- 1. Small livestock development towards the achievementof the UN
Millennium Development Goals Antonio Rota IFAD Senior Technical
Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems Photo ICARDA 10th
International Conference on Goats Recife, September19-23, 2010
2. International Fund for Agriculture Development - IFAD
Enabling therural poor to overcome poverty 3.
- 829 projects in115countries
- Supported300million rural poor
- Total IFAD disbursement: USD11,9billion
- USD670.5million in33new projects in 2009
IFAD at work From1979to2009 : 4. Smallholder farming
- 500million smallholder farms worldwide supporting
around2billion people. They:
- Farm80%of the farmland in Asia and Africa
- Produce80%of the food consumed in the developing world
- Feed1/3of the global population
- Womenare increasingly the farmers of the developing world,
producing between45%and80%of household food
5. Food Security and Production
- The worlds population is projected to grow from6.8billion
to9.1billion by 2050
- Agriculture production in the developing countries would need
to almost double
6. Factors determining rural povertyLack of assets, land and
water Lack of access to financial services & technology Risk
and vulnerability Lack of political representation for rural poor
Conflicts and Crises Inappropriate government policy Poor
integration with local, regional & international markets Lack
of skillsand weak organizations 7. Fighting poverty
- Fighting poverty has become apriority
- 189 World Leaderscommitted themselves to address poverty in
2000
- Millennium Development Goals
8. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
9. Role of livestock
- Worldwide there is evidence of adirect
linkagebetweenimprovement of livestockproduction andpoverty
reduction
10. Livestock Sector
- The livestock sector isessential to the livelihoods of about1
billionof the worlds poorest people
- It accounts for30%of the agricultural GDP in developing
countries
- It growsfasterthan most other agricultural sub-sectors
(WB, 2009) 11. Consumption of livestock productsin developing
countries 12. Meat production in developing countries 13. Milk
production in developing countries 14.
- Poultry, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep,goats , pigs are the
animals of the poorest. Why?:
-
- Even landless can keep them (sometime they are their only
asset)
-
- SL efficiently transform roughages, shrubs, kitchen waste into
highly valuable food
-
- Produce manure which is often the only input for crop
production
-
- No need for big starting capitals
-
- Highly mobile in case of crisis/disaster
Small Livestock (SL) 15. IFAD Projects with small ruminant
development component Project with a Goat Developmentcomponent -
ready to start Project with a Small Ruminants Developmentcomponent
on going Project with a Goat Developmentcomponent on going Project
completed 16. MDG 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Halve , between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose
income is less than1USD a day
- Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people
- Halve , between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger
TARGET 17. Source: World Bank 2009 Living with $ 1.25 a day 18.
Child malnutritionSource: World Bank 2009 19. MDG 1. Eradicate
extreme poverty and hunger
- contribute tohuman nutritionproviding food with high quality
nutrients and micronutrients
- generatesmall incomeand provide the potential to bank savings,
which enhances the capacity to cope with shocks and reduces
economic vulnerability
- In times of crises (i.e. drought, flooding, conflicts), play an
important role asmobile food asset
20. MDG 1. IFAD experienceinEastern Africa
- Smallholder farmers in Kenya are increasingly turning to dairy
goat rearing due to lack of fodder and scarcity of land
- Goats milk fetches approximatelytwicethe price of cow milk
- The cost of keeping1 dairy cowis equivalent to that ofsix
goats
- IFAD is replicating the successful dairy goat production model
developed by NGOs such as FARM Africa. Key elements of success
are:
-
- Communities cross-breed hardy local goats with European dairy
goats (i.e.Toggenburg, German Alpine)to get higher milk yields
-
- Training in fodder production and animal health is conducted
with all recipients of livestock
-
- Farmer groups work with private and government organisations to
collaborate in implementing support (inputs, health, credit,
extension) and marketing services ensuring sustainability in the
long term
- The demand for improved dairy goats is very high which cannot
be fulfilledby breeding stock in the region
21. MDG 2. Achieve universal primary education
- Inability of families to meet the costs of schooling is often
the main reason why children cannot attend school or drop out at an
early stage
- Selling SL and their products provides one of the few
possibilities for poor households to generate cash income to meet
yearly school fees
- Children with access to quality food (proteins and vitamins)
have better health and take full advantage of the education they
receive
- However, children often are responsible for taking care of SL
resulting in low or no school attendance
22. MDG 2. IFAD experienceinBangladesh
- More than50,000poor/destitute women access local goats (double
purpose) through credit schemes
- Project supports the establishment ofimproved buck stationsto
which female goats in heat are brought for mating (avg. income is
USD 30per month)
- During flooding (2009) it was easier to move around goats
rather than dairy cattle
- Income generated was used mainly for school fees, medicine and
emergencies
23. MDG 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
- Women are the main caretakers of SL especially where animals
are kept near the house.
