Download pdf - WHAT IS CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY?€¦ · WHAT IS CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY? Cancer immunotherapy is one of the most important medical advances of our time, and the first approach with the

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WHATISCANCERIMMUNOTHERAPY?

Cancerimmunotherapyisoneofthemostimportantmedicaladvancesofourtime,andthefirstapproachwiththepotentialtogeneratelong-lastingregressionsforalltypesandstagesofcancer.Itharnessesthebody’sownpowerfulimmunesystemandmobilizesitshighlyrefineddisease-fightingarsenaltoeliminatecancercells.Theimmunesystemproducesspecializeddisease-fightingcellsthatcirculatethroughoutthebody,continuallyseekingoutanddestroying“foreign”agents.Thesimilaritybetweencancercellsandhealthytissuesblindfoldstheimmunesystem,whichallowscancertoeludedetection.Cancerimmunotherapiesoverwhelmcancer’sevasivestrategies,toensurethatapowerful,preciseandadaptableimmuneattackisfocusedontumorsanywhereinthebody.

Ithasmanyadvantagesoverprevioustypesofcancertreatments:

• Precise:Immunotherapyhasthepotentialtokillcancercellswithoutharminghealthytissue.

• Systemic:Theimmunesystemcanhomeinoncancerandattacktumorsanywhereinthebody.

• Dynamic:Astumorsevolve,theimmunesystemadaptsintandem,sustainingprotectionfromcancer.

• Powerful:Theimmunesystemcansuccessfullyeliminateevenlargeandadvancedtumors.

• Durable:Immunecells“remember”cancercellstokeepthemfromcomingback.• Universal:Immunesystem-basedtreatmentshavethepotentialtobeeffectivefor

virtuallyallformsofcancer.• Synergistic:Immunotherapycanenhanceandcomplementtheeffectivenessof

conventionalcancertherapies.• Curative:Patientstreatedwithimmunotherapieshaveachievedcomplete,long-lasting

remissionsofcancersthatuntilrecentlywereconsidereduntreatable.

WHYNOW?

Weareataninflectionpoint.Thecancerimmunotherapyfieldhasmadetremendousprogressinjustafewshortyears,muchofitspearheadedbyParkerInstitutescientists.Wenowhaveabetterabilitytostudycanceranditsresponsetotreatmentatthemolecularlevel,togeneticallyengineercellsastherapies,andhaveagreaterunderstandingoftheroleoftheimmunesystem.Inthe1990s,ParkerInstitutescientistsJimAllison,PhD,andJeffBluestone,PhD,independentlydiscoveredthat,topreventautoimmunityandoverreactions,amoleculecalledCTLA-4actsasa“brake”orcheckpoint,ontheimmuneresponse.Thisinsightledtothedevelopmentofdrugscalled“checkpointinhibitors.”First-generationcheckpointinhibitordrugshaveachievedunprecedentedresponsesinmelanoma,lungandkidneycancers,andarebeingdevelopedforvirtuallyeveryothertypeoftumor.


Inseparatestudies,thedevelopmentofcancer-targetingT-celltherapies(termedCAR-Ts),pioneeredbyCarlJune,MD,andothers,hasledtoimpressiveresultsinseveralbloodcancersinchildrenandadults.

ThesebreakthroughshaveresultedinindustryrecognitionandrecentFDAapprovals,furtheracceleratingthefield’sprogress.Thereisnowawidespreadconsensusthattheimmunesystemisapromisingmechanismtotreatcancer.ImmunotherapywasSciencemagazine’s2013“BreakthroughoftheYear,”andtheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology(ASCO)followedin2016,namingcancerimmunotherapyitsadvanceoftheyear.

WithrecentscientificdiscoveriesandtheParkerInstitute’spioneeringorganizationalmodel,weexpecttodramaticallyaccelerateresearchbreakthroughsandhastenthedeliveryofbettertreatmentstopatients.

WHATWILLTHEPARKERINSTITUTE’SRESEARCHFOCUSON?

TheParkerInstitute’sresearcheffortswillspantheentirefieldofcancerimmunology,buttheteamwillinitiallymakebigbetsonthreemajorcross-cuttingcollaborativeresearchprojects:

• Best-in-classT-cells:Incell-basedtherapiesknownasCAR-T(ChimericAntigenReceptorT-cell)orTCR(T-cellReceptor)therapy,theimmunesystem’smainanti-cancerwarriors,T-cells,areharvestedfromapatient’sbloodandgeneticallyengineeredtotargetproteinsorpeptidesthatareabundantinthepatient’stumor.Billionsofthesemodifiedcellsarereturnedtothepatient’sbloodstream,wherethecellsseekoutandattacktumors.ParkerInstitutescientistCarlJune,MD,pioneeredCAR-Ttherapyforacutelymphoidleukemia(ALL),whichhasbeenenormouslysuccessful:over90percentofALLpatientsreceivingCAR-Ttherapyachievedcompleteremission.TheParkerInstitutewilldeveloplaboratoryandclinicalstudiesthataimtoidentifythepathwaysandfactorsthatmodulateT-cellactivityandsurvival,anddevelopanewgenerationofmoreeffectiveT-celltherapies.

• CheckpointBlockadeNon-ResponderBiomarkers&Therapeutics:“Checkpointinhibitor”drugs“releasethebreaks”thattheimmunesystemhasinplacetopreventoverreactions,sotheimmunesystemcanattackcancers.First-generationdrugsthattargetCTLA-4andanothercheckpointmoleculecalledPD-1haveachievedunprecedentedresponsesinmelanoma,lung,andkidneycancers,andarebeingdevelopedforvirtuallyeveryothertypeoftumor.TheParkerInstituteteamwillresearchnovelpathwaysandsynergisticcombinationtreatmentstoimprovepatientresponseratesandexpandthetreatmenttomoretypesofcancer.

• TumorAntigenDiscovery:Immune-boostingdrugsincludevaccines,therapeuticviruses,andsubstancesdesignedtostimulatetheimmunesystemtorecognizeandmorepotentlyattackapatient’stumors.TheParkerInstituteteamwilluseadvancedDNAsequencing,antigenicpeptidediscoveryeffortsandimmunemonitoring


technologiestoidentifyselfandmutatedproteinsasnovelantigensfortumortargeting,andthendevelopvaccinesandCAR/TCRtherapiesagainstthesetargets.Thiscouldimprovetheeffectivenessandbroadentheapplicabilityofvaccinesandcellulartherapiestomanyadditionaltypesofcancer.

FASTFACTS

• Eachyear,14millionpeoplearediagnosedwithcancerand8.2millionpeopledieofcancer-relatedcauses.

• Therearewellover1,500cancerimmunotherapydrugscurrentlyintheresearchanddevelopmentpipeline,thesecondlargestareaofalldrugdevelopment.

HOWDOESIMMUNOTHERAPYWORK?