ukd wjcm;ukd roGm;

apcsifbl; r[kwfvm;? ”aumifav;[m ol@&J@ vG,ftdwfukd pvG,fokdif;vkdufw,f? usefwJhtxkyfukd wifyg;ay:

ukd waZmif;wif&if; ukdifxm;vkdufw,f?OD;usm;=uD;u “ rif;[m txkyftykd;o,fwJh jrnf;waumifeJ@ wlaejyD ”vkd@

ajym&if;&,farm vkdufw,f? “ rif;ypPnf;awGrsm;&if 'DrSmxm;vJ &ygw,f? ig=unfhay;xm;r,f?”olbmrS jyefrajymyg? ol@&J@ vG,ftdwfu ol@twGuf ta&;=uD;qkH; jzpfw,f? tJ'DtxJ

rSm olwefzkd;txm;qkH;ypPnf;awGxJhxm;w,f? ol@&J@ wjcm;t0wftpm;xkyfukdawmh OD;usm;=uD;ukdtyfxm;cJhcsifayrJh OD;usm;=uD;tcef;xJu wjcm;vlawGukd olvkH;0r,kH=unfbl;?

“ ukdcspfEkdif vmac:wJhtxd rif;'DrSmbJ tysif;ajyaeygvm;uGm? rif;tjyifoGm;vkd@

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rif;&J@tcspfawmf axmifrSL;ukdvlacsmeJ@ awG@aeOD;r,f? ”ajym&if; &,fvkdufw,f? aumifav;[mol@&J@ E_wfcrf;ukd ukdufxm;vkduf&if;

“ usaemfu ukd,fhtvkyf ukd,fvkyf&OD;r,f/ q&m=uD;? aemufjyD;awmh aw;qkdiSufukdb,fol uxrif;ykd@au|;rSmvJ? 0g'gawGuawmh b,folrS aw;qkdiSufukdau|;rSm r[kwfbl;? ”

aemufjyD; wkd;wkd;av;ESifh“ q&m=uD; aw;qkdiSuf tckqkdawmfawmfydefaejyD? t&kd;ay:ta&wif&kHbJ? tajctae

odyf raumif;bl;? usaemf ol@twGuf tpm;tpmoGm;,ljyD; ay;csifw,f? 'g[m usaemfvkyfaewJhtvkyfyJ? ”

OD;usm;=uD;[m aumifav; awZtay:xm;wJh oHa,mZOfukd t&rf;tHh=oaerdw,f?ol@ukd q&m=uD;vkd@ tjrJac:wwfwJh aumifav;ukd ai;=unfhaerdw,f? 'geSifhbJ wef;pD;OD;usm;=uD;u0g'g ukd vSrf;ac:vkdufw,f? aumifav;ukd wkd;wkd;av;ESifh

“ rif; bmbJjzpfjzpf axmifrSL;vlacsmukd owdxm;? ol[m rif;&J@tdrfukdzsufqD; cJhjyD;jyD?rif;udkvnf; ajczsufypfrSm usdrf;aow,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf rif;wckckjzpf&if oHacsmif;acgufwJh qGmrd=uD;qDajy;? ol@&J@ oHacsmif;acgufoH[m 2qwkd;oGm;r,f? 'grSr[kwf&if axmifykdif=uD;qDukd ajy;oGm;jyD; wkdifvkduf? rif; vrf;rSm atmfjyD; ikdajy;&if vrf;w0ufavmufrSm olwkd@rif;ukd u,fvkd@&vdrfhr,f?wef;pD;pum; wcsuf&yfoGm;w,f? at; rif;aoaocsmcsm owdxm;jyD;vkyf&vdrfhr,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfaoatmifikdjyD; xGufajy;? rae@nu vlacsmAkdvfuswm 0g'gawGtm;vkH; odw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfrif;ukd 0g'gawG 0kdif;ulnDrSmyg? ”

“ [kwfuhJ OD;usm;=uD;? aus;Zl;trsm;=uD; wifygw,f? ”ajym&if; OD;usm;=uD;&J@ &ifbwfay:u usm;&kyfxkd;xmukd =unfhvkdufrdw,f? wjcm;aq;xkd;xm;wJh t&kyfawG[m wkwfyD;/ "g;yD;/ aoewfygyD;w,fvkd@ ,kH=unfjyD;xkd;xm;wmjzpfw,f? aumifav;vnf; tJ'D[mawGukd OD;usm;=uD;ukdar;csifayrJh rar;&Jvkd@ rar;jzpfyg? pdwfxJrSmawmh igvnf; =uD;ysif;vmwJh wae@ae@us&if OD;usm;=uD;vkdbJ uHaumif;EkdifwJh pmawGukd wukd,fvkH; aq;xkd;vkdufr,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f?

aumifav; awZtwGuf xrif;oGm;,laewJhtcsdefrSm pm;zkdrSL;=uD OD;qif=uD;[maxmifydkif=uD;twGuf pm;p&mcsufjyKwfaew,f? 'gayrJh 'Dae@awmh OD;qif=uD;[m vufzuf&nfwkdufwJh ckHay:rSm ususee xkdifae&if; ajcaxmufESpfbufukd ab;um;xm;vkduf&if; &GJaewJhAkduf=uD;ouf oufomomae&m&zkd@ vkyfxm;w,f? aumifav;pOf;pm;wmu 'Davmuf=uD;wJhvlxkdifwJhvufzuf &nfqkdifxdkifckH bma=umifhrusKd;ovJqkdwm?

OD;qif=uD;[m ykqkd;teDa&mifukd 'l;acgif;txdwifjyD; ttkdufajyatmif vkyfxm;w,f?jyLwif;aygufbufvSnfhjyD; aq;ayghvdyfukd ZdrfESifhaomufaew,f? aemufwa,mufu ausmay;jyD;xkdifaewm awG@&w,f? qHyifjzLawGESifhvl=uD; aumifav; aumifav;aumif;aumif;odw,f?aumif av;zuf vSnfh=unfhvkduf&if;

“ b,folrsm;vJvkd@ igwkd@&J@tcspfawmf =uGufowform;av;ygvm;? pdef,kH[m tcktJ'Demrnfr[kwfawmhbl;? usm;=uD;&J@ [kd[mukd pkyfay;wJhaumif jzpfaejyD? uGrf;,ma&mif oGm;awGay:

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'Da&jrijroef;wifh

EdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;qufatmif &,fvkduf&if; tcspfawmfav; igwkd@=um;vkdufw,f? rif; rae@u usm;=uD;eJ@ oGm;tdyfw,fqkd/ b,fvkdaevJ/ aumif;vm;? ”

pdef,kH acgif;wcsufndwf&if; “rif; [efaqmifraeygeJ@? rif; igajymwmukd aumif;aumif;odygw,f? ”ajym&if; qif=uD;qDu aq;ayghvdyfwvdyf qGJ,lvkdufjyD; rD;ndvkdufw,f? aumifav;tJ'D ESpfa,mufukd wvSnfhqD =unfhaew,f? wef;pD; usm;=uD; rdef;rudpPuif;w,fqkdwmv%Qmq&m pdef,kH odygw,f? axmifxJrSmvnf; aumifav;awGukd rapmfum;bl;? OD;usm;=uD;uwu,fukd [kd;wkef;u uGJcJhwJh &nf;pm;ukdbJ owd&aewm? aumifav;u r[kwfbl;vkd@ajymvkdufayrJh/ OD;qif =uD;u jzwfjyD;

“ aumifav; uHaumif;w,f? uHaumif;wJh aumifav;? rif;tJ'gukd odyf=uKdufovm;[m;--[m;--[m;---? ”

olwkd@pum;awGukd =um;vkduf&awmh aumifav; oHo,0ifvmw,f? ukdpdef,kHESifhOD;qif=uD; twlwlaygif;jyD; olwkd@ wckckvkyf zkd@ =uHaejyDqkdwmbJ?

'ga=umifh olwkd@ESpfa,muf 'Davmuftvkyfrsm;wJh reufykdif;rSm tjyifxGufjyD;xkdifapmifhae wmyg? aumifav;=uufoD;ar$;nif;awG xvmjyD; a=umufvef@aew,f? OD;qif=uD;uajcaxmuf um;jyD; a&S@ukdukdif;vmw,f?

“ igavmif;&Jw,f? rif;=uKdufrSmyg? rif; igeJ@ aemufbufzkd=uD;qDukd vkdufcJh? ighqDrSmqD aumif;aumif;&Sdw,f? [J---[J rif;=uKdufr,fvkd@ xifw,f? ”

aumifav;&yfwef@ aevkdufw,f? txJukd0ifjyD; awZxrif; yef;uefukd r,l&Jawmhbl;?ESpfa,muf ydwf&yfxm;vkd@awmh r[kwfbl;? aumifav; bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;? wrdepfavmuf=umoGm;w,f?

wvSrf;csif; aemufukdqkwfvkduf&if; wkdufydwform;awGtwGuf csufxm;wJh zkd=uD;ukdjzwfajy;vmw,f? awZtwGuf pm;pm&mawGukd vifAef;ay:wif&if; a=umufa=umufvef@vef@ESifhxGufvmcJhw,f? aumifav; awmfawmfuHaumif;oGm;w,f? wkdufydwfawGukd au|;zkd@ tpm;vm,lwJhtcsdefrkd@vkd@ vlawmfrsm;rsm; tcef;us,f=uD;xJrSm &Sdaew,f?

acgif;ukd a&S@wnfhwnfhxm;jyD; ukdqif=uD;ESifh ukdpdef,kHwkd@udk aemufausmay;jyD; vGwfvyfwJh avat;ukd&_&_duf&if; awZ&SdwJh taqmifzuf ajcvSrf;cJhygjyD? aemufausmzufrSm OD;qif=uD;ESifhukdpdef,kHwkd@ESpfa,muf bmawGajymjyD; usef&pfcJhw,fqkdwm rSef;vkd@&w,f? olwkd@ESpfa,mufaumifav; ta=umif;ajym&if; &,farm [m;wkdufaerSm usdrf;aow,f? qufvufaz: jyay;oGm;ygrnf?

.................. armi farmi fvwf (c)Roland Hardy

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'Da&jri fhopfjroef;wifh

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvufxuf jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcHppftm%m&Sifrsm;rS

xkwfa0cGifhjyK+yD;aemufydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh. 'Da&jrifhopf(armfpDwkef;ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;&Jabmfrsm;taejzifh vufawG@b0/ w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifhcH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk@

avhvmod&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpfaz: jyvdkufygonf?(pma&;ol.rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&;cufcJojzifh today;jcif;r&Sdonfudk

cGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf?)

EdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

,cifvrStquf1948 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJwGif w&kwf vpfb&,f ynmwwfrsm;u/ uef@uGuf

pmwapmifud k ukvor*~od k@ yd k @vd kufonf? xk duef@uGufcsufwGif tar&duef.axmufyHhaiGrsm;onf jynfwGif;ppf&Sdefudk jrSifhaea=umif;/ wzufowf pmcsKyfrsm;a=umifhw&kwfjynfonf/ tar&duef. udkvdkeDwck jzpfaea=umif;/ csefau&Sdwf rsufESmudkomaxmufxm;aev#if/ tar&duefonf w&kwfjynfol vlxk. cspf=unfr_udk qHk;&_H;rnfjzpfa=umif;jzifh yg&Sdonf?

1946 ckESpftxd uGefjrLepfygwDonf t&_H;zufwGif a&mufaeonf xif&onf?ppfrsufESmwGif atmifyGJ}uD;}uD;us,fus,f r&ao;? odk@&mwGif csefau&Sdwfwyfrsm;udk ac|I/acsr_ef;ypf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf udkum; rdrd&& qkyfxm;onf? armfu omvGef}uD;rm;aomtiftm;jzifh/ &efol. aysmhuGufudk r!Smrwm xdk;ESuf&rnf[k ajymcJhonf? 1946 ckatmufwdkbmvwGif a&;o!fh/ “oHk;ved*Hk;csKyf” pmwrf;wGif armfu ulrifwef wyfr (190)teuf wyf (25) ckudk vHk;0 acsr_ef;ypfcJhonf? wyfr (190) teuf w0ufausmfrSm 4if;wdk@odrf;xm;o!fh +rdK@rsm;wGif +rdK@apmifhwyf wm0ef,lae&onf[k armfu ajymonf? TtwGufarmfwdk@bufrS tvwfwef;pm; +rdK@rsm;udk pGef@v$wf&onf? odk@&mwGif udpPr&Sd? xdk+rdK@rsm;udk

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r=umrSD jyefodrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k armfu wm0efcHonf? TonfrSm v_yf&Sm;ppfwGif ppfa=umif;rsm;a&G@vsm;a&;rludk vufawG@usifhoHk;jcif; jzpfonf?

“csefau&Sdwf&J@ wyfom; (60000) udk/ [mvm[if;vif; jzpfaewJh/ +rdK@uav;(17) +rdK@eJ@ ay;0,fcJh&w,f ” [k wyfeD AdkvfcsKyf vsLydkcsif;u tifemvl0D pxa&mif;udkajymcJhonf? (xdk Ad kvfcsKyfrSm Zufc|rfjynfe,fwGif vlrsdK;pk t}uD;tuJrsm;ESih f twl/=uufvnfacsmif;aoG;udk azmufaomufcJhol jzpfonf?) ajr,may:vpDESifh jynfolrsm;.oufarG;r_ vkyfief; wnf+idrfatmif/ vkyfay;a&; ay:vpD a=umifh uGefjrLepfygwD Edkif&rnf[karmf ,Hk=unfonf? ajr,mjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk rSefuefpGm jyKvkyfEdkifo!fh a'orsm;wGifv,form;rsm;u ygwDud k axmufcH =uonf? wyfeDawmfu &efol (10000)udkokwfoifcJhaomfvnf; udk,fhbufu xdcdkuf usqHk;olrSm (2000) cef@om &Sdonf? 1946 ckarvwGif v,form;rsm;. awmif;qdkcsuft& ygwD. ajr,may:vpDudk jyifvdkufonf?

armfonf ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; udk,fwdkif qGJonf? ol@wyfr_;tcsdK@urdrdwdk@ &_H;I csefau&Sdwfu tEdkif&aecsdefjzpfojzihf ajymufusm;ppfy&d,m,fudk toHk;jyK&eft}uHay;onf? armfu ajymufusm;ppftqihf ukefoGm;+yD[k ,lqonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@udk rkcs atmifapI csefau&Sdwfudk rkcs &_H;apr!fh tajccHta=umif;jzpfaom csefau&Sdwf rausmfeif;Ed kifaom EdkifiHa&;ESif h pD;yGm;a&; tajccHyËdyuQrsm;tjyif ppfa&;wGif csefau&Sdwf wyftzdk@ ppfa=umif; us,fjyef@vGef;jcif;ESifh wyftiftm;rvHkavmufjcif;wdk@ t=um;&Sd yËdyuQonfvnf; jyif;xefvmonf? xdkyËdyuQonfu|efawmfwdk@udk atmifapI csefau&Sdwfudk &_H;apr!fh wkduf&dkuf ta=umif;&if; rkcsjzpfvmvdrfhrnf?” ( “oHk;ved*Hk;csKyf” pmwrf;? vufa&G;pifusrf;? twGJ 4 )

jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfonf r=umrSDwGif aoe*FAsK[m vufOD;r_udk&,lEd kifvdrf h rnf? ulrifwefESih f uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@. ppftiftm; tcsdK;tpm;onfajymif;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k armfu edrdwfzwfonf? odk@&mwGif ppfonf =um&Snfvdrfhrnf? pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;/ b¾a&;/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;/ axmufyHha&; po!fh udpPrsm;wGif aphpyf aocsm&rnf?a&&SnfwdkufyGJtwGuf ac|wm&rnf? vltiftm;/ vufeuftiftm;wdk@udk ac|wm&rnf?pdwf"gwfonf ta&;}uD;qHk; jzpfonf? ppfwyfonf wkdufcdkufa&; tiftm;pk/ tvkyfvkyfo!fhtiftm;pk/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk jzpf&rnf[k armfu qdkonf?

armfonf &J0Hhjywfom;o!fh ajcvSrf; wvSrf;udkvnf; vSrf;vdkufonf? ,if;rSm+rdK@awmfeD ,iftef;udk vufv$wf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?

csefau&Sdwfonf tvkyfESpfckudk vkyfvdrfhrnf? wckrSm ol@pdwf}udKuf udk,fpm;vnfrsm;ygaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH twkudk ac:qdka&; jzpf+yD;/ wckrSm ,iftef;udk odrf;ydkufa&; jzpfonf[k1946 ck Edk0ifbmvwGif armfu a[mudef; xkwfonf? xdktcsdefu csefau&SdwfonfuGefjrLepfwdk@xHrS +rdK@aygif; (160) udk odrf;ydkuf+yD; jzpfonf? Ttvkyf ESpfckudk vkyfv#if/csefau&Sdwfonf ol@ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;udk vkyfrdvsufom; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k armfu

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owday;onf?1947 ck ESpfOD;wGif ac|ppfa=umihf vnf;aumif;/ +rdK@apmihfwm0efrsm;a=umihf vnf;aumif;

uGefjrLepfrsm;xH vufeufcs jcif;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ csefau&Sdwfwyfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;EdkifpGrf;onfavsmhenf;oGm;onf? xdk@a=umihf csefau&Sdwfonf ppfrsufESm tm;vHk;wGif xdk;ppf}uD;rsm; qifE$J&eft}uHudk pGef@v$wfvdkuf&onf? csefau&Sdwfu &SefawmifESihf ajrmufydkif; &SefpD;jynfe,fudkt"duxm;I xdk;onf? xdkjynfe,frsm;&Sd uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;udk *%ef;vufr o¾mef!SyfIwdkufonf?

Edk0ifbmv (15) &ufae@wGif csefau&Sdwfu ol@pdwf}udKuf udk,fpm;vnf (2000)wufo!fh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk jyefI usif;yonf? xdknDvmcHodk@ uGefjrLepf udk,fpm;vnfrsm;rwufa&muf=u? “wygwD trsdK;om;nDvmcH” jzpfonf[k csLtifvdkif;u ausnmonf?aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ wHcg;ydwfoGm;+yD[k qdkum csHKuif;rS ,iftef;odk@ jyefonf?

1947 ck azaz:0g&DvwGif armfu “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhopfudk }udKqdk=u” [k wdkif;jynfodk@ ausnmpmwrf; wapmif xkwfvdkufonf?

“csefau&Sdwf tpdk;&u azmufjyefaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh b¾ma&;ay:vpDrsm;udktcsdef=umjrihfpGm usifhoHk;vmcJhjcif;/ csefau&Sdwf. AsK&dku&uf vufa0cH t&if;onf/ausmf=um;aom EdkifiHa&mif;pm;o!fh pmcsKyf jzpfaom/ w&kwf-tar&duef ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;pmcsKyft&/ tar&duef e,fcsJ@t&if;&SifESih f aygif;pyfvmcJhjcif;wdk@a=umifh qdk;0g;o!fhaiGazmif;yGr_rsm; v#ifjrefpGm }uD;us,fvmonf? w&kwf trsdK;om; pufr_vkyfief;ESif hukefoG,fr_vkyfief;wdk@rSm ae@pOfESihftr# c|wf+cHK usvmonf? vkyfom;xkESihf tpdk;& tr_xrf;rsm;/ausmif;q&mrsm;. pm;0wfaexdkifr_rSm wae@xufwae@ qdk;0gvmonf? tv,ftvwfwef;rSvltrsm;pk. pkaiGrsm; qHk;&_H;+yD;/ rGJjymusvmonf? odk@jzpfonftwGuf tvkyfo rm; oydwf/ausmif;om; oydwfESifh tjcm;wdkufyGJrsm;rSm tqufrjywf jzpfay:aeonf? w&kwfjynfwGifr}uHKbl;o!fh pD;yGg;a&; t=uyftwnf;onf jynfolvlxk tv$mtm;vHk;udk +cdrf;ajcmufae+yD ”[k armfu a&;onf?

csefau&Sdwfu xHk;pHtwdkif; “ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;” &ef aemufw}udrf zdwfac:+yD;/ zdwfac:csufudk csufcsif; jyef&kyfodrf;vdkufonf? csKHuif;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD qufoG,fa&;udk,fpm;vnf tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk csHKuif;rS xGufcGm&ef awmif;qdkvkdufonf? xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyf[lqefeef;. uGyfuJr_jzifh ,iftef;udk wyfom; (230000) jzifh wdkufI/ &Sefawmifudk wyfom;(450000) jzifh wdkufonf?

