Waste Final Draft G-21

7/30/2019 Waste Final Draft G-21

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Solid waste management the case of Kebele 08/15 (Yeka sub city)

1/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First our gratitude and deep aspiration goes to our instructor Ato Feyira A.

who have helped and encouraged us in carrying out solid waste management

practically by performing this project by giving us directions upon the

preparation of the solid waste management in case of kebele 08/25 in Yeka

sub city.

Next our special thanks goes to 08/15 kebele administration and other offices

in that kebele like office of woman affairs, health office, and small scale

enterprises who participating in house to house solid waste collection andsome of the communities giving us information about waste management.

Finally, we also thank the institute of urban development studies for their best

support delivered to us in carrying out this project.

ECSC, IUDS, Department of urbanEngineering 1


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2. INTRODUCTION

Solid wastes are all the wastes rising from human and animal activities that

are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted (George 1993). In

the 18 centuries the disposal of human and other waste did not pose a

significant problem at that time (Zeresenay, 2002). The population was

small and the amounts of land available for the assimilation for wastes were

large.

A technology approach to solid waste management began to develop in the

later part of the 19th century and technological advancement in continuing

the development of garbage grinders, composition trucks, and pancreaticcollection systems. These days the solid waste, which is becoming more

heterogeneous and complex, is adding up on its negative effective from time

with civilization. The complex it become the more dangerous it turns out

before mankind and environment in terms of health and habitability as a

whole (Areda, 2000).

In the developing countries like Africa and urban population has been

growing at a faster rate. This increasing population in urban areas needs

better and adequate service. However, municipalities are unable to meet the

demand because of in adequate revenue and the weak technical capacity

they have.

Even though the problem of urban environment in Ethiopia is felt almost in

all major urban centers to a varying degree, it is more pronounced in Addis

Ababa.



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2.1. BACKGROUND

Since Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, enjoys a mid Afro-Alpine

climate with an average temperature of 16C0, diplomatic capital for Africa

(OAU, ECA), regional head quarters like UNDP, UNICEF, UNICEF, UNHCR,

FAO,ILF, ICO, and ITU. The population of the city is 3035,135 live in 10 sub-

cities1 and 204 kebels divided for administrative purpose. It is center for

modern economic and social activities that infrastructure services are found

relatively in better situation than other cities of Ethiopia. However their

development is too slow to meet the demands of the increasing population

due to both natural growth and rural urban migration. In particular, the

complete inadequacy of the dry waste management is major environmental

problem in Addis Ababa.

The daily waste generation is estimated 0.252kg/capita/day. The current

daily waste generation of the city is 2,297m3 or 851 tones. Of municipal

waste per day, 65 % (1,482m3) is collected (Addis Ababa city SBPDA, 2003).

The remaining 35 per cent of waste is disposed off through informal means,

except smaller percentage going to incineration and dumped on open sites,

drainage channels, rivers and valleys as well as on the streets. The rivers

are widely used as disposal sites. As simple observation around rivers bank

indicates, large percentage of the uncontrolled waste goes to the rivers.

Although the hygiene and environmental sanitation regulation issued by the

Addis Ababa city administration (Pro.No.1,1994) prohibits people from

disposing waste along roads, avenues, rivers, ponds, and other sites, the

regulation is continuously violated by the people due to lack of alternative

means for disposal.

The rapid population growth rate of 3.8 per cent is also resulting in a rise of

approximately 5 per cent of urban waste generation (Addis Ababa City

1



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Administration, 1998). This implies that if the current waste collection and

disposal capacity is not matched with the growing generation. These

environmental problems also have socio-economic consequences. Poor

environmental quality of cities can deprive citizens of a good quality of life as

it affects their health and consequently, adversely affect productivity and

economic development (Geenhuizen and Van Nijkamp, 1995).

Inadequate municipal and industrial dry waste collection and disposal

creates a range of environmental problems in Addis Ababa. A considerable

amount of waste ends up in open dumps or drainage system, threatening

both surface water and ground water quality and causing flooding, which

provides a breeding ground for diseases - carrying pests.

Open air burning of waste, spontaneous combustion in landfills, and

incinerating plants that lack effective treatment for gas emissions are

causing air pollution. The situation is making worse in slums where

households cannot make use of garbage collection containers. Lack of the

most basic solid waste services in crowded, low-income neighbors is a major

contributor to the high morbidity and mortality among the urban poor. The

adverse effect of inadequate solid waste service on productivity and

economic development of the city expected to be significant.

