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1/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First our gratitude and deep aspiration goes to our instructor Ato Feyira A.
who have helped and encouraged us in carrying out solid waste management
practically by performing this project by giving us directions upon the
preparation of the solid waste management in case of kebele 08/25 in Yeka
sub city.
Next our special thanks goes to 08/15 kebele administration and other offices
in that kebele like office of woman affairs, health office, and small scale
enterprises who participating in house to house solid waste collection andsome of the communities giving us information about waste management.
Finally, we also thank the institute of urban development studies for their best
support delivered to us in carrying out this project.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Solid wastes are all the wastes rising from human and animal activities that
are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted (George 1993). In
the 18 centuries the disposal of human and other waste did not pose a
significant problem at that time (Zeresenay, 2002). The population was
small and the amounts of land available for the assimilation for wastes were
large.
A technology approach to solid waste management began to develop in the
later part of the 19th century and technological advancement in continuing
the development of garbage grinders, composition trucks, and pancreaticcollection systems. These days the solid waste, which is becoming more
heterogeneous and complex, is adding up on its negative effective from time
with civilization. The complex it become the more dangerous it turns out
before mankind and environment in terms of health and habitability as a
whole (Areda, 2000).
In the developing countries like Africa and urban population has been
growing at a faster rate. This increasing population in urban areas needs
better and adequate service. However, municipalities are unable to meet the
demand because of in adequate revenue and the weak technical capacity
they have.
Even though the problem of urban environment in Ethiopia is felt almost in
all major urban centers to a varying degree, it is more pronounced in Addis
Ababa.
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2.1. BACKGROUND
Since Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, enjoys a mid Afro-Alpine
climate with an average temperature of 16C0, diplomatic capital for Africa
(OAU, ECA), regional head quarters like UNDP, UNICEF, UNICEF, UNHCR,
FAO,ILF, ICO, and ITU. The population of the city is 3035,135 live in 10 sub-
cities1 and 204 kebels divided for administrative purpose. It is center for
modern economic and social activities that infrastructure services are found
relatively in better situation than other cities of Ethiopia. However their
development is too slow to meet the demands of the increasing population
due to both natural growth and rural urban migration. In particular, the
complete inadequacy of the dry waste management is major environmental
problem in Addis Ababa.
The daily waste generation is estimated 0.252kg/capita/day. The current
daily waste generation of the city is 2,297m3 or 851 tones. Of municipal
waste per day, 65 % (1,482m3) is collected (Addis Ababa city SBPDA, 2003).
The remaining 35 per cent of waste is disposed off through informal means,
except smaller percentage going to incineration and dumped on open sites,
drainage channels, rivers and valleys as well as on the streets. The rivers
are widely used as disposal sites. As simple observation around rivers bank
indicates, large percentage of the uncontrolled waste goes to the rivers.
Although the hygiene and environmental sanitation regulation issued by the
Addis Ababa city administration (Pro.No.1,1994) prohibits people from
disposing waste along roads, avenues, rivers, ponds, and other sites, the
regulation is continuously violated by the people due to lack of alternative
means for disposal.
The rapid population growth rate of 3.8 per cent is also resulting in a rise of
approximately 5 per cent of urban waste generation (Addis Ababa City
1
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Administration, 1998). This implies that if the current waste collection and
disposal capacity is not matched with the growing generation. These
environmental problems also have socio-economic consequences. Poor
environmental quality of cities can deprive citizens of a good quality of life as
it affects their health and consequently, adversely affect productivity and
economic development (Geenhuizen and Van Nijkamp, 1995).
Inadequate municipal and industrial dry waste collection and disposal
creates a range of environmental problems in Addis Ababa. A considerable
amount of waste ends up in open dumps or drainage system, threatening
both surface water and ground water quality and causing flooding, which
provides a breeding ground for diseases - carrying pests.
Open air burning of waste, spontaneous combustion in landfills, and
incinerating plants that lack effective treatment for gas emissions are
causing air pollution. The situation is making worse in slums where
households cannot make use of garbage collection containers. Lack of the
most basic solid waste services in crowded, low-income neighbors is a major
contributor to the high morbidity and mortality among the urban poor. The
adverse effect of inadequate solid waste service on productivity and
economic development of the city expected to be significant.