1947 ck rwfv (16) &ufae@wGif uGefjrLepfwdk@u ,iftef;rS qkwfay;vdkufonf?,iftef;rS uGefjrLepfwyfwdk@ ajymif;a&$@ay;yHkudk tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;u tao;pdwf a&;onf?Orifrsm;udk [mvm [if;vif; xm;cJh=uonf? aq;&HkrS vlrrmrsm;udk xrf;pifrsm;jzihf yxrqHk;a&$@onf? armfESifh csLtif vkdif;wdk@u aemufqHk;rS xGufcGm=uonf?+rdK@udk pGef@cGm&jcif;onfr"me r[kwf? “tdk;cGuf yef;uefrsm;”udk pGef@&jcif;rsdK;omjzpfonf? Tonfudk uav;rsm;yif

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em;vnfonf?“+rdK@udk vufv$wf&rvm;/ odrf;xm;&rvm;vdk@ ar;vm&if/ +rdK@udk odrf;xm;Edkifwmu

ydkaumif;wmayghvdk@ ajym&rSmyJ? 'gayr,hf +rdK@udk vufv$wf&o!fhwdkifatmif u|efawmfwdk@rSefygw,f? jynfol@ppfyGJ w&yf&J@ tEdkift&_H;udk/ +rdK@ odrf;xm;Edkifovm;/ vufv$wf&rvm;qdkwJhtcsufu rqHk; jzwfygbl;? ajr,m jy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkifovm;/ rajz&Sif;Edkifbl;vm; qdkwJhtcsufuom qHk;jzwfw,f”[k armfu tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;udk ajymcJhonf?

ulrifwef AdkvfcsKyf [lqefeef;onf/ ,iftef;udk odrf;+yD;aemuf ol@vufxyfyGJudkusif;yonf? ([lqefeef;rSm ,iftef;udk rodrf;Edkifao;or# rdef;r r,l[k opPm qdkcJholjzpfonf?) csefau&Sdwf. trnfonf urBmhowif;pmrsm;wGif pmvHk;rJ}uD;jzifh ygvmonf?urBmu ol@udk atmifEdkifol[k =obmay;=uonf? odk@&mwGif csefau&Sdwfonf ajrmufydkif;wGifrD;&xm;vrf; wvrf;udkr# rzGihfEdkif?armfonf ajrmufydkif; &SefpD; tajccHa'orS rcGm? csLtifvdkif;/*sifay&Sd/ 0rfwkef&Sif;wdk@ESihf twl tajccHa'o vlxkrsm;xJwGif vS!fhaeonf?

rxifr&Sm; &Gmuav;rsm;rSaeI ppfqifa&;rsm;udk uGyfuJonf?qufom;rsm;v$wfonf? ol@ZeD; csefcsif;vnf; ygonf? tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y armfonf [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufonf?ajraygufonf? armfESifh csLtifvdkif;onf emrnf0Sufrsm;jzihf w&Gm+yD; w&Gm ajymif;ae=uonf?armfu vDawh&Sef[k emrnf ajymif;xm;onf? csLtifvdkif;u [lyDcsif; [k trnfcHonf?ulrifwef wyfom; (230000)u olwdk@udk bD;pdyfwdkufovdk vdkuf&Smae=uonf? wcgw&HwGifolwdk@onf ulrifwefrsm;ESihf (12) rdkif avmufom a0;onf? odk@&mwGif armfonf jynfolvlxkudk,Hk=unfonf? ol@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf bmr#ylyifjcif;r&Sd?v,form;rsm;u armfonf EGm;ausmif;om;EGm;udk ezm;}udK; qGJvmovdk/ csefau&Sdwfudk ezm;}udK;wyfI qGJvmonf[k ajymprSwfjyK=uonf?

armfonf ajrmufydkif;ppfrsufESmu ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif uGyfuJonf?ulrif wef AdkvfcsKyf [lqefeef;udk armatmif vkyfonf? a&S@u ajy;jyum/ wzef aemufodk@jyefvS!fhonf? &efol@wyfudk tuGJuGJ tjym;jym; jzpfaeatmif vkyfonf? &efolwyfudk awmawmifv#dKajrmifawGxJodk@ jrSLac:um 0dkif;I wkdufonf? awmawmifxJwGif &efolwyfrsm; tpmiwfa&iwf jzpf=uonf? armyef; EGrf;e,f=uonf? vlxkaxmufcHr_ r&yJ/ txD;usef jzpf=uonf?Todk@ vkyf+yD;rS/ armfonf &efolwyfudk wydkif;pD ac|ypfonf? “[lqefeef;u vufoD;qkyf+yD;0ifvmw,f? u|efawmfwdk@u ol@vuf0g; jzef@atmif vkyf+yD;/ vufacsmif;awGudk wacsmif;pDjzwfypfw,f” [k armfu ajymonf?

A[dkaumfrwD. vkyfief; wGifus,fap&ef/ A[kdaumfrwD tvkyftzGJ@wckzGJ@+yD;/ &efolxdk;ppfESihf a0;&m &SefpDajrmufydkif;odk@ ydk@vdkufonf? vsLa&SmufcsDu tvkyftzGJ@. twGif;a&;r_;jzpfonf? armf/ csLtifvdkif;/ *sifay&SdESifh 0rfwkef;&Sif;wdk@u tajccHa'owGif ae&pfcJh=uonf?A[kdaumfrwDudk Todk@ cGJvdkufjcif;rSm tvkyf wGifus,fap&ef jzpfonf? xdk tvkyftzGJ@ ESihftwlcsLaw;vnf; ygoGm;onf? tvkyftzGJ@onf [dkayh jynfe,fxJodk@ a&$@oGm;onf?

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xd ka'owGi fvnf; tajcc Hpce f ;r sm; wnfaqmuf +y D ; jzp fonf? vsLa& Smufc s Da&mufvmo!fhtcgwGif xdkajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;udk qufvkyfonf? Ta'ouajr,m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;onf/ aemif armf-vsL yËdyuQwGif jy\emw&yf jzpfvmonf? 1947 ck {+yDvESifh arvrsm;wGif wdkufyGJ}uD;rsm; jzpfyGm;&m/ xdkwdkufyGJrsm;wGifuGefjrLepfwdk@u tEdkif&vdkufonf? &efol vufeufcJ,rf; rD;ausmufrsm;/ &duQmrsm;/,leDazmif;rsm; &vkdufonf?

1947 ck ZlvdkifvwGif A[kdaumfrwD wdk;csJ@ tpnf;ta0;udk ajrmufydkif; &SefpD;wGifusif;y&m armfu obmywd vkyfonf? Ttpnf;ta0;odk@ wyfeDawmf wyfr_;}uD;rsm;vnf;wuf=uonf? aoe*FAsK[mcHppfrS aoe*FAsK[m xkd;ppfodk@ ajymif;+yD[k armfu ausnmonf?xdkESpfwESpfvHk; [lqef eef;onf armfudk aemufu xyfcsyfvdkufonf? armfu tdajEN rysuf?&$ifvef;aeonf? v,form;rsm;ESif h pum;ajymonf? Ed kifiH jcm;bmomwckudkyifoifvdkufao;onf? armfu Orif0wGif csLtifvdkif;ESifh twl xkdifum/ a&'D,dk em;axmifwwfonf?v,form;rsmvnf; vmwwfonf? v,form;rsm;tm; a&'D,kd v#yfpD;v_dif;rsm; ta=umif;udk&Sif;jywwfonf?

armfu ol@wyfom;rsm;tm; &Gmom;rsm;udk ulnD&rnf[k trdef@xkwfonf?xif;acGay;onf? a&wGif; wl;ay;onf? aumuf&dwfay;onf? “jynfolrsm;[m oHr%dwHwdkif;}uD; jzpfw,f” [k armf ajymavh&Sdonf? 1947 ck pufwifbmvwGif armfuaoe*FAsK[m xdk;ppfESih f ywfoufI ausnmcsuf wapmif xkwfonf? ,cktxduGefjrLepfwdk@bufu wyfom;/ (300000) xdcdkuf usqHk;I/ e,fajr trsm;tjym; qHk;&_H;cJhonf?odk@&mwGif ulrifwefwdk@ tustqHk;u ydkrsm;onf? wyfom; (1120000) acsr_ef;cH&onf?

,cifu wdkufyGJrsm;rSm tajccHa'otwGif;ydkif;wGif jzpfyGm;jcif; jzpfonf? ,ckaoe*FAsK[m xdk;ppf tqifhwGif/ wdkufyGJrsm;onf tjyifydkif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;onf?ulrifwefe,fajrrsm;xJodk@ 0ifI/ tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmufojzifh ulrifwefwyfrsm; ydkIjyef@vm&onf? ppfa=umif;rsm; ydk&Snfvmonf? csefau&SdwfwGif &Sdo!fh ppfom;jzihf rvHkavmufawmh? xdk@a=umihf csefau&Sdwfu aemufxyf wyfom; woef;pkonf? twif; t"rR ppfwyfxJacsmqGJjcif;/ tiSm;ac: jcif;wdk@a=umihf ulrifwef wyfom;rsm; pGef@cGm xGufajy;=uonf?omvGefo!fh tiftm;jzifh &efoludk pk+yHKxdk;ESufjcif;/ txD;usefjzpfatmif vkyfjcif; wdk@tjyif,cktqifhwGif tv,f tvwf+rdK@rsm;udk odrf;ydkufa&;vnf; ygvmonf?

uGe f jrLep fr sm;tzd k @ vufeufa&mvlyg ulri fwefwd k @xHr S &vmonf?tajccHa'oopfrsm;wGif vnf; ajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfonf? ppfqifa&;rsm;. tajccHtjzpfvlr_awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$Jonf?

tar& duef A d kv fc s Ky f a0' Dr D,monf /pp fom;aumi f ;wa,muf jzp fonf?tawG@t}uHK&Sdol jzpfonf? “vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ 'kwd,ESpftwGuf aoe*FAsK[m vrf;!$ef”[laom pmwrf;udk armf xkwf+yD;o!fhaemufwGif AdkvfcsKyf a0'DrD,m tajctaeudk tuJcwfrd+yD?

bmomjyef tcef;quf

124


orw x&l;rif;. !$ef=um;csuf t& oHk;vtwGif; ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeudkavhvmoHk;oyf+yD;aemuf “ykvdyf!Sif;yef;r_ rsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; tusihfysufr_rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;!hHzsif;r_rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&; c|wf+cHKusr_rsm;/ ppfwyf. wkdufpGrf;&nfrJhr_rsm;/ vlxkaxmufcHr_r&o!fhom"ursm;onf zHk;uG,fI r&awmh” [k tpD&ifcHvdkuf onf? tpdk;&onf b¾ma&;udkrEkdifeif;awmh? ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;uvnf;/ a=umufp&maumif;atmif wdk;wufaeonf?vufeufESihf vltiftm; omvGefo!fhwdkif/ ppfa&;uvnf; tajctaeqdk;aeonf? odk@&mwGiftar&dueftpdk;&onf trSefudk trSeftwdkif; tpD&ifcHo!fh/ tar&duef t&m&Sdrsm;udkz,fxkwfcJhonf? trSefudk zHk;um/ tar&duefjynfolrsm;udk ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fr# vdrfvnfvS!fhzsm; cJhonf? armf. a&;om;csufrsm;wGif ppfa&;ppf&mrsm;tjyif ajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;Ivnf; trsm;tjym;ygonf? armf.EdkifiHa&; aoe*FAsK[monf ppfaoe*FAsK[muJhodk@yifxGe f ;ajymifonf? awmfvSe fa&;. enf;emw&yf jzpfonf?,cifu ,iftef;wGi foD;pm;avsmhaygha&; vkyfief;pOfcsrSwfcJh&m 1946 ckwGif ajr,mjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; Oya'udkjyifvdkufonf? armfu ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;ESifh ywfoufI *&kwpdkuf aqmif&Guf&rnf?wzuf apmif;eif; jzpfr_rsm;udk jyif&rnf[k !$ef=um;onf?

