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JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECNOLOGY
MARTIN OTUNDO R. (PHD-project management) +254721246744
PRESENTATION ON DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA
• Primary data is collected first hand from the immediate context of
the activity or phenomenon. It involves the researcher interacting
with the subjects of the study directly
• On the other hand, secondary data involves use of already
synthesized and documented information that was originally
obtained from the context of the study but have been processed
for application. These are gotten from reports, previous studies ,
books as well as industrial or organizational records
OBSTRUCTIVE AND UNOBSTRUCTIVE METHODS
• Obstructive data collection methods are methods where the subject of the study are aware that they are under study.
• As a result, they may change their behavior to be at their best.
• Such include interviews, questionnaires and opinion polls
• Un obstructive data collection methods are methods that do not draw the attention of the subjects of the study to the fact that they are under study
• As a result they retain their natural behavior
• Such include observation and participation
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
QUANTITATYIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A) QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHOLOGY
SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES
CASE STUDIES
STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
QUICK COUNTING ESTIMATES
SURVEYS AND QESTIONNAIRES
• Survey Research is the systematic gathering of
information from respondents for the purpose of
understanding and/or predicting some aspects of the
behavior of the population of interest.
• The survey research is concerned with sampling,
questionnaire design, questionnaire administration
and data analysis.
MERITSAdministration is comparatively inexpensive and easy even when gathering data from large numbers of people spread over wide geographic area Reduces chance of evaluator bias because the same questions are asked of all respondentsMany people are familiar with surveys Some people feel more comfortable responding to a survey than participating in an interview Tabulation of closed-ended responses is an easy and straightforward process
DEMERITS Survey respondents may not complete the survey
resulting in low response rates Items may not have the same meaning to all
respondents Size and diversity of sample will be limited by people’s
ability to read Given lack of contact with respondent, never know who
really completed the survey Unable to probe for additional details Good survey questions are hard to write and they take
considerable time to develop and hone
CASE STUDIES• Classical case studies depend on ethnographic and
participant observer methods.
• They are largely descriptive examinations where the
researcher is immersed in the area of interest with
informants, observes ongoing activities, and develops an
analysis of both individual and cross-case findings.
CASE STUDIES cont’d• Case studies can provide very engaging,
rich explorations of a project or application as it develops in a real-world setting.
• Project evaluators must be aware, however, that doing even relatively modest, illustrative case studies is a complex task that cannot be accomplished through occasional, brief site visits.
• Demands with regard to design, data collection, and reporting can be substantial.
MERITS OF CASE STUDIESFully depicts people’s experience in program input, process, and results Powerful way of portraying program to outsiders
DEMERITS OF CASE STUDIES
Usually quite time consuming to collect information, organize and analyze itRepresents depth of information rather than breadth
STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS• These are interviews where the
questions are structured in advance to allow for very precise and objective responses.
• The researcher thus takes the respondents through the questions and notes the answers as well as interpretations of the nonverbal communication
MODERN INTERVIEW METHODSINTERNET
•With the advance in internet connectivity, many researchers are using the internet to chat with their interviewees both as individuals and in groups
TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS•The mobile telephony has also seen interviews especially opinion polls conducted through calls
SOCIAL MEDIA •The wide access to social sites such as Whatsup, Facebook and Twitter allow researchers to create groups and sites which they can use for interviewing
Interview cont’dVIDEO CONFERENCING
•Video conferencing is a technological advancement that allow for audio visual conferencing between groups and individuals through interconnected audio visual devices
EMAILS•Researchers also opt to sent questions vial mails which the respondents can respond to and needed probes made through the same mail chatting. The difference between this and sending questionnaires via email is that it has numerous exchange of mails and follow ups
MERITS OF STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
Research questions directed towards the desired objectivesPreciseConfidentiality in respondingSpace for more elaborate answers with the structured answers
DEMERITS OF STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
Higher risk of misinterpretation of questions and intentional withholding of facts
There may be a bias by the researcher due to close interaction with the respondents.