As effort to improve dry waste management, the city administration has
transferred the service provision of dry waste management to the newly
established Addis Ababa City Sanitation, Beatification and Park Development
Agency (since January 2003), with objective to make the city naturally
balanced, green and favorable environment through integrated management
and urban recreational area development.
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Yeka subcity administration is one of the sub city that make up Addis Ababa
city administration. Yeka covers an area of 56.04 Sq.Kms, and it has 11
kebele administration.
Kebele 08/15 which is our study area one of 11 kebeles in Yeka sub city. The
Kebele covers an area of 5.7 Sq.Kms and has an estimated population
concentration more than 45,000.
2.2. STATMENT OF THE PROBLEM
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The total amount of waste to be collected per annum is set to be 65% of the
total volume generated in a year, 35% uncollected every year. Any person
while walking on the city corner all public spaces like road sides and open
space, eye caching piles of garbage, flying festal (which is increasingly used
for packaging ), rubbish, construction, demolition and moved earth from new
construction sites, littering, affect the urban space indefinitely.
In practice 85% of the waste is collected through the container system.
Although the objective is to service every 2-3days, besides, some
households are located 1 km away from their closest container that people
tend to through their waste in sewer and ditches. All solid waste collected by
the municipality to single land fill, Repi dumping site 40 years old (located
south of the city ) that is provided to be difficult to prevent scavengers from
scratching through hazardous waste.
The efficiency of this method is limited because of the capacity of the city
council to organize adequate number of vehicles and waste containers,
which in term has direct relationship with revenue generation of the city.
More over the city council is mainly sole responsible for its management.
However, being responsible doesnt require the government to perform the
service with its own human resources and equipment. A.A City
Administration may choose to arrange of Recently 74 micro and small
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enterprises are engaged primary collector house to municipal container
improved collection of waste and created job for job less youths.
All problems discussed above are almost faced in our study area of Yeka sub
city Kebele 08/15.
2.3. OBJECTIVE
2.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The general objective of the study is to assess the extent and coverage of
solid waste managements in Yeka sub city kebele 08/15 in addition to the
role of small and micro enterprise and their contribution and to come up with
policy recommendations.
2.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1. Identifying the extent and coverage of solid waste management in
the kebele.
2. Assessing the existence managerial capacity of kebele for the
provision of solid waste management
3. To assess the level of solid waste management at house hold level.
4. To evaluate the contribution and roles of small and micro enterprises
in solid waste management in the case of keble 08/15 and to assess
problems regarding the collector and come up with some
appropriate recommendation.
5. To determine the possible areas of community participation in solid
waste management.
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6. To analyze the common steps in solid waste services delivery
practice.
7. To analyze the recommended possible major measures to alleviate
solid waste management problem.
8. To assess the quantity and composition of the solid waste in Yeka
sub city kebele 08/15
9. For students who participate in this paper to have a knowledge in a
management of solid waste.
2.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Studying the Extent & coverage of solid waste management system Helps to
identify some of the major institution problem in the service delivery of Yeka
sub city Kebele 08/15. The finding of the study is significant for the following
reasons.
1. The Yeka sub city and the Kebele 08/15 adminstration can use
the findings of this paper for designing a more effective method
of solid waste management system.
2. This study can help private institutions to engage in the delivery
of this service.
3. NGOs who have interest in assisting yeka sub city Kebele 08/15
with financial and technical support in the areas of solid waste
management, can use the study as reference for their objective.
4. The study finding can initiate other research further similar
services.
5. The study will highlight the role of the different stake holders and
the extent to which they have by active in addressing the waste
management problem.
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2.5. SCOP OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to Yeka sub city kebele 08/15 of A.A city administration.
2.6. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The shortage of time to study in detail deeply from the community.
The absence compiled information and data from kebele administration
due to the kebele administrations are organized newly. These cause the
administrators, experts /others not to have the previous information
about the keble.