“--qif;&Jo!fh v,form;ESifh v,fulvDwdk@udk trSDjyKvsuf tvwfwef;pm;v,form;ESihf cdkif+rJpGm yl;aygif;um/ ya'o&mZfpepf okwfoifypfa&;vrf;pOfudk 0g'rjzef@=uyJ/qif;&Jo!fh v,form; ESihf v,fulvD vrf;pOfudkom wzufapmif;eif; 0g' jzef@=uonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf cyfodrf;aom vkyfom;jynfol/ trsdK;om; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;/ ynmwwfESifhtjcm;EdkifiHcspf yk*~dKvfrsm; (4if;wGif ajr,mpepf ajymif;a&;udk rqef@usifo!fh tajrmftjrif&Sdaomvlwef;pm;rsm; yg0ifonf?) wdk@ yl;aygif;um/ e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ya'o&mZfpepf/ AsK&kdu&uft&if;&Sifpepfwdk@. tkyfpdk;r_udk wGef;vSef+yD; w&kwfjynfol@ orwEdkifiHawmfESifh jynfol@ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;&ef/ 0g'rjzef@=uyJ/ qif;&Jv,form;ESihf v,fulvDwdk@ uom wEdkifiHvHk;udkodrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;&rnf [lo!fh/ tjrifrsdK;udk wzufapmif;eif; 0g' jzef@=uonf?”[k armfua&;cJ honf? ( “ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;twGuf 0g'jzef@&mwGif ‘vuf0J’ trSm;udkjyKjyif=u”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4)

armfu c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ rwdkifrSDu vkyfcJhaom pHkprf;avhvmr_ enf;vrf;rsm;udka&;qG Jonf? xd kenf;vrf;rsm;uk d ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;wGi f wm0efuso!f hwyfeDawmfwyfom;rsm;udk ydk@csonf? OD;aESmufxJwGif udef;*%ef;rsm;udk rSwf&rnf[kt}uHay;onf? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;. &oihfo!fh ajr,mE_ef;/ vlwef;pm; toD;oD;ykdifo!fhajr,mE_ef; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? tv,ftvwfwef; v,form;ESihf csrf;omo!fh v,form;udk*&kwpdkuf cGJjcm;&ef/ owday;onf? “w&kwfjynfol@ tzGJ@ tpnf; vlwef;pm; cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmcsuf”pmwrf;udk xyfrH&dkufESdyfI a0iSonf? ajr,majymif;vJa&; pepfonf vGwfajrmuf+yD; a'ou/vlOD;a& (145) oef;. b0 jy\em jzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf trSm; t,Gif; r&Sdatmif

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bmomjyef tcef;qufowdxm;&rnf[k oGefoifonf? wyfom;opfrsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif ukefxkwfvkyfa&; twGufvHkavmufo!fh vkyfom;rsm;/ csef&pfcJh&rnf? ppfwyfonf ukefvkyfpGrff;tm;udk xdcdkufapjcif;r&Sdap&? or0g,rrsm;udk tm;udk;&rnf? a'o tajctaeudk aumif;pGm em;vnf&rnf[karmfu ajymonf?

1947 ck pufwifbmESihf atmufwdkbmvrsm;wGif ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;ESifhtjcm;udpPrsm; twGuf uGefz&ihfrsm;udk ajrmufydkif; &SefpD;jynfe,fwGif usif;ycJhonf?xdkuGefz&ifhrsm;Y armfu ppf tajctaeudk oHk;oyfjyonf? csefau&Sdwf jyKwfusawmhrnf?uGefjrLepfwdk@tzdk@ atmifyGJ&zdk@ aocsmae+yD? armfu taumif;bufudk wifjyum wzufwGifwyfeDawmfxJwGif pnf;urf;avsmh&Jvmonf[k a0zefonf? wyfeDawmfwGif ulrifwefbufrSul;ajymif;vmolrsm; wyfom;opfrsm;jzifh yGa,mif;vm o!fhtwGuf Todk@jzpf&onfrSmobm0usonf? xdk@a=umifh armfu “pnf;urf;}uD;oHk;&yfESifh owdjyK&ef twGuf &Spfcsuf” udkxyfrH xkwfjyefum wyfwGif; vkyf[ef jyKjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfonf? Tonfwdk@udk oHk;&Spfvkyf[ef[k ac:onf?

pnf;urf;}uD; oHk;&yfrSm--

(1) bmyJvkyfvkyf trdef@udk emcH&rnf?(2) vlxkqDu tyfwacsmif;/ csnfwr#ifr# r,l&?(3) odrf;&or# ypPnf;rsm;udk trsm;ydkif ypPnf;tjzpf tyf&rnf?

owdjyK&ef tcsuf &SpfcsufrSm--

(1) pum;ajymv#if csdKcsKdomom ajym&rnf?(2) aps;0,fv#if wef&m wefbdk; ay;&rnf?(3) iSm;,laom ypPnf;rsm;udk jyefay;&rnf?(4) ysufpD;oGm;aom ypPnf;rsm;twGuf avsmfa=u; ay;&rnf?(5) r&dkufESuf rqJqdk&?(6) pyg;oD;ESHrsm;udk rzsufqD;&?(7) trsdK;orD;rsm;udk toa& ysufatmif rvkyf&?(8) oHk@yef;rsm;udk r!Sif;qJ&?

xdkESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif armfu “w&kwf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfausnmpm wrf;” udk xkwfjyefum tqHk;wdkif wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&ef aqmf=oonf? w&kwfjynfopf.pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHkudk azmfjy&mwGif armfu “ukefxkwfvkyfa&;udk wdk;wufatmifvkyf/pD;yGm;a&; acsmifcsdr_udk jrSifhwif/ jynfolESifh yk*~vdu tusdK;pD;yGm;udk pOf;pm;” [k qdkonf?awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; yg0ifo!fh/ csefau&Sdwf qef@usifa&; nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkw&yf

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vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;wif; ajymoGm; onf?odk@&mwGif ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;wGif xdkpOfu ygwDxJwGif oabmuGJaeyHk&onf?

xdk udpPwGif vrf;pOfESpf&yf wdkufyGJ ay:aygufaeonf? vrf;pOfw&yfudk &SefpD; ajrmufydkif;wGifusef&pfcJho!fh armf/ csLtifvdkif;ESifh *sifay&Sdwdk@u udk,fpm;jyKonf? tjcm;vrf;pOfw&yfudk[kdayhjynfe,f tajccHpcef;wGif a&mufaeo!fh vsLa&SmufcsDu udk,fpm;jyKonf?

1947 ck pufwifbmvwGif vsLa&SmufcsD OD;pD;I/ ajr,muGefz&ifhw&yfudk [dkayhjynfe,fxJwGif usif;ycJhonf? xdk uGefz&ifhu ajr,m Oya'w&yf jyXmef;cJh&mwGif xdk Oya'onf1946 ck arvu jyXmef;cJho!fh ajr,mOya'xufyif “vuf0J”wdrf;apmif;aeonf? xdk Oya'utv,f tvwfwef; v,form;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI jyXmef;csuf rygojzihf/ tvGeftu|HawGjzpfukefonf? armfu Ttcsufudk axmufjyum/ tvwfwef; v,form;rsm;tm;/ &efolvdkoabmrxm;oifh[k ajymcJhonf? tcsdK@ae&mrsm;wGif T “vuf0J” tvGeftu|H trsm;a=umihftvwfwef; v,form;rsm; uGefjrLepfudk qef@usifvm=uonf?

“tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm; tay: rnfo!fh rd kuf&l;&J ay:vpDudkr#rusihfoHk;rdatmif a&Smif&Sm;&rnf? tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tv$mrS vlrsm;udkbmvlwef;pm;/ nmvlwef;pm; [lI wvGJwacsmf owfrSwfrdygu rSefatmif tm;vHk;jyefjyif&rnf?a0jcr f ; yp fvd ku faom olwd k @ yp Pnf ;r sm;ud k twwfE d ki fq H k ; jye fay;&rnf?v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh v,form;aumfrwD rsm;wGif tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;udk0dkif;y,fxm;aom aoGzDr_ESifh ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&; wdkufyGJwGif qif;&Jv,form;ESifhv,fulvDwdk@udk tvwfwef;pm; v,form;ESifh twdkuftcHjzpfapaom aoGzDr_wdk@udkjyKjyif&rnf?”---acsmifvnfaom tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk olwdk@oabmrwlyJ ra0jcrf;&?

“--pufr_vkyfief; ydkif&SifESifh ukefonf tvwfpm;/ ti,fpm;wdk@tay: rnfo!fhrdkuf&l;&J ay:vpD udkr# rusihfoHk;rdatmif a&Smif&Sm;&rnf? vGwfajrmuf+yD; a'otoD;oD;wGiftwdwfu usihfoHk;aom pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tusdK;&Sdo!fh yk*~vd pufr_ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rSefor#udk zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufatmif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf tm;ay;aom ay:vpDrsm;onfrSefuefonf? aemufaemifwGifvnf; qufI usifhoHk;oGm;&rnf?”

“----}uD;av;aom trSm;rsm; usL;vGefo!fh au'gtcsdK@ESihf ygwD0if tcsdK@udkvnf;aumif ; / tvky form;xkxJr S vlqd k ;tcs d K @ud k vnf;aumif ; a0zef&rnf?t=urf;ywrf;rvkyf&ef vlxktm; azsmif;zs&rnf?” (“ygwD. vuf&Sday:vpDrS ta&;}uD;aomjy\emtcsdK@” pmwrf; vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4?)

armfonf Tpmwrf;jzifh ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&; twGif;u “vuf0J” trSm;rsm;udka0zefonf? Tpmwrf;onf ygwD xdyfwef;tqifh&Sdolrsm; A[kdaumfrwDrsm;odk@ &nf&G,fo!fht!$ef; jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif vsLa&SmufcsD OD;pD;o!fh A[kdaumfrwD tvkyftzGJ@vnf; ygonf?Tpmwrf;wGif armfu “vuf0J” vufsm aoGzDa&;orm; ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk &nf&G,fjcif; jzpfonf?

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bmomjyef tcef;quf“vuf0J” E Si f h vufsmonf tpGe f ;E Sp fzuf jzp faomfvnf; vlwud k,fwnf;wGi faygif;pnf;aewwfonf? “vuf0J ” tvGeftu|Horm; onf wu,ftm;jzifh vufsmorm;yifjzpfonf?