- They are often responsible for processing livestock
products
- The ownership of SL gives them control over this assetand
contributes to their empowerment
- Keeping SL enhances their status/self-esteem at household and
community level
- However, the daily burdens increase: fetching water, herding,
milking,processing and carrying the fodder.
24. MDG 3. IFAD experienceinTajikistan
- Women were assisted in improving mohair quality and accessing
new markets
- Community based breeding programme helping in increasing
quality of mohair wool were established
- Women spinning4kg of yarn( coarse wool) for Russian market earn
USD 24per month or USD 288per year
- Women spinning4kg of yarn (fine mohair) for US and European
market earn USD240per month or USD 2,880per year
- Goat farmers also earn higher incomes: USD 9as opposed to
USD3.50for1kg of kid mohair
25. MDG 4. Reduce child mortality UN MDG Report 2010 26. MDG 4.
Reduce child mortality
- The consumption ofeven small quantities of milk, milk products,
meat and eggs is essential for reducing child mortality and
improving healthy child development
- Livestock products not only provide proteins, minerals and
energy, but are also a key source of vitamin A
- Poor households can cover health expenses and purchase
medicines withincomes generated from their livestock
- However, the close contact between badly managedlivestock and
children can result in illness
27. MDG 4. IFAD experience in Afghanistan
- Child mortality in Afghanistan is among thehighestin the
world
- Dairy goats and improved bucks were distributed ( pass-on the
gift approachpromoted by e.g. Heifer International)
- Vaccination and health management reduced goat mortality
from50-60% to 5-10%
- Training ( women to women ) resulted in safer milk processed
into better quality cheese
- Mulberryleaves and small plots ofalfa-alfaandberseemaround
houses resulted in better quality forage
- Women could purchase medicine and clothes and reported that
children werehealthier/stronger
- Potential:cashmerebusiness
28. MDG 5. Improve maternal health
- Consumption of milk, milk products and occasionally meat
contribute significantly to thenutritional statusof women
- Goat milk is highly digestible for children and very often
substitute maternal milk
- Income generation from livestock owned by women can also help
to improve maternal health
29. MDG 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 30. MDG
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 31.
- In HIV/AIDS affected household, young people (orphans) can
better handle SL rather than large animals
- Combining animal and human health using the same infrastructure
and persons (i.e. extensionists) can be a cost effective strategy
for developing countries to reach out to those groups that are
often deprived of proper human health care
- Goats milk has been found to be beneficial to HIV/AIDS affected
patient (*)
- However, livestock may also pose a threat to humans through the
spread of zoonotic diseases
MDG 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases * FARM
Africa, WP series 2 (C. Peacock ) 32. MDG 6.Lesotho
- 25%of Lesothos adult population are HIV/AIDS affected
persons
- The NGO Send a Cow (SaC) has developed an effective approach to
assist HIV affected families which combines thekeyhole
gardenstechnique for vegetable production, small plots of forage
(Napier grass) and SL production
- 1,500 orphan childrenare the main beneficiaries from SaC
project
http:// www.sendacow.org.uk /farming-and-animals 33. MDG 7.