The study was conducted using a small sample size. This creates
possible problems in performing a detailed analysis. Therefore, this
paper is not expected to provide all details of solid waste management
of the study area.
2.7. METHOD OF DATA GAZERING
Internet browsing,
Assessing written documents, researches letters, literatures,
Interviewing kebele administration and waste collectors,
Site investigation and observation,
Interviewing the community living in the kebele.
3. REIVEW OF RELATED LITRATURE
3.1. Solid Waste Management
Management of solid waste in Addis Ababa is handled by the Solid Waste
Management Team, in the Environmental Health Department of Region 14
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Health Bureau. The Team is responsible for arranging collection and disposal
of waste, street cleaning and organizing sanitation operations.
It could be defined as the discipline associated with the country of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal of solid waste in according with the best principle of public health,
economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental
consideration.
3.2. DEFFINTIONS
Domestic waste:
Wastes produced from households activities including food preparation,
cleaning and fuel burning plus garden waste old clothes and furniture,
obtained equipment, packaging and news sprint. In lower income, countries
domestic, waste is dominated largely by food ad ash wastes, while in middle
and higher income countries there is a large proportion of paper, plastic,
metal, glass and discarded manufactured items.
Commercial waste:
Wastes from shop, offices, restaurants, hotels and similar commercial
establishments. The waste typically consists of similarity to domestics waste.
In lower income countries food markets may contribute large proportion of
commercial waste.
Institutional wastes:
Waste from schools, hospitals, government offices and military bases.
Institutional waste is similarly to both domestics and commercial waste,
although there is generally a large proportion of paper tat food waste.
Hospital wastes inevitable include potentially infectious and hazardous
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materials such as used bandage (glove), sharp objects like needle with
syringes and items containments with body fluids. It is important to separate
hazardous and non hazardous components in health care waste reduce the
risk to health.
Street sweeping:
Dominated by dust and soil, together with carrying amounts paper, metal
and other litter that is picked up from the streets. In some countries street
sweeping varying amounts of household waste dumping at the side of road,
plant remains and animals manure.
Construction and demolition waste:
The composition depends of the types of building materials used in particular
area but is typically soil, stone, back, wood, clay, reinforced concrete and
ceramic materials. Inevitably some constriction waste will need disposal,
even though some may be recycled within the construction site.
Sanitation waste (Night soil) human waste:
Improper disposal of this material can contaminate the surrounding and be a
source of infectious disease.
Some of the important observable differences include the following:
1. the quantity of waste generation caries with income level
2. the density of waste is much higher in low income countries3. There is a high proportion of biodegradable vegetable waste in less
developed countries.
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4. The composition of waste different from not only from country to
country but also with in a country depending on income level
residential and administration area.
Waste Generation
Waste factor:
There is limited information available on waste quantities generated in
Ethiopia .A brief review analysis of existing studies on waste generation of
solid waste was 0.15kg per day per person with a 1% annual growth rates
and approximately waste density of 370kg/m3. But other studies show the
precipitate generation is 0.2kg per day per person.
Beside on the only available study carried out to date, for A.A (the
Louis Berger study) , the percentage composition by weight for
combustible materials (leaves, grass, etc) is estimated to be about
22% for non combustible (stone etc) 3%, for fine greater than 10mm
size 28% and for recallable materials (paper, wood, metals, plastics,
rubber etc) 13%. The organic components of the solid waste of A.A
constitute about 66% by weight.
The standard waste factors (kg/person/day) for urban and rural areas
in Africa countries can be combined with population data to estimate
the potential range in waste generation. (Typical estimates for urban
waste generated in less developed countries range from 0.2kg to
0.8kg per persons per day).
Uncertainty of waste factors
There are many sources of uncertainty related to the estimated waste
factors including:
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Waste generation changes with time, particularly as a country
develops and the population shift allocation.
There is limited information on the type of waste included in the waste
factor from the different studies. There is often inconsistency in the point of measurement of waste
generation in many rural areas much of the households waste is
burned in households and the points of measurement could be before
or after stage.
Measurement of waste generation needs to be undertaken over long
time periods in order to get a representatives sample.