“---&efoltiftm;udk tvGeftu|H ydkI cef@rSef;jcif;tm; u|efawmfwdk@ qef@usifonf?Oyrm tar&duef e,fcsJ@orm;udk a=umuf&GH@jcif;/ ulrifwefe,fxJ oGm;I ppfwdkuf&rnfudka=umuf&GH@jcif;/ vufa0cH ya'o&mZf pepfudk okwfoifypf&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif;/ ajr&Sifrsm;.ajr,mrsm;udk a0jcrf;ypf&rnfudk a=umuf&G@Hjcif;/ AsL&dku&ufrsm;. t&if;tESD;rsm;udkodrf;,l&rnfud k a=umuf&G@ H jcif; /umv&Snf=umpGm ppfqif&rnfud k a=umuf&G@ H jcif;ponfwdk@jzpfonf?” 4if;wdk@tm;vHk; rrSefuefacs?

armf. csefau&Sdwf qef@usifa&; nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk ay:vpDonf/ vlowfo!fh“vuf0J”pGef@pm;a&; ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh tEW&m,fESifh }uHKawG@vm&onf? armfu ajr&Sif ya'o&mZfpepfudk okwfoifjcif;onf ajr&Sifrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yf taejzifh/ okwfoifjcif; jzpfonf?vludk okwfoifjcif; r[kwf? ajr,m Oya'ESifhtnD ajr&Sifrsm;udk omref v,form;xufrydkaom/ukefvkyf ud&d,mrsm; toufarG;r_ enf;vrf;rsm; ay;&rnf[k ajymcJhonf?

armf. a0zefcsufrsm;onf oG,f0kduf a0zefxm;jcif; jzpfaomvnf; a0zefa&;.ypfuGif;rSm vsLa&SmufcsD jzpfonf? vsLa&SmufcsDonf EdkifiHwuma&;&m tjrifwGif vufsmodk@wdrf;+yD;/ ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;wGif “vuf0J”odk@ wdrf;aeonf? armfu ol@&Jabmf&if;*sifay&SD;udk v$wfI/ [dkayh u tajctaeudk pHkprf;onf? 1948 ck azazmf0g&Dv (3) &ufae@wGifarmfu ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&; ESifh ywfoufo!fh a=ueef;wapmifudk vsLa&SmufcsDxHwdkuf&dkuf ydk@vdkufonf? w+ydKifeufxJrSmyif“vuf0J”aoGzDa&;udk a0zefo!fh pmwrf;wapmif xkwfonf? ,if;rSm “ajr,mpepfajymif;vJa&;twGuf 0g'jzef@&mwGif ay:aygufvmo!fh ‘vuf0J’ wdrf;apmif;r_ trSm;udkjyKjyif=u” qdko!fh pmwrf; jzpfonf? xdkpmwrf;wGif “vuf0J” trSm;rsm;udk tom;ay; az:jy=uo!fh ygwD owif;pmrsm; owif; Xmersm;odk@ &nf!$ef;xm;onf?

“tcsdK@a'orsm;wGif tavmw}uD;vkyfr_udk csD;usK;aom tcsufrsm;udk xkwfaz:a=unmonf txd vkyf=uonf? acgif;aqmifESihf vlxkqufqHr_wGif aemuf+rD;qGJ 0g'udkvnf;qef@usif&rnf? trdef@ay;0g'udkvnf; qef@usif&rnf[lo!fh 0g'jzef@csufudk tcsdK@a'owGif*&kpdkuf=uaomfvnf; a'orsm;pGmwGifrl ‘vlxk vkyfapcsifo!fhtwdkif; vkyfay;&rnf’ qdkonfudktav;wif;um vlxkxJwGif ay:aeo!fh xifjrifcsuf trSm;rsm;udk vdkufavsmor_ jyK=uonf?”(4if;pmwrf;) [k armfu axmufjyonf? TtrSm;onf “vuf0J” wdrf;apmif;r_ jzpfonf?aemuf+rD;qGJ 0g' jzpfonf? o,HZmw 0g'jzpfonf? xdkwdrf;apmif;r_a=umihf ao;zGJ@o!fhtrSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhrdo!fh au'gi,frsm;udk tjypfay;&mwGif }uD;av;aom tjypf'%fay;rdvsufom; jzpfum/ wm0ef&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm jypf'%frS vGwfae=uonf?

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“qif;&Jv,form; rqif;&Jap&/ ajr&SifxHwGif bmypPnf;r# rusefap&”qdko!fh a=uG;a=umfoHonf tvGeftu|H us&Hkr#ru t=uGif;rJh wef;wlnDr#r_udk awmif;qdkaeonf?Twdrf;apmif;r_a=umihf t=urf;zufr_ xGef;um;vmum tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;udkowfjzwf jcif;rsm;yif &Sdvmonf? Tonfwdk@udk jyif&rnf[k armfu awmif;qdkonf?

“---ygwDawmifhwif; }uHcdkifa&; jy\emwGif/ vlwef;pm; ADZtm; vspfvsL&_jcif;udkqef@usif &rnf? vlwef;pm; ADZtm; t"duxm;jcif;udkvnf; qef@usif&rnf[lonfwdk@ESifhywfoufI 0g'jzef@&m wGif wcsdK@a'owGif rxda&muf&Hkr#ru vlwef;pm; ADZomv#ift"dujzpfonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm 0g' jzef@=uonf? xdk trSm;rsm;onf vuf0J vGefuJ=uonf?rwfvDeif 0g'rlESifh &yfwnfcsufudk vHk;0 ausmcdkif;=uonf?” (4if; pmwrf;)

1948 ck azazmf0g&Dv (15) &uf ae@wGif armfu A[kdaumfrwDodk@ !$ef=um;csufwapmif ydk@vdkufonf?

“avmr}uD;ygESifh?--ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;wGif wdkufcdkuf&r!fh OD;a& pkpkaygif;onfa,bk,stm;jzifh tdrfaxmifaygif;. (8) &mcdkifE_ef;/ (10) &mcdkifE_ef;xuf rausmfap&?---azmufjyefa&; orm;udk ESdyfuGyf&rnf? odk@aomf t&rf;owfjcif;udk wif;=uyfpGm wm;&rnf?vlowfwm enf;av aumif;av jzpfonf?” ( vGwfajrmufp a'o/ ajr,mpepf ajymif;vJa&;vdk&if; tcsufrsm;” vufa&G;pif usrf; twGJ 4)

armfonf T “vuf0J” wdrf;apmif;r_ trSm;rsm;udk jyKjyifa&;/ ygwDwGif;Yvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_ w&yfudk vkyfjyefonf? v,form;rsm;wGifv,form;rsm;xHrS a0zefcsufrsm;/ t}uHOm%frsm; awmif;,lonf? ygwDonf ygwD0ifopfrsm;jzifhazmif;zGvmonf? ygwDwGif;odk@ tacsmif orm;rsm;/ “awma=umif”rsm; vSdrfh0ifvmonf? 1945ckESpfwkef;u ygwD0ifaygif; (1211158) &SdcJh&m 1947 ckESpfwGif (2200000) &Sdvmonf?1947 ckESpftukefwGif (2759457) &Sdvmonf? 1948 ck ESpfwGif ygwD0if oHk;oef; &Sdvmonf?vkyf[kefjyKjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ +yD;o!fh aemufydkif;/ 1948 ckESpf wESpfvHk;wGif ygwD0ifopf (650000)udkom vufcHcJhonf? odk@wdkifatmif xdkpOfu ygwDxJodk@ cdk;0ifcJho!fh ulrifwef olv#dKrsm;udk,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; umvusrS awG@&SdcJhonf?

{+yDvwGif armfonf &SefpD; tajccHa'ou au'grsm;tm; 4if;wdk@. “vuf0J ”wdrf;apmif;r_ trSm;udk jyifcJh=uo!fhtwGuf csD;usL;pum; ajymonf? xdkrdef@cGef;wGifvsLa&SmufcsDonfvnf; 4if;. trSm;udk jyifcJhonf[k oG,f0dkufI ajymcJhonf? 1948 ckrwfvwGif armfonf csLtifvdkif;/ *sifay&SD; wdk@ESihftwl jrpf0gjrpfudk jzwful;um vsLa&SmufcsDESifhA[dkaumfrwD tvkyftzGJ@&Sd&m/ [dkayhjynfe,fxJodk@ a&mufvmonf? armfonf [kdayhjynfe,fxJwGif ulrifweff AdkvfcsKyf [lqefeef;. wyfr}uD;rsm;udk acsr_ef;vdkufonf? jynfwGif;ppfaoe*FAsK[m xdk;ppf yxrtqifhudk a&S@odk@ wGef;wifonf? ygwDwGif; “vuf0J” tvGeftu|Hwdrf;apmif;r_udk jyifEdkifcJhonf? ygwDESihf wyfrawmfxJwGif vkyf[efjyKjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udkpwifcJhonf?

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1948 ck {+yDvwGif ,iftef;ud k jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfujyef&kyfodrf;vdkufonf? ulrifwef AdkvfcsKyf [lqefeef;ESihf 4if;.wyfom; (230000) wdk@onf“ordkif; tr_dufjcif;” xJodk@ a&mufoGm;=uonf?

w&kwfjynf w0Srf;vHk;wGif jynfol@ vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfrsm;onf a&S@odk@w[kefxdk; csDwufae=uonf? &efolwdk@udk &Sif;vif;=uonf? aemufqHk;wdkufyGJudk qifE$J=uonf?=o*kwfvY jynfol@ vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf ajrjyif wyfrawmfonf jrpf0gjrpfudktwif;jzwful;um/ vGef[dkif; rD;&xm;vrf;ESihf wmayh awmifwef;}uD;udk jzwfausmf+yD;aemufw&kwf jynf tv,fyd ki f ;od k @ vS dr f hqif;vmcJ h onf? tjcm;wyfrawmf }uD; oH k ;c ku*%ef;vufro¾mef!Syfum ulrifwefwyfrsm;/ 4if;wdk@. axmufydk@ vrf;a=umif;rsm; tm;vHk;udk&Sif;vif; jzwfawmufcJh=uonf? refcsL;&D;,m; jynfe,frS wyfeDawmf (340000) wdk@vnf;qif;vm=uonf?

xdktcsdefY refcsL;&D;,m;wGif ajr,majymif;vJa&; vkyf+yD;+yD? jynfol@tpdk;& w&yfudkxlaxmif +yD;+yD? csefau&Sdwf. wyfr (248) ckonf +ydKuGJae+yD? usefwyfrsm;onf+rdK@apmifhwm0ef,laeonf? csefau&SdwfwGif aemufxyf t&Hppfwyf r&Sdawmh? xdktxJwGifulrifwefwyfom; tajrmuftrsm;onf uGefjrLepfwdk@bufodk@ ul;ajymif;vm=uonf?jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfu +rdK@rsm;rS qkwfcGmay; um 0ef;usifa'orsm;udkodrf;xm;=uonf? csefau&Sdwf. wyfrsm;onf/ rD;&xm;vrf; wzufwcsuf p}uFefwavsmufwGifom &Sdawmhonf? aemufqHk; xdk;ppf}uD;qifaomtcgwGif csefau&Sdwf bmr#rwwfEdkifawmh?