As effort to improve dry waste management, the city administration has

transferred the service provision of dry waste management to the newly

established Addis Ababa City Sanitation, Beatification and Park Development

Agency (since January 2003), with objective to make the city naturally

balanced, green and favorable environment through integrated management

and urban recreational area development.



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Yeka subcity administration is one of the sub city that make up Addis Ababa

city administration. Yeka covers an area of 56.04 Sq.Kms, and it has 11

kebele administration.

Kebele 08/15 which is our study area one of 11 kebeles in Yeka sub city. The

Kebele covers an area of 5.7 Sq.Kms and has an estimated population

concentration more than 45,000.

2.2. STATMENT OF THE PROBLEM



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The total amount of waste to be collected per annum is set to be 65% of the

total volume generated in a year, 35% uncollected every year. Any person

while walking on the city corner all public spaces like road sides and open

space, eye caching piles of garbage, flying festal (which is increasingly used

for packaging ), rubbish, construction, demolition and moved earth from new

construction sites, littering, affect the urban space indefinitely.

In practice 85% of the waste is collected through the container system.

Although the objective is to service every 2-3days, besides, some

households are located 1 km away from their closest container that people

tend to through their waste in sewer and ditches. All solid waste collected by

the municipality to single land fill, Repi dumping site 40 years old (located

south of the city ) that is provided to be difficult to prevent scavengers from

scratching through hazardous waste.

The efficiency of this method is limited because of the capacity of the city

council to organize adequate number of vehicles and waste containers,

which in term has direct relationship with revenue generation of the city.

More over the city council is mainly sole responsible for its management.

However, being responsible doesnt require the government to perform the

service with its own human resources and equipment. A.A City

Administration may choose to arrange of Recently 74 micro and small



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enterprises are engaged primary collector house to municipal container

improved collection of waste and created job for job less youths.

All problems discussed above are almost faced in our study area of Yeka sub

city Kebele 08/15.

2.3. OBJECTIVE

2.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

The general objective of the study is to assess the extent and coverage of

solid waste managements in Yeka sub city kebele 08/15 in addition to the

role of small and micro enterprise and their contribution and to come up with

policy recommendations.

2.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

1. Identifying the extent and coverage of solid waste management in

the kebele.

2. Assessing the existence managerial capacity of kebele for the

provision of solid waste management

3. To assess the level of solid waste management at house hold level.

4. To evaluate the contribution and roles of small and micro enterprises

in solid waste management in the case of keble 08/15 and to assess

problems regarding the collector and come up with some

appropriate recommendation.

5. To determine the possible areas of community participation in solid

waste management.



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6. To analyze the common steps in solid waste services delivery

practice.

7. To analyze the recommended possible major measures to alleviate

solid waste management problem.

8. To assess the quantity and composition of the solid waste in Yeka

sub city kebele 08/15

9. For students who participate in this paper to have a knowledge in a

management of solid waste.

2.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Studying the Extent & coverage of solid waste management system Helps to

identify some of the major institution problem in the service delivery of Yeka

sub city Kebele 08/15. The finding of the study is significant for the following

reasons.

1. The Yeka sub city and the Kebele 08/15 adminstration can use

the findings of this paper for designing a more effective method

of solid waste management system.

2. This study can help private institutions to engage in the delivery

of this service.

3. NGOs who have interest in assisting yeka sub city Kebele 08/15

with financial and technical support in the areas of solid waste

management, can use the study as reference for their objective.

4. The study finding can initiate other research further similar

services.

5. The study will highlight the role of the different stake holders and

the extent to which they have by active in addressing the waste

management problem.



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2.5. SCOP OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to Yeka sub city kebele 08/15 of A.A city administration.

2.6. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The shortage of time to study in detail deeply from the community.

The absence compiled information and data from kebele administration

due to the kebele administrations are organized newly. These cause the

administrators, experts /others not to have the previous information

about the keble.

The study was conducted using a small sample size. This creates

possible problems in performing a detailed analysis. Therefore, this

paper is not expected to provide all details of solid waste management

of the study area.

2.7. METHOD OF DATA GAZERING

Internet browsing,

Assessing written documents, researches letters, literatures,

Interviewing kebele administration and waste collectors,

Site investigation and observation,

Interviewing the community living in the kebele.

3. REIVEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

3.1. Solid Waste Management

Management of solid waste in Addis Ababa is handled by the Solid Waste

Management Team, in the Environmental Health Department of Region 14



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Health Bureau. The Team is responsible for arranging collection and disposal

of waste, street cleaning and organizing sanitation operations.

It could be defined as the discipline associated with the country of

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and

disposal of solid waste in according with the best principle of public health,

economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental

consideration.

3.2. DEFFINTIONS

Domestic waste:

Wastes produced from households activities including food preparation,

cleaning and fuel burning plus garden waste old clothes and furniture,

obtained equipment, packaging and news sprint. In lower income, countries

domestic, waste is dominated largely by food ad ash wastes, while in middle

and higher income countries there is a large proportion of paper, plastic,

metal, glass and discarded manufactured items.

Commercial waste:

Wastes from shop, offices, restaurants, hotels and similar commercial

establishments. The waste typically consists of similarity to domestics waste.

In lower income countries food markets may contribute large proportion of

commercial waste.

Institutional wastes:

Waste from schools, hospitals, government offices and military bases.

Institutional waste is similarly to both domestics and commercial waste,

although there is generally a large proportion of paper tat food waste.

Hospital wastes inevitable include potentially infectious and hazardous



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materials such as used bandage (glove), sharp objects like needle with

syringes and items containments with body fluids. It is important to separate

hazardous and non hazardous components in health care waste reduce the

risk to health.

Street sweeping:

Dominated by dust and soil, together with carrying amounts paper, metal

and other litter that is picked up from the streets. In some countries street

sweeping varying amounts of household waste dumping at the side of road,

plant remains and animals manure.

Construction and demolition waste:

The composition depends of the types of building materials used in particular

area but is typically soil, stone, back, wood, clay, reinforced concrete and

ceramic materials. Inevitably some constriction waste will need disposal,

even though some may be recycled within the construction site.

Sanitation waste (Night soil) human waste:

Improper disposal of this material can contaminate the surrounding and be a

source of infectious disease.

Some of the important observable differences include the following:

1. the quantity of waste generation caries with income level

2. the density of waste is much higher in low income countries3. There is a high proportion of biodegradable vegetable waste in less

developed countries.



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4. The composition of waste different from not only from country to

country but also with in a country depending on income level

residential and administration area.

Waste Generation

Waste factor:

There is limited information available on waste quantities generated in

Ethiopia .A brief review analysis of existing studies on waste generation of

solid waste was 0.15kg per day per person with a 1% annual growth rates

and approximately waste density of 370kg/m3. But other studies show the

precipitate generation is 0.2kg per day per person.

Beside on the only available study carried out to date, for A.A (the

Louis Berger study) , the percentage composition by weight for

combustible materials (leaves, grass, etc) is estimated to be about

22% for non combustible (stone etc) 3%, for fine greater than 10mm

size 28% and for recallable materials (paper, wood, metals, plastics,

rubber etc) 13%. The organic components of the solid waste of A.A

constitute about 66% by weight.

The standard waste factors (kg/person/day) for urban and rural areas

in Africa countries can be combined with population data to estimate

the potential range in waste generation. (Typical estimates for urban

waste generated in less developed countries range from 0.2kg to

0.8kg per persons per day).

Uncertainty of waste factors

There are many sources of uncertainty related to the estimated waste

factors including:



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Waste generation changes with time, particularly as a country

develops and the population shift allocation.

There is limited information on the type of waste included in the waste

factor from the different studies. There is often inconsistency in the point of measurement of waste

generation in many rural areas much of the households waste is

burned in households and the points of measurement could be before

or after stage.

Measurement of waste generation needs to be undertaken over long

time periods in order to get a representatives sample.

Moreover, the crowdedness settlement of poor neighborhoods in A.Acoupled with lack of the most basic solid waste services could be a major

contributor of high morbidity and mortality infants and children,. The

address effect of inadequate solid waste service on productivity and

economic development of the inhabitants of poor neighborhoods n Addis

Ababa including the study sea is expected to be significant.

4. ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGMENT

4.1Collection

Municipal waste collection is handled in three ways:

1. door-to-door,

2. block and



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3. communal collections using three types of collection vehicles:

o Side load trucks,

o Closed compacting type trucks, and

o Container lift trucks (Environmental Health Department, 1997).