Moreover, the crowdedness settlement of poor neighborhoods in A.Acoupled with lack of the most basic solid waste services could be a major
contributor of high morbidity and mortality infants and children,. The
address effect of inadequate solid waste service on productivity and
economic development of the inhabitants of poor neighborhoods n Addis
Ababa including the study sea is expected to be significant.
4. ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGMENT
4.1Collection
Municipal waste collection is handled in three ways:
1. door-to-door,
2. block and
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3. communal collections using three types of collection vehicles:
o Side load trucks,
o Closed compacting type trucks, and
o Container lift trucks (Environmental Health Department, 1997).
1. Door-to-door collection.
In this collection system, which covers less than 15% of the total amount of
waste collected in the city, households living along accessible streets dump
their waste in the trucks at a specific time in the day. It is used in accessible
areas where 8m3 transfer stations are lacking. Trucks should pass 2-3 times
per week but because of, it is much less than that.
2. Block collection.
The municipality provides 8m3 refuse containers to clients upon their
request. Clients using this type of service are: large hotels, enterprises,
institutions.
3. Container system:
Large 8m3 refuse containers are placed at different sites in the kebeles.
Residents are expected to carry and dump their waste in the containers.
These containers are taken by municipality trucks to the dump site where
they are emptied. Currently, there are around 14 metallic containersdistributed in the kebeles . Approximately 76% of the waste collected from
residential, 9% from commercial, and 6% from road sides are collected
through this system.
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The refuse containers serve the community at large, without any direct
charge. It is assumed that they will be filled within 1 - 3 days.
In places where containers are filled fast, the intention is to have a servicing
once or even twice a day. But in this specific kebele, in practice, refuse
containers are emptied every 2-3 days on average.
INAPPROPRIATENESS OF THE SYSTEM
It is known that the desired walking distance to waste collection points
should not exceed 150 m from the housing units, in order for household
members, usually women or children, to bring their waste to the collection
point. A large majority of households in Kebele live away from accessible
roads. For such households, the walking distance to a collection container
may reach 0.5 - 1.00 km. It is unrealistic to expect anyone to carry the
waste over such a distance. Clearly, the container system is not adapted to
households living in congested areas. Other systems have to be devised to
solve the waste collection problem in these areas.
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All the equipment used for collecting waste in Addis Ababa comes from
industrialized countries, where the waste characteristics, the climate, the
existing infrastructures, and the socio-economic context are different from
what is found in Ethiopia or in low-income countries in general. It is not
surprising, therefore, that the system does not work efficiently once
conditions are not the same. The means and mechanisms for collecting and
disposing of waste in Addis Ababa should be based on the reality of the city's
environment and its socio-economic context, rather than on practices and
equipment used in the developed world.
4.2. Disposing:
In the study area, the disposing system is totally facilitated by the
Municipality using different trucks when the containers are filled by the
household collectors.
4.3. Management:
We have seen that all the management system of solid waste is
coordinated by the Kebele administration with different stakeholders by
organizing collectors, by teaching the community, by applying different
regulation on violators, and other mechanisms.
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. INTRODUCTION
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Solid wastes are all the wastes rising from human and animal activities that
are normally solid and discarded as useless. Main solid wastes which found
in 08/15 kebele are festals, worn-out clothes, shoes, died animals, etc.
5.2. SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE
As explained by the kebele administration and responsible bodies, there are
many sources of solid waste. The main ones are:-
Residence solid waste
E.g. old cloth and furniture
Commercial solid waste
e.g. pakaging materials,food waste, chat (geraba)
Institutional solid waste
e.g., paper, bandage.
Street solid waste
e.g, dust and soil together with varying amount of paper
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Night soil (human waste).
Construction and demolishing waste
Due to shortage of data about the number of each sources i.e., the number
of residential houses, the number of hotels etc. we cant predict the amount
of waste generation from each source. This is due to the kebele
administration is structured in a new arrangement, they didnt have all data
about the kebele.