1948 ck Zefe0g&DvwGif refcsL;&D;,m; jynfe,frS jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfrsm;onf rku'if+rdK@udk tquftoG,f jzwfawmufum 0dkif;ydwfxm;vdkuf=uonf?rku'if+rdK@apmifhwyfrsm; iwfae+yD? tar&duefu av,mOfjzifh &duQmcsay;&onf? csefau&Sdwfurku'if+rdK@apmihfwyfr_;udk xkwfypfum 4if;ae&mwGif AdkvfcsKyf a0vD[efudk tpm;xdk;onf?AdkvfcsKyf a0vD[efu ydkI pdwfcs&atmifqdkum t0dkif;cHae&o!fhtwGuf &duQmjywfaeaomrku'if+rdK@xJodk@ aemufxyfppfwyfrsm;udk av,mOfjzifh xyfjz!fhonf? TwGif wyfeDawmfuppfwyfrsm; uGufvyf jzpfoGm;o!fh/ usef+rdK@}uD;rsm;udk w+rdK@+yD; w+rdK@ wdkufodrf;onf? Todk@jzifhvufacsmif;rsm;udk wacsmif;+yD; wacsmif;+yD; jzwfypfonf?

csefau&Sdwf. vuf&Hk;}uD;rsm; jzpf=uo!fh AdkvfcsKyf a0vD[efESihf AdkvfcsKyf wl,lrif;wdk@armfh bufodk@ ul;ajymif;vm=uonf? TwGif armfonf wdkufyGJpOf}uD;ESpfckudk jyifonf?wcku yDuif; ESihf wD,efqif+rdK@rsm;udk odrf;&ef jzpf+yD;/ usefwcku 0_dif[dkifajrjyef@a'o}uD;udkodrf;&efjzpfonf? Ta'oudk odrf;rdv#if ,efpDcsdKihf0Srf;udk &um/ csefau&Sdwf. +rdK@awmfeef;uif;odk@ vrf;yGifhoGm;rnf jzpfonf?

atmufwdkbmvxJwGif rku'if+rdK@ usoGm;onf? wyfeDawmfu qufwdkuf

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awmifbufodk@ vS!fhqif;vmonf? refcsL;&D;,m;wdkufyGJpOfY csefau&Sdwfzufu wyfom;oHk;odef;usonf? “wyfrsm; qHk;&H_;jcif;onf ta&;edrfhjcif;. tpyif jzpfonf” [k csefau&Sdwf.tar&duef ppft}uHay;t&m&Sd AdkvfcsKyf a';Apfbm;&fu a&;onf? “xdcdkuf 'g%f&m&I qHk;&_H;o!fhOD;a&xuf xGufajy;o!fh OD;a&ursm;onf” [k tar&duef oHtrwf/ avwefpwl;0yfutpD&ifcHonf?

wyfeDawmfonf 0_dif[dkif; wdkufyGJpOfESifh yDuif;wdkufyGJpOfESpfckudk w+ydKifeuf qifonf?Tbuf wGif csefau&Sdwf. wyfonf/ refcsL;&D;,m;rSmxuf !Hhonf? “wyfrsm;wGif xdk;ppfudkckcHEd kifo!fh pdwf"gwf r&Sdawmh? ppfwyf[k ac:Edkif&H kom usefawmhonf? urBmwGift!Hhzsif;qHk;aom acgif;aqmifr_ ESihf pdwf"gwf ysufjym;zG,f tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;a=umihf wdkufpdwfckdufpdwf rusefawmh” [k AdkvfcsKyf a';Apfbm;&fu orw x&lrif;xH tpD&ifcHonf?

xdktwGif; armfu yDuif;-wD,efpif; wdkufyGJ}uD;udk udk,fwdkif !$ef=um;onf? yDuif;+rdK@apmifh wyfr_; AdkvfcsKyf zlpdk;&D vufeufcsonf? (4if;rSm aemifwGif jynfol@orwEdkifiHtpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 0ef}uD; wOD; jzpfvmonf?) tjcm; ulrifwef wyfom; (200000) udkokwfoifvdkufonf? tcsdK@vufeufcsI tcsdK@ tdrfjyef=uonf? 1949 ck rwfv (25) &ufae@wGifarmf yDuif; odk@0ifonf? +rdK@ol+rdK@om;rsm;u aomif;aomif;zszs }udK=uonf?

1948 ckESpfwGif ulrifwefwyfom; (800000) wyfeDawmfzufodk@ ul;vm=uonf?1949 ckESpfwGif aemufxyf (700000) ul;vmonf? xdkESpf ZlvdkifrS ESpfukeftxd aemufxyfwoef; ul;vmonf? 4if;wdk@udk armf rnfodk@ toHk;jyK&rnfenf;? atmifjrifr_ &aomfvnf;/xdktxJrSmyif tqdk;&Sdaeonf? wyfeDawmfonf EdkifiHa&; avhusifhr_ r&Sdaom ulrifwefwyfom;rsm;jzifh azmif;yGaeonf?

armfonf ol. enf;a[mif;twdkif; vlxkenf;udkom oHk;onf? vlxkudk tm;udk;onf?wyfwGif; 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfonf? 1948 ckESpfwGif wyfcGJtqihftxd wyfom; aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@onf? “au'gawGxJu vlqdk;awG olwdk@&J@ trSm;awGudk a0zefbdk@twGuf wyfom;xkudktcGifhta&; ay;&r,f”[k armfu ajymonf? ppfbk&if 0g'opf wrsdK; ray:&avatmif wyfom;aumfrwDrsm;udk wyfom;rsm;udk,fwdkif a&G;aumufaponf? wyfom;ukd,fpm;vnfrsm;uwyfcGJacgif;aqmifr_udk ulnD &ef/ &duQma0iSa&;/ b¾maiG cef@cGJa&;wdk@wGif ulnD&ef/ vmbfpm;r_udk[ef@wm;&ef jzpfonf? “ppfaq;a&; oHk;rsdK;” ESifh “oef@&Sif;a&; oHk;rsdK;” v_yf&Sm;r_udk jyKvkyfonf?

“ppfaq;a&; oHk;rsdK;” [lonf e,fzufu vlrsm;tzdk@ vlwef;pm; ADZ ppfaq;jcif;/awG;ac:r_ ppfaq;jcif;ESihf vkyf[ef ppfaq;jcif;wdk@ jzpfonf? wyfwGif;Y vlwef;pm; ADZ ppfaq;jcif;/tvkyfppfaq; jcif;ESifh wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwf ppfaq;jcif; jzpfonf? “oef@&Sif;a&; oHk;rsdK;” rSmtzGJ@tpnf; oef@&Sif;a&;/ awG;ac:r_ oef@&Sif;a&;/ vkyf[ef oef@&Sif;a&; wdk@jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifhwdkufcdkufa&; pdwf"gwfudk &Sifoefaponf? ulrifwef wyfom;a[mif;rsm;xHrS ul;pufvmaoma&m*gudk wm;onf?

odk@&mwGif xdkxufcufo!fh jy\emw&yf &Sdao;onf? ,if;rSm ygwDwGif;u

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acgif;aqmifr_ jy\em jzpfonf? ,iftef;udk jyefodrf;rd+yD;/ ulrifwefwyfrsm; wzGJzGJ vufeufcsaeo!fhwdkif ygwDwGif;rS tcsdK@olrsm;onf csefau&Sdwfudk txif}uD;ae=uqJ jzpfonf?ygwDxJwGif “vuf0J”tvGeftu|H wdrf;apmif;r_rS vufsm wdrf;apmif;r_odk@ a&G@vmolrsm;&Sdaeao;onf? ygwDu tm%modrf;zdk@qdkv#if xdk wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;udk wdkuf&OD;rnf? ygwDxJodk@ajr&Sifrsm;/ csrf;om v,form;rsm; v#dK0ifvmcJh=uonf? tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;wGif 4if;wdk@onfygwD/ tpdk;&ESifh vlxk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif tm%m&ae=uonf?

1948 ck pufwifbmv (8) &ufae@wGif ygwD A[kdaumfrwD wdk;csJ@ pHknD tpnf;ta0;udk[dkayh jynfe,fwGif usif;yonf? aygvpfAsK&dk0if (&) OD;/ A[kdaumfrwDESifh t&H A[dkaumfrwD0if(14) OD; tjyif/ ta&;}uD;aom acgif;aqmif &Jabmfrsm; wuf=uonf? Ttpnf;ta0;uygwD0ifrsm;tm; acwfrSD qufoG,fa&; ypPnf;rsm;udk wwfu|rf;atmif vkyf&ef/ +rdK@}uD;rsm;ESifhpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfwwfatmif vkyf&ef/ ygwD. vkyfief;udk aus;vufrS +rdK@}uD;rsm;odk@wjznf;jznf; a&$@&ef wdk@udk aqmf=ocJhonf?

pufwufbmv(20) &ufae@wGifarmfu“ygwD aumfrwDpepfonf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_&Sdatmif/ tmrcHaom tvkyfudpPrsm;udk wOD;wnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfjcif;rsdK;udk wm;qD;aom/ygwD. ta&;}uD;aom pepfjzpfonf”[k A[dk aumfrwDodk@ !$ef=um;csufwapmif xkwfonf?(“ygwD aumfrwDpepf }uHhcdkifa&;pmwrf;”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4)

armfu ygwD nD!Gwfr_ awmifhwif;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD A[kdOD;pD;pepf xGef;um;a&;twGufol udk,fwdkifvnf; Tenf;udk usihfoHk;onf? jy\emudk wa,mufwnf; oabmjzifh b,fawmhr#rqHk;jzwf? trsm;ESifh !SdEd_if;onf? Tvkyf[ef usifhoHk;r_udk tcGifhaumif;,lum vsLa&SmufcsDonfygwDwGif;wGif ol@ =oZmudk wdwfwqdwf xlaxmifcJhonf

vsLa&SmufcsDu wdkufyGJ}uD;rsm;udk a&S@qufrwdkufvdk? ,efpDjrpfudk jzwful;jcif; rjyKvdkTwGif ppfem;vdkonf? csefau&Sdwf a'orsm;wGif ajymufusm;ppf qifE$JI tm%modrf;vdkonf?armfu a&S@qufI tqHk;wdkif qifE$Jvdkonf? 0SdKif[dkif;wdkufyGJ pDrHudef;udk armfudk,fwdkif a&;qGJjcif;jzpfonf? 1948 ckESpfwGif csefau&Sdwf }uD;pdk;o!fh a'orsm;wGif tiwf jy\em }uD;vmonf?vlxku qif;&J iwfjywfae=uonf? a'golykef xae=uonf? aiGpuUL t&rf;azmif;yGaeonf?tar&duef wa':vmudk w&kwf a':vm (1800000) wefaeonf? qef waygifudk w&kwfa':vm(10) oef; ay;&onf? TonfrSm vGefcJho!fh oHk;ESpfuxuf tq waomif; wufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 1948 ckESpfwGif csefau&Sdwf onf ulrifwef ygwDxJwGif olESifh twdkuftcHjzpfaomvDpef*sif;udk 'k-orw tjzpf vufcHvdkuf&onf? vDpef*sif;udk ulrifwefwyfxJu vpfb&,f*dk%f;om;rsm;u a&G;jcif;jzpfonf?