Ensure environmental sustainability
- Livestock (especially goats) is often held responsible for
environmental degradation
- Overgrazing causing the loss of grass cover and invasion by
bushy species also make rangelands increasingly suitable for
browsing species
- Climate change effects are mitigated by pastoralists by
diversifying the composition of herd, with a net increase of goats
and camels
- Livestock contribute to environmental sustainability through
enhancement of soil fertility, control of vegetative growth, and
distribution and fortification of seeds
- Silvo-pastoral (i.e. rational management of the Caatinga) and
crop-livestock production systems offer the opportunity for
sustainable balance between livestock and crop productivity and
preservation of natural resources
- Intensified animal production lead to lower stocking rates, and
thus release pressure on the environment
34. MDG 7. IFAD experience in Venezuela
- Access to water is the key element in semi-arid areas (forage
production with micro-irrigation systems)
- From extensive uncontrolled goat production to a semi-intensive
managed system
- Forage production, fodder banks and management of the natural
forest result in higher production and reduced soil erosion
- Manure generates income and is becoming essential for
specialised crop production (potatoes)
- Increased safety/quality of milk, meat, cheese and other
processed products (dulces) as a mean to better access to
market
35. MDG 8. Develop a global partnership for development
- Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
non-discriminatory trading and financial system.
- Address the special needs of the least developed countries
TARGET 36. Net Export Net Import 2015: -2,360 2030: -3,520 2015:
-2,950 2030: -4,000 2015:-80 2030: -410 2015:1,770 2030:2,770
2015:-280 2030:-740 North America Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa
EuropeanUnion (15) TransitionCountries South Asia East Asia Oceania
Near East / North Africa 2015: -1,900 2030: -1,090 Source: FAO 2002
Projected Net Trade In Meat (thousand MTs) 37. Projected Net Trade
in Milk (thousand MTs) Net Export Net Import 2015:- 8,900 2030:
-12,500 2015:-9,550 2030: -13,000 2015: -1,200 2030: -1,500 2015:
-6,350 2030: -6,700 2015: -3,600 2030: -5,200 North America Latin
America Sub-Saharan Africa EuropeanUnion (15) TransitionCountries
South Asia East Asia Oceania Near East / North Africa 2015: 3,500
2030: 5,200 Source: FAO 2002 38. MDG 8. Develop a global
partnership for development
- Specificactions and policiesare required to reduce transaction
costs and barriers to market access which presently hamper poor
(producers and consumers) to benefit from global livestock trade
and growing demand for livestock products
39. Conclusions Double the daily income of USD 1? Generate
employment?QUESTION: By keepingSMALL LIVESTOCKis it possible for
poor resource persons to:Improve (child) nutrition? Contribute
empowering women?Improve (child) health?
Ensure environmental sustainability?
Unfortunately without additional efforts, several of theMDGsare
unlikely to be achieved in many countries 40.
- International and national institutions, policy and decision
makers are still reluctant to support the development of the SL
sector
- WHAT DO WE NEED TO MAKE A REAL CHANGE?
-
- Effective and consistent national pro-poor policiesare crucial
to capitalise on the opportunities offered by the increasing demand
for livestock products and poverty-focused agendas of several
countries
-
- Participatory adaptive researchis needed to identify
appropriate technologies/models which are pro-poor,
sustainable,economically viableand environmentally sound to
increase SL productivity
-
- Adapted Extensionand Trainingfor capacity building (e.g.
Livestock Farmer Field School approach), not excluding women.
-
- Market led approachby SL producers supported by effective
services (breeding, veterinary services, credit, processing,
marketing, extension/training, etc.), by infrastructures and strong
SL producers institutions
-
- Personal commitmentfrom like minded people to advocate for
pro-poor development to achieve the MDGs through the promotion of
the SL sector
Conclusions 41. Proposed Actions
- IFAD is prepared to work together with national/international
institutions committed to pro-poor livestock to:
- Develop abusiness-like approachto sensitise national policy,
decision makers and donors about the effectiveness of SL
development to reduce poverty. This entails:
-
- Identifying goat development projects , models and approaches
(i.e. FARM Africa approach) that work and characterise their key
success factors for up-scaling
-
- Gathering socio-economic datato demonstrate the return in terms
of poverty reduction for each1 USDinvested in goat production
-
- Identifying examples of effective national policiesenhancing
food security and supporting smallholder goat farmers business
-
- Developing regional/national project proposalsfor substantial
investments in the SL sector in partnership with the private
sector
42. Thank you Antonio Rota ( [email_address] ) IFAD, Senior
Technical Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems Policy and
Technical Advisory Division Via Paolo di Dono 44 00142 Rome, Italy
Tel. +39 06 5459 2680 Fax + 39 06 5459 3680