5.3. GENERATION RATE OF SOLID WASTE IN THE KEBELE
Even if there is no detail written data about the generation rate of solid
waste in the kebele, the kebele administration said that the amount of waste
generation is 75 % from household , 17% from street, 6% from hotel and
2% from others.
5.4. STEPS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY
5.4.1. COLLECTION
4.4.1.1. Waste collectors
In the kebele there are 6 waste collector associations which are organized by
the responsible body in the kebele to collect wastes from household. The
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association has a total member of 54 of which 8 are males and the rest are
females.These bodies collect solid waste from house hold to the containers.
And they will be paid by the kebele based on the number of containers they
filled.
5.4.1.2. Qorales
The term qorale is short for "Korkoro yaleh, or, in English, "Have you gotten
any scrap metal?" which is what the young boys shout when going round for
collection.
These bodies as other kebeles of Addis Ababa, collect different materials
that are going to be waste. This facilitate the solid waste collection and
management system in the kebele.
5.4.2. Waste Disposal System
Generally, sanitation in kebele 08/15 is poor in solid waste specially around
Megenagna Taxi Station however this is not an unusual problem which is
found only in this kebele it is rather a far flung problem among the other
kebele of Addis Ababa. Of course, there are but few clean areas that are
found in areas of good housings.
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From the site observation, the data we get, and interviews made, solid
waste disposed in the following there ways
1. Disposing at any spot which is vacant and in some cases at drainage
channels.
2. By paying to house to house collectors disposing at dumpsters.
On the other hand, sewage is disposed by:
Back filling the used latrine and digging a new one
By throwing to stream (Specially those near the stream)
Municipal disposal (kebele disposal)
Due to the shortage of containers, carelessness, dishonestness and due toother things, and its vicinity, inhabitants use plastic bags to urinate, wastes
of the trashed material and disposed it in the near by open ditch, and around
the container.
5.4.3. SOLID WASTE STORAGE
In the kebele there are about 14 containers which are used as a temporarily
storage of the solid waste which is collected by the collectors the residents.
5.4.4. TRNSPORTATION SYSTEM
5.4.4.1. from HH to container
Solid wastes are transported from HH to container by simple pushcart by
collector.
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5.4.4.2. from container to
final disposal
The solid waste finally transported by:
side load trucks,
closed compacting type trucks, and
container lift trucks
5.5. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
5.5.1. ROLE OF ACTORS FROM THE KEBELE ADMINSTRATION
Actors in the Kebele level who are responsible for the solid waste
management directly and indirectly are as follows.
5.5.1.1. Beauty and Sanitation Processor
This department is under Kebele administration, which is responsible for the
total waste management in the Kebele.
5.5.1.2. Office of Womens Affair
Office of woman affairs are also participate in solid waste management by
initiating females from the Kebele to collect solid waste from home to home
and put it into the container. Since the office organizes them in a group,it
follow up for future carrier.
5.5.1.3. Office of Health
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As told by the office head the office participate in the solid waste
management by giving awareness to the community to collect and put their
waste to prevent diseases caused by improper management of wastes in
general.
5.5.1.4. Regulatory Body
This department is also under the Kebele administration who participates in
the solid management of the Kebele. The member of the department goes
through the site and visit any illegal activities .They thought to the
community no to have any waste up to 20m radius from their house. If this
is so; they will be punished according to the proclamation about
environmental protection. Due to this the community keeps their
surrounding clean even from other neighborhood at the community.
5.5.1.5. Municipality Public sectors
The sub city solid waste collection and disposal team play a predominant role
in SW transpiration and disposal services by involved directly to these
activities. The team has program to transport the waste from each transfer
station periodically since the team lack adequate waste trucks in practice
they could not perform as they intended. For that reason, the frequency
which the containers are pickled is from one to two weeks an average.
5.5.1.6. House to house collectors
There are legally established households in yeka sub city. They charge 10
birr per household per package .the scopes ofHouse to house collectors
are omitted to collect waste from each households by door to door collection
system and discharging it in to communal containers.
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5.6. Financial capacity applied to SWM.
The Kebele administration collects money from kebele communities 10 birr
per house hold and from 2500 households 25000.00 birr is collected to
facilitate SWM. The collected money used to pay for house to house collector
groups and for loading and unloading trucks.