tajctaeu qdk;ae+yD? Tonfudk vDpif*sef;u odonf? EdkifiHjcm; oH&Hk;rsm;uvnf;od=uonf oH&H k ;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;u “ppfa&;/ Ed ki fi Ha&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeonf,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf” [k tpjyKwwf onf? =o*kwfvwGif csefau&Sdwfu qENjyr_rsm; rvkyf&[k

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ydwfyifvkdufum/ ol@om; csefcsifaumudk pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifr_rsm;vkyf&ef wm0efay;onf? tar&duefwa':vmv#if w&kwf av;a':vmwefonf[k owfrSwfonf? tar&duef wa':vmonfw&kwfa':vm (12) oef; aps; jzpfoGm;onf?

vDpif*sef;u wwfEdkifor# tzwfq,f&ef uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh +idrfcsrf;a&; urf;vSrf;onf?tar&duefu axmufcHonf? csefau&Sdwfu ol@oduQmrus&ef xdkudpPudk tar&duefrsm;ESifhvDpif*sef;udk vGJ+yD; a&Smifaeonf?

csefau&Sdwfonf w&_H;xJ&_H;aeaomfvnf; tajym ravsmh? ol. ESpfopful; rdef@cGef;wGifcsefau&Sdwfu “tajctae wae@wjcm; aumif;rGefvma=umif;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;bufu+idrf;csrf;vdkonfqdk v#if rdrdbufu oabmxm;}uD;}uD;jzifh pOf;pm;rnf jzpfa=umif;” jzifhajymonf? vlxku tpif;odjzpf ae+yD? csefau&Sdwf. pum;udk em;axmifI &,f=uonf?

armfu csefau&Sdwf. rdef@cGef;udk jyef=um;o!fh taejzifh/ jynfol@ vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf. atmifyGJrsm;udk oHk;oyfjyonf? wyfeDawmfonf ,cifu csefau&Sdwfxuf (4)csdK; (1) csdK;/ tiftm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ ,cktiftm; omvGefae+yD? w&kwfjynfolrsm;onfw&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD aemufwGif &Sdae+yD [kqdkonf? armf. pum;onf =uGm;vHk;r[kwf?

armfu jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ,efpDjrpfudkjzwful;rnf? azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm; rygaom/ EdkifiHa&; twdkifyifcH uGefz&ihf w&yf usif;yrnf?jynfol@ orwEdkifiHudk xlaxmifrnf? A[kd tpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;rnf[k ajymcJhonf?

odk@&mwGif ygwDwGif;Y awmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;wdkif qifE$Jvdko!fh armf vrf;pOfudkqef@usifol rsm; &Sdao;onf? Tolrsm;udk tar&duefESifh csefau&Sdwfwdk@u axmufcHonf?tar&duef oHtrwf avbefpwl;0yfu xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefYyif !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJ@&efaphpyfaeonf? “tar&duefESif h csefau&Sdwf . olv#dK/ tom;xJu avmufaumif/tvkyform;tusdK; a&mif;pm;ol vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwDxJwGif ykef;ae&mrS a&S@wef;odk@ckefxGufvmum axmufcHcJhonf” [k w&kwftpdk;& owif;pmrsm;u 1967 ckESpfwGifTta=umif;udk jyefa&;=uonf?

1949 ck Zefe0g&DvwGif armfu +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;&ef }udKwif pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjzpftcsuf (8) csuf ygaom/ ausnmcsufwck xkwfvdkufonf? ( “vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfoufo!fh a=unmcsuf” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4) odk@&mwGif csefau&Sdwfu vufrcH[karmf od+yD; jzpfonf? Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufae@wGif csefau&Sdwf yifpif,lum/ vDpef*sif;wufvmonf? uGefjrLepfukd,fpm;vnf csLtifvdkif;ESifh 1949 ck rwfvtxd aqG;aEG;=uonf?jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfwyfrsm;u em;xm;um odyfonf;atmif vkyfonf? armfuxdkwyfrsm;tm; ukefxkwfvkyfo!fh tvkyftzGJ@rsm; jzpfatmif vkyfonf? wyfom;rsm;uaoewfwzuf aygufjym;wzufjzifh jynfoludk ulnD=uonf?

“tawG;tac: ynmay;a&;ESifh ppfavhusihfa&;udk &Jabmfwdk@ zdzdpD;pD; vkyfaejcif;rSmaumif;vS ygonf? ravsmhwrf; Ttwdkif; qufvkyfoGm;apvdkygonf? odk@aomf ppfa&;wGifvnf;

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qufI ynmay; avhusifh&rnf jzpfonf? +rdK@}uD;}uD;rsm;tm; odrf;ydkuf&efESifh tkyfcsKyf&efay:vpDudk t+rJavhvmxm; &rnf? vGefcJho!fh tESpf 20 u usihfoHk;cJho!fh aus;&Gm+yD;rS +rdK@jy[laom vkyfenf;ESifhrwlawmhyJ/ +rdK@jy +yD;rS aus;&Gm[laom/ vkyfenf;udk ,ckrSpIusifhoHk;&vdrfhrnf? ppfwyfonf wdkufcdkufa&;wyfzGJ@r# omr[kwf? t"dutm;jzifh tvkyftzGJ@vnf;jzpfonf? ppfau'g tm;vHk; +rdK@jyrsm;udk odrf;ydkufww/f tkyfcsKyfwwfatmif avhvmqnf;yl;&rnf?+rdK@jyrsm;wGif e,fcsJ@orm; ulrifwef azmufjyefa&;orm;ESifh &ifqdkif wdkufcdkufwwf&rnf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufwwf&rnf? tvkyform;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifwwf&rnf?vli,frsm;udk v_H@aqmf pnf;&Hk;wwf&rnf” ( “ppfwyfudk tvkyftzGJ@ jzpfatmif yHkoGif;a&;”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4)

1948 ckESpfwGifvnfwGif ygwD0ifaygif; (3) oef;ausmf ae+yD? 1949 ckESpfukefwGif(4@ 5) oef; &Sdawmhrnf? ygwD0ifopfrsm; t&nftcsif; enf;jcif;/ ulrifwef olv#dKrsm;pdrfh0ifvmjcif;wdk@twGuf armf pdk;&drfruif; jzpf&onf? ygwD0ifopfrsm;tm; avhusifhay;&OD;rnf?avhusifhay;r!fh au'gOD;a&u enf;aeonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfwyfudk EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;vkyfap&OD;rnf? wyfrawmfu w&kwfjynf awmifydkif;udk ppfqifo!fhtcg EdkifiHa&; au'g(57000) om ygoGm;onf? xdkt&nftwGufonf e,fajrESif hpmv#if enf;aeonf?wyfrawmfwGif EdkifiHa&; au'grsm; vkdaeonf? udk,fhwyfwGif;rS au'grsm; arG;xkwf&vdrfhrnf?

“wyfrawmf[m ausmif;}uD;wausmif; jzpfw,f? u|efawmfwdk@&J@ ppfajrjyifwyfrawmfrsm;[m axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom wuUodkvfrsm;/ txufwef;ausmif;rsm;eJ@ nDr#w,fau'gawGudk arG;xkwfay;bdk@ wyfrawmfudk t"du tm;xm;&r,f” [k armfu ajymcJhw,f?tm%m odrf;umpwGif au'g jy\emonf ta&;w}uD; jy\emjzpfonf? 1948 ckA[dkaumfrwDpHknD tpnf;ta0;u au'gopfrsm; arG;xkwf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?

“au'grsm;udk--ulrifwef pdk;rdk;o!fh +rdK@}uD;rsm;rSvnf; odrf;oGif;&ef owdjyK&rnf?ulrifwef e,fajr&Sd +rdK@}uD;rsm;rS tvkyform;ESihf ynmwwf tajrmuftrsm;onf/ u|efawmfwdk@tvkyfrsm;wGif yg0if vkyfudkifEdkifonf? olwdk@. ynmt&nftcsif;rSm vGwfajrmuf+yD;a'oa[mif;rS tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. ynmt&nftcsif;xuf a,bk,stm;jzifhydkjrifh=uonf? ulrifwef. pD;yGm;a&; b¾ma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ ynma&;qdkif&m Xmersm;&Sdtr_xrf;rsm;xJrS azmufjyefolrsm;udk y,fI usefvl tajrmuftrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@toHk;cs&rnf?” (“pufwifbmv tpnf;ta0;ESifh ywfoufI ta=umif; =um;csuf”vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4)

xdktcsdefwGif atmifyGJ}uD;rsm;udk qufwdkuf&aeonf? tar&duefrsm; +rdK@}uD;rsm;rSpwifa&G@ ae=u+yD? csefau&Sdwf. t+rJwrf; ppfwyfwGif wyfom;woef;om&Sdawmhonf?wyfeDawmfwyfrsm;u {+yDv (21) &ufae@wGif ,efpDjrpfudk jzwful;vmonf? wyfom;(300000) u avSi,frsm;/ abmrsm; azmifrsm;/ orŠmefrsm;jzifh ,efpDjrpfudk wnwnf;

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jzwful;onf? {+yDv (25) &ufae@wGif armfu w&kwf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf.ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefonf? awmfvSefa&; ppfaumfr&Sif OuUX taejzifh a&;jcif; jzpfonf?xkdausnmcsufu yk*~vdu jynfolrsm;. touftdk;tdrfudk umuG,fay;rnf? trsdK;om;"e&Sifrsm;. pufr_/ ukefoG,fESifh v,f,m vkyfief;rsm;udk umuG,fay;rnf[k uwday;o!fhjyiftjcm;aom tcsufrsm;udkvnf; tmrcHonf?csefau&SdwfuJhodk@aom ppf&mZ0wfaumif rsm;rStyusefulrifwef t&m&Sdrsm;udkvnf; umuG,frnf[k uwday;onf? Tausnmcsufa=umihfulrifwef tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfcJh=uo!fh tr_xrf; (3) oef;ausmfwdk@ 0ifa&muftr_xrf;=u onf?

1949 ck {+yDv (27) &ufae@wGif csefau&Sdwf +rdK@awmf eefuif; usqHk;onf? ulrifweftvHudkjzKwfcsum/ tvHeDudk v$ifhwifvdkufonf? jynfolrsm;u jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfudk}udK =uonf?