There are chances of misreading the non verbal communication
QUICK COUNTING ESTIMATES
• This is a data collection method close to observation but the difference is that the researchers is only concerned with collecting numerical data from the observation such as the number of items in a shop, the number of customers in a supermarket, the number of items bought and such like data
• The data collected is further analyzed quantitatively such as ratios percentiles and correlations
MERITSQuick Analysis of data very simple and straight forward
DEMERITSCannot be used to explain the non quantifiable aspects such as what forms the decision to buyRelies very heavily on the researchers recall and sight such that any error on the researcher impacts on the studyDoes not put into account studies in areas which are inaccessible due to distance or other factors
B) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY PARTICIPATION
DIRECT OBSERVATION
IN DEPTH INTERVIEW
ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTS AND MATERIAL
CULTURE
PATICIPATION• Also known as participant observation• entails firsthand involvement in the social world
chosen for study.• Immersion in the setting permits the researcher to
hear, to see, and to begin to experience reality as the participants do
• Ideally, the researcher spends a considerable amount of time in the setting, learning about daily life there
• This immersion offers the researcher the opportunity to learn directly from his own experience as personal reflections are integral to the emerging analysis of a cultural group, because they provide the researcher with new vantage points and with opportunities to make the strange familiar and the familiar strange
MERITSThe researcher has a personal touch with the subject matter and can often interpret the experiencesThe researcher gets all the required facts as it does not rely on a second party who may not disclose some information
DEMERITSDirect participation may expose the researcher to emotional bias as there is no professional detachment with the subject of study
DIRECT OBSERVATION• Entails the systematic noting and recording of
events, behaviors, and artifacts (objects) in the social setting chosen for study.
• Observational record is frequently referred to as field notes—detailed, nonjudgmental, concrete descriptions of what has been observed
• This method assumes that behavior is purposeful and expressive of deeper values and beliefs
• Observation can range from a highly structured, detailed notation of behavior structured by checklists to a more holistic description of events and behavior
MERITSCollect data where and when an event or activity is occurring Does not rely on people’s willingness to provide information Directly see what people do rather than relying on what they say they do
DEMERITSSusceptible to observer bias Hawthorne effect – people usually perform better when they know they are being observed Does not increase understanding of why people behave the way they do
IN DEPTH INTERVIEW• Much more like conversations than formal
events with predetermined response categories(Wengraf, 2001)
• The researcher explores a few general topics to help uncover the participant’s views but otherwise respects how the participant frames and structures the responses
• A degree of systematization in questioning may be necessary in, for example, a multisite case study or when many participants are interviewed, or at the analysis and interpretation stage when the researcher is testing findings in more focused and structured questioning.
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Ethnographic interviews•The cognitive structures guiding participants’ worldviews•Ethnographic questions are used by the researcher to gather cultural data•Uses all the three types of questions, descriptive, structural, and contrast
Phenomenological interviews
• In-depth interviewing grounded in a philosophical tradition.
• Phenomenology is the study of lived experiences and the ways we understand those experiences to develop a worldview.
• It rests on the assumption that there is a structure and essence to shared experiences that can be narrated.
• The purpose of this type of interviewing is to describe the meaning of a concept or phenomenon that several individuals share
MERITSAn interview yields data in quantity quicklyThe interviewer has room to ask the question again if not understoodThere is both verbal and non verbal communication involved thus easy to infer even what is being withheld by the respondentIn case of group interviews, other members prompt the respondents on aspects they may not be conversant with
DEMERITS Interviewees may be unwilling or may be
uncomfortable sharing all that the interviewer hopes to explore, or they may be unaware of recurring patterns in their lives.
The interviewer may not ask questions that evoke long narratives from participants because of a lack of expertise or familiarity with the local language or because of a lack of skill.
the interviewer may also not properly comprehend responses to the questions or various elements of the conversation.
Finally , at times, interviewees may have good reason not to be truthful
ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTS AND MATERIAL CULTURE
• This method of data collection is mostly used to collect the background data before the actual study is shaped
• Here, the researcher gathers demographic data and describes geographic and historical particulars.
• It is often done by reviewing previous studies, journals, books and even web sites.
• Data collected through this method is often entailed in chapters one, two and five of the research report
MERITSAn unobtrusive method, rich in portraying the values and beliefs of participants in the settingIt can be conducted without disturbing the setting in any wayIt is also non reactiveData gathered through this method have already been scientifically tested And verified
MERITS cont’dCan be easily used for comparison as a large
amount of studies can be assessed and compared as well as contrasted
Relatively inexpensive Good source of background information Provides a “behind the scenes” look at a
program that may not be directly observableMay bring up issues not noted by other mean
DEMERITSSome of the studies used may have been
overtaken by events thus reliance on obsolete data
Historical data was gathered under limitations and constraints thus having a level of bias on the facts
Some sources especially web sites, newspapers and magazines may not have accurate data
Can be time consuming to collect, review, and analyze many documents
REFFERENCESukamolson S. (2005), Fundamentals of quantitative research
Unpublished seminar paper Chulalongkorn UniversityJames R. (2002) An Overview of qualitative and quantitative Data
collection Methods, prentice publishers, LondonErsanilli E. (2011) Methodology for quantitative data collection, Imaging Europe from outsideCarling J. (2010), Measuring Migration aspirations and intentions.
Unpublished Memo EUMAGINE projectWolvesworth K. (2013) Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Techniques for Humanitarian needs assessment, ACAPSOkombo C. (2012), Quantitative and qualitative research designs for social sciences, unpublished seminar paper, University of Nairobi