5.7. Legal considerations of solid waste management
One of the objectives of the Ethiopian FDRE constitution (proclamation NO
1(1995) is to ensure the existence of a clean and health environment. It
provides that all persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment.
Based on the constitution, different proclamation have been drafted by
environmental protection authority and enacted by the council of
representative.
These proclamations are the following:
Proclamation for the establishment of environmental protection organ.
Environmental pollution control proclamation
Environmental pollution impact assessment proclamation
Strategic environmental assessment
Environmental audit
Environmental standard
Other laws.
5.7.1. Legal and policy aspects of solid waste management
The 1987 E.C federal democratic republic of Ethiopia constitution empowers
government to legislate their own regulation and by laws concerning their
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own affair and this constitution also cover the environmental proclamation
under the heading environmental objectives under the article 92.
According to this, the kebele is used article No 13/1996 waste
management, collection and disposing to punish individuals who discarded
their waste illegally out of containers and storage places.
The Kebele uses the format to punish illegal persons who illegally dispose
wastes out of storage sites according to the above articles
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMEDDATION
6.1. CONCLUSION
There is no data base for kebele 08/15 on solid waste characteristics which
type of community member generates the greatest amount and what is the
nature of this waste .But from interviewing with the waste collectors, waste
generates from residential and commercial areas dominate in the kebele.
The quantity of waste generation is high in high income areas and low in low
income areas.
Factors affecting solid waste generation in kebele 08/15 include family size
of house hold, living standard of inhabitants, type of activity taking place in
the house and distance of disposal site. Particularly, family size and income
have strong correlation to waste generation.
Management of solid waste had given low attention relative to generation of
wastes by the kebele due to the following major problems:
Financial constraints,
Weak institutional organization and management system,
Lack of community participation,
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In appropriate location of waste storage containers,
Limited number of refuse truck,
Absence of involvement of ngos in the waste management programsetc
6.2. RECOMMENDATION
On the bases of the above conclusion, we recommend the following
strategies to improve SWM system of kebele 08/15.
1. building capacity
Emphasis should be given to capacity building of workers under
sanitation and public health care team through on job training,
experience sharing with other Kebeles.
We recommend the respected sub city to provide additional containers
lifting truck to improve waste disposal system, because,it is difficult to
accomplish waste collectionactivity and to enhance efficiency of
service.
develop collection vehicle root on the map for both door to door and
container system
Reconsidering the distribution of containers in kebele.
2. Practicing policy rules and regulations
We recommend to practice consistence and detailed policy on SWM,
because, decision making become difficult and bulky and may even lead to
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in appropriate decision. Therefore, clearly defined implementable policies
should be formulated.
3. Increasing the awareness of the community
On the importance creating healthy environment and also on the
mechanisms of controlling generation of waste at the source , alternation
disposal mechanisms and share of responsibilities the public educating
women should be given the highest priorities, since in the society cleanness
of the family , housing unities and immediate surrounding is responsibilities
of women.
4. stake holders participation
The provision of SWM at present is responsibility of Kebele. The efforts by
NGOs, the private sector role is limited because of the lack of attractive
mechanisms designed to manage and integrated partnership and
cooperation by Kebele So the Kebele should encourage and participate
different NGOs , privet sectors, community organization (Idir,Ekub) and
other stakeholders.
5. Introduce ecological waste Mgt.
Organize informal recyclers, use waste as the industrial input like
bottle factories.
Promote composting by initiating small micro interprise, and can be
achieved through.
Provision of open land for composting.
Facilitating access to biodegradable waste agriculture as
income generating schame.
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Encourage the environmental economical and social advantages of
waste segregation, reuse, recycling and composting activities in Kebele
6. Establish additional refuse containers in all direction at accessible site
depending on the rate of solid waste generation at Kebele.
7. REFERENCE
Internet browsing,
Assessing written documents, researches letters, literatures,
Interviewing
Solid waste management, Takele Tadese, 2006, Univercity of Gonder
ECSC, IUDS, Department of urban