1949 ck rwfvESifhZGefvrsm;wGif ajym=um;o!fh armf. rdef@cGef;rsm;onf/ w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH. ay:vpDrsm;udk em;vnfa&;wGif t"duusaom rdef@cGef;rsm; jzpf=uonf?'Drdkua&pDopf tqifhrS qdk&S,fvpf tqifhodk@ ul;ajymifa&;twGuf tajccHjzpfonf? +rdK@jyrsm;u"e&Sif vlwef;pm;udk rSDcdktm;xm;o!fh &Jabmfrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpf tqifhodk@ roGm;csifao;yJ/'Drd kua&pDtqifhjzihf wif;wdrfaeo!fh&Jabmfrsm; &Sdonf[kqdkum olwdk@udk armfua0zefoGm;onf? T&Jabmfrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm; r[kwf? vsLa&SmufcsD. *dk%f;om;rsm;jzpf=uonf? vsLa&SmufcsDu rdrdonf 'Drd kua&pDopftqifhwGif aevdkonf[k 1949ckESpfuwnf;u ajymcJhonf?

xd kESpf rwfvESif h {+yDvwGif vsLa&Smufcs Donf wD,efqif; od k@oGm;um/pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihf awG@qHkonf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;. vkyfief;rsm;udk vnfywfatmifrdrdulnDrnf[kqd kum/ tvkyform;rsm;. awmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud k y,fxkwfcJ honf?ukefxkwfvkyfa&;onf t"du/ vlwef;pm; wd kufy G Jonf ' kwd,[k ajymcJ honf?'Drdkua&pDopfpepfudk =um&Snf xdef;odrf;&rnf[kajymcJhonf?

armfurl w&kwfjynf. acwfrSD pufr_vkyfief;teuf (10) &mcdkifE_ef;om trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;jzpf+yD; (90) &mcdkifE_ef;onf e,fcsJ@orm;/ ol@aemufvdkufacG;rsm;ESihf AsL&dku&uft&if;&Sifrsm;. vufwGif pk+yHKaeonf[kaxmufjyonf? xdk@a=umifh4if;wdk@udk csufcsif;odrf;,l&rnf?jynfolydkif u¾udk wdk;csJ@&rnf? yk*~vdu t&if;&Sif pufr_vkyfief;udk tcsdefydkif;wcktwGif;cGifhjyKrnf? odk@&mwGif w&kwfjynfwGif t&if;&Sifpepfwnf&Sd jzpfxGef;r_udk tuef@towfr&SdjzpfxGef;cGifhrjyKEdkif? yk*~vdu t&if;&Sif pepfonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ csDwufaom w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDESifhpDrHudef;. abmiftwGif;om&Sd&rnf[k axmufjyonf?

w&kwfawmfvSefa&;u wnfaxmifr!fh jynfol@'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sifpepfonf ygwD0ifr[kwfaom 'Drdku&ufrsm;ESihf a&&Snfyl;aygif;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fonf? uGefjrLepf r[kwfaomygwD

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(7) ckESifh vufwGJo!fh nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pkrS wqifh jynfol@uGefu&uf usif;y&efjzpfonf?v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh ywfoufI armfu v,f,mudk trsm;ydkifvkyf&rnf?

wjznf;jznf; wqifh+yD; wqifh vkyf&rnf?rlv&nf&G,fcsufudk raysmufatmif qkyfudkifxm;&rnf[k!$efjyonf?

“atmifyG J&cgeD;+yDqdk+yD; rme}uD;vmwwfw,f? udk,fhudk,fudk ol&Jaumif;xifvmwwfw,f? ZdrfeJ@ ae+yD;/ a&S@wdk;wufr_&atmif r}udK;pm;csifyJ jzpfvmwwfw,f?cufcufcJcJ yifyifyef;yef; ae&rSm udk a=umufvm=uw,f? &efol&J@ usnfqHawGudk cHEdkifayr,hfo=um;vHk; usnfqHawGudk rcHEdkifyJ jzpfoGm;wwfw,f ” [k armfu owday;onf?

“u|efawmfwd k@[m u|efawmfwd k@ rodwJht&mudk avhvmqnf;yl;&r,f?urBma[mif;udk zsufqD;wJhae&mrSm aumif;ovdk topfudkwnfaqmufwJh ae&mrSmvJaumif;&r,f” [k armfu tqHk;owfonf?

1949 ck arv (27) &ufae@wGif armfu EdkifiHa&;twdkifyifcH/ uGefz&ifh jyifqifa&;aumfrwD/ tpnf;ta0;wGif rdef@cGef;ajymonf/ aumfrwDodk@ awmfvSefaom ulrifwefygwD0iftygt0if ygwDpHkrS udk,fpm;vnfrsm; wuf=uonf? r'rf qGefcsifvif;ESifh a'gufwmavsmifc|ef;cdkif. ZeD;wdk@vnf; wuf=uonf? qGefcsifvif;onf w&kwfjynfol@ orwEdkifiH.'kwd, orw wOD;jzpfvmonf? csefau&Sdwf. 'kwd, orw vDpGef*sif;onf 1948 ck'DZifbmwGif rusef;rmojzifh tar&duefodk@ aq;ukxGufoGm;um/ 1965 ckESpfwGifrdom;pkESihftwl yDuif;odk@ jyefvmonf? armfu aumif;rGefpGm *k%fjyKqD;}udKonf? 1968ckESpfwGif vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh yDuif;wGif uG,fvGefonf?

jynfol@ EdkifiHa&;twdkifyifcH uGefz&ifhodk@ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh tpkaygif; 23 ckwdk@rSudk,fpm;vnf rsm; wuf=uonf? 1949 ck pufwufbmv (9) &ufae@onf aqmif;OD;aumuf&dwfcsdef ykefuefr_rSpI armf vufeufudkif wdkufyGJudk qifE$JcJho!fh/ wyfeDawmfudkwnfaqmufI tm%meDudk wnfaqmufcJh o!fh (22) ESpfajrmufae@ jzpfonf?

atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufae@wGif armfonf qDxif;ref; &ifjyifwGif &yfum“w&kwfjynfolwdk@ x&yfvdkuf=u+yD” [k ausnmcJhonf?

xdkae@u armfonf vlxkyifv,f}uD;udk =u!fhonf? olwdk@. aumif;csD;=obmoHudkem;axmifonf? nwGif rD;&_;rD;yef;wdk@ azmufv$wf=uonfudk =u!fhonf? odk@&mwGif armf.pdwfwGif b0ifrjrihf? rmer}uD;? ESdrfhcso!fh pdwfom &Sdonf? ol@a&S@wGif }uD;rm;o!fh/ cufcJo!fhvkyfief;}uD;awG &Sdao;onf? +yD;cJhor#onf a&S@vmr!hf c&D;&Snf csDwufyGJ}uD;twGuf yxrajcvSrf;om &Sdao;onf[k armf ,lqonf? wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&o!fh umvrsm;/ pGef@v$wfcJh&o!fhtoufrsm;onf ed'gef;r#om &Sdao;onf? tem*gwfudk wnfaqmuf&OD;rnf?

xdkae@nu vbuf&nf=urf;aomufI rD;&_;rD;yef;rsm;udk =u!fh&if; twdwfu&kyfyH kum;csyfrsm;onf armfh rsufaphrS wjznf;jznf; r_ef0g;oGm;=uonf? tem*gwf.&kyfyH kum;csyfrsm;onf wck+yD;wckay:vm=uonf?jy\emopfrsm;/ yÉ dyuQopfrsm;ud k

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awG@&OD;awmhrnf?tar&duefonf w&kwfe,fajray:rS qkwfoGm;+yD? odk@&mwGif tar&duef

qkwfcGmjcif;onf tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHwEdkifiH. qkwfcGm&jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf?t&SwfwuGJ qkwfcGm&jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf?tcJa=urnfr[kwf?

armfpDwkef;. ywf0ef;usifwGif olESihf twl vdkufcJholrsm; &Sdonf? ol@udk wdkufcJholrsm;&Sd onf? olwdk@tm;vHk;onf wpdwfxJ r[kwf=uao;? tcsdK@onf ol@udk qef@usif =uOD;rnf?w}udrf/ aemufw}udrf qef@usif=uOD;rnf? odk@&mwGif udpPr&Sd? olwdk@. xifjrifcsufrsm;onf/awmfvSefa&;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk rxdcdkufao;oa&G@ olwdk@ESihf twl vufwGJEdkifonf? odk@&mwGifolwdk@. tjrif/ olwdk@. vkyf&yfonf awmfvSefa&;. tusdK;udk xdcdkufvmonf qdkv#ifum;armf r!SmEdkif?

ol@a&S@wGif vlawG &yfae=uonf? av#mufae=uonf? oef;csDI &Sdonf?olwdk@twGuf trsm;}uD; vkyf&OD;rnf? olwdk@onf qif;&J=uonf? acwfaemufus=uonf?olwdk@jynfonf tysuf tpD;jzifh jy!fhaeonf? vlawGu pm&dwW ysufaeonf? iwfaeonf?olawmif;pm;awG jy!fhaeonf? odk@&mwGif armfonf jynfoludk ,Hk=unfonf? udk;pm;onf?olwdk@onf ordkif;udk a&;olrsm; jzpf=u onf? olwdk@onf wdkif;jynfESifh pdwf"gwfudkjyefIwnfaqmuf=uvdrfhrnf? aysmf&$ifr_udk zefwD;=uvdrfh rnf? armfonf olwdk@ESihf twlt+rJwef;wdkufrnf? olwdk@onf toufaoG;udk ay;v_cJh=uaom vlxkukaËukËmjzpfonf?armfonf olwdk@tay:wGif b,fawmhr# t&Sifocif rvkyf? “jynfoludk tusdK;jyK=u” [kwzGzGaqmf=ocJhonf r[kwfavm?

armfonf ,iftef;wGif ygwDowWruGefu&uf t+yD;wkef;u olajymcJ ho!fhyHkjyifuav;udk owd&aevdrfhrnf? tEdkif,l&Jovm;[k xdkpOfu olar;cJhonf? armfonfol@rdef@cGef;rsm;wGif yHkwdkywfp uav;awG !SyfI ajymwwfonf? oludk,fwdkifuvnf;em;axmifcsifonf?

“a&S;wkef;u w&kwfEk di fiH ajrmufyd ki f;rSm tzd k;td k wa,muf&S dowJh?---xdkuf&Sef;awmifeJ@ 0rf0lawmif vdk@ac:wJh awmif}uD;ESpfvHk;u awmifbufudk rsufESmrlaewJhol@tdrfwHcg;0a&S@rSm toGm;& cufatmif umqD;aew,f? 'ga=umihf ol[m ol@om;awGudkOD;pD;+yD;/ aygufwl;udk,fpDeJ@ 'DawmifESpfvHk; udk wl;+zdKw,f”

ol@rdwfaqG tdrfem;eD;csif;u awmif+zdKo!fh ,GDukef;ukd =u!fhIavSmifonf?om;tzwawG avmufjzifh Tawmif}uD;udk +zdK&oavm[k &,foGrf;aoG;=uonf? rdkufonf[k&_wfcs=uonf? ,GDukef;u awmif}uD;rsm;udk +zdK+rJ +zdKonf? olaov#if ol@om;ESihf ol@ajr;rsm;uquf+zdK=uvdrfhrnf?olwdk@aov#if olwdk@ om;awGajr;awGu quf+zdK =uvdrfhOD;rnf?odk@jzihfwae@wGif Tawmif}uD;awG +ydK&rnf[kqdkonf?

“'Dtjzpfudk od=um;rif;odawmh pdwfxdcdkufoGm;w,f? ewfom;ESpfyg;udk awmifawGudka&G$@cdkif; vdkufw,fwJh” [karmfuajymonf? ( “,GDukef; awmif+zdKjcif;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/

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