1. Door-to-door collection.

In this collection system, which covers less than 15% of the total amount of

waste collected in the city, households living along accessible streets dump

their waste in the trucks at a specific time in the day. It is used in accessible

areas where 8m3 transfer stations are lacking. Trucks should pass 2-3 times

per week but because of, it is much less than that.

2. Block collection.

The municipality provides 8m3 refuse containers to clients upon their

request. Clients using this type of service are: large hotels, enterprises,

institutions.

3. Container system:

Large 8m3 refuse containers are placed at different sites in the kebeles.

Residents are expected to carry and dump their waste in the containers.

These containers are taken by municipality trucks to the dump site where

they are emptied. Currently, there are around 14 metallic containersdistributed in the kebeles . Approximately 76% of the waste collected from

residential, 9% from commercial, and 6% from road sides are collected

through this system.



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The refuse containers serve the community at large, without any direct

charge. It is assumed that they will be filled within 1 - 3 days.

In places where containers are filled fast, the intention is to have a servicing

once or even twice a day. But in this specific kebele, in practice, refuse

containers are emptied every 2-3 days on average.

INAPPROPRIATENESS OF THE SYSTEM

It is known that the desired walking distance to waste collection points

should not exceed 150 m from the housing units, in order for household

members, usually women or children, to bring their waste to the collection

point. A large majority of households in Kebele live away from accessible

roads. For such households, the walking distance to a collection container

may reach 0.5 - 1.00 km. It is unrealistic to expect anyone to carry the

waste over such a distance. Clearly, the container system is not adapted to

households living in congested areas. Other systems have to be devised to

solve the waste collection problem in these areas.



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All the equipment used for collecting waste in Addis Ababa comes from

industrialized countries, where the waste characteristics, the climate, the

existing infrastructures, and the socio-economic context are different from

what is found in Ethiopia or in low-income countries in general. It is not

surprising, therefore, that the system does not work efficiently once

conditions are not the same. The means and mechanisms for collecting and

disposing of waste in Addis Ababa should be based on the reality of the city's

environment and its socio-economic context, rather than on practices and

equipment used in the developed world.

4.2. Disposing:

In the study area, the disposing system is totally facilitated by the

Municipality using different trucks when the containers are filled by the

household collectors.

4.3. Management:

We have seen that all the management system of solid waste is

coordinated by the Kebele administration with different stakeholders by

organizing collectors, by teaching the community, by applying different

regulation on violators, and other mechanisms.

5. DISCUSSION

5.1. INTRODUCTION



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Solid wastes are all the wastes rising from human and animal activities that

are normally solid and discarded as useless. Main solid wastes which found

in 08/15 kebele are festals, worn-out clothes, shoes, died animals, etc.

5.2. SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE

As explained by the kebele administration and responsible bodies, there are

many sources of solid waste. The main ones are:-

Residence solid waste

E.g. old cloth and furniture

Commercial solid waste

e.g. pakaging materials,food waste, chat (geraba)

Institutional solid waste

e.g., paper, bandage.

Street solid waste

e.g, dust and soil together with varying amount of paper



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Night soil (human waste).

Construction and demolishing waste

Due to shortage of data about the number of each sources i.e., the number

of residential houses, the number of hotels etc. we cant predict the amount

of waste generation from each source. This is due to the kebele

administration is structured in a new arrangement, they didnt have all data

about the kebele.

5.3. GENERATION RATE OF SOLID WASTE IN THE KEBELE

Even if there is no detail written data about the generation rate of solid

waste in the kebele, the kebele administration said that the amount of waste

generation is 75 % from household , 17% from street, 6% from hotel and

2% from others.

5.4. STEPS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY

5.4.1. COLLECTION

4.4.1.1. Waste collectors

In the kebele there are 6 waste collector associations which are organized by

the responsible body in the kebele to collect wastes from household. The



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association has a total member of 54 of which 8 are males and the rest are

females.These bodies collect solid waste from house hold to the containers.

And they will be paid by the kebele based on the number of containers they

filled.

5.4.1.2. Qorales

The term qorale is short for "Korkoro yaleh, or, in English, "Have you gotten

any scrap metal?" which is what the young boys shout when going round for

collection.

These bodies as other kebeles of Addis Ababa, collect different materials

that are going to be waste. This facilitate the solid waste collection and

management system in the kebele.

5.4.2. Waste Disposal System

Generally, sanitation in kebele 08/15 is poor in solid waste specially around

Megenagna Taxi Station however this is not an unusual problem which is

found only in this kebele it is rather a far flung problem among the other

kebele of Addis Ababa. Of course, there are but few clean areas that are

found in areas of good housings.



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From the site observation, the data we get, and interviews made, solid

waste disposed in the following there ways

1. Disposing at any spot which is vacant and in some cases at drainage

channels.

2. By paying to house to house collectors disposing at dumpsters.

On the other hand, sewage is disposed by:

Back filling the used latrine and digging a new one

By throwing to stream (Specially those near the stream)

Municipal disposal (kebele disposal)

Due to the shortage of containers, carelessness, dishonestness and due toother things, and its vicinity, inhabitants use plastic bags to urinate, wastes

of the trashed material and disposed it in the near by open ditch, and around

the container.

5.4.3. SOLID WASTE STORAGE

In the kebele there are about 14 containers which are used as a temporarily

storage of the solid waste which is collected by the collectors the residents.

5.4.4. TRNSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.4.4.1. from HH to container

Solid wastes are transported from HH to container by simple pushcart by

collector.



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5.4.4.2. from container to

final disposal

The solid waste finally transported by:

side load trucks,

closed compacting type trucks, and

container lift trucks

5.5. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

5.5.1. ROLE OF ACTORS FROM THE KEBELE ADMINSTRATION

Actors in the Kebele level who are responsible for the solid waste

management directly and indirectly are as follows.

5.5.1.1. Beauty and Sanitation Processor

This department is under Kebele administration, which is responsible for the

total waste management in the Kebele.

5.5.1.2. Office of Womens Affair

Office of woman affairs are also participate in solid waste management by

initiating females from the Kebele to collect solid waste from home to home

and put it into the container. Since the office organizes them in a group,it

follow up for future carrier.

5.5.1.3. Office of Health



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As told by the office head the office participate in the solid waste

management by giving awareness to the community to collect and put their

waste to prevent diseases caused by improper management of wastes in

general.

5.5.1.4. Regulatory Body

This department is also under the Kebele administration who participates in

the solid management of the Kebele. The member of the department goes

through the site and visit any illegal activities .They thought to the

community no to have any waste up to 20m radius from their house. If this

is so; they will be punished according to the proclamation about

environmental protection. Due to this the community keeps their

surrounding clean even from other neighborhood at the community.

5.5.1.5. Municipality Public sectors

The sub city solid waste collection and disposal team play a predominant role

in SW transpiration and disposal services by involved directly to these

activities. The team has program to transport the waste from each transfer

station periodically since the team lack adequate waste trucks in practice

they could not perform as they intended. For that reason, the frequency

which the containers are pickled is from one to two weeks an average.

5.5.1.6. House to house collectors

There are legally established households in yeka sub city. They charge 10

birr per household per package .the scopes ofHouse to house collectors

are omitted to collect waste from each households by door to door collection

system and discharging it in to communal containers.



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5.6. Financial capacity applied to SWM.

The Kebele administration collects money from kebele communities 10 birr

per house hold and from 2500 households 25000.00 birr is collected to

facilitate SWM. The collected money used to pay for house to house collector

groups and for loading and unloading trucks.

5.7. Legal considerations of solid waste management

One of the objectives of the Ethiopian FDRE constitution (proclamation NO

1(1995) is to ensure the existence of a clean and health environment. It

provides that all persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment.

Based on the constitution, different proclamation have been drafted by

environmental protection authority and enacted by the council of

representative.

These proclamations are the following:

Proclamation for the establishment of environmental protection organ.

Environmental pollution control proclamation

Environmental pollution impact assessment proclamation

Strategic environmental assessment

Environmental audit

Environmental standard

Other laws.

5.7.1. Legal and policy aspects of solid waste management

The 1987 E.C federal democratic republic of Ethiopia constitution empowers

government to legislate their own regulation and by laws concerning their



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own affair and this constitution also cover the environmental proclamation

under the heading environmental objectives under the article 92.

According to this, the kebele is used article No 13/1996 waste

management, collection and disposing to punish individuals who discarded

their waste illegally out of containers and storage places.

The Kebele uses the format to punish illegal persons who illegally dispose

wastes out of storage sites according to the above articles

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMEDDATION

6.1. CONCLUSION

There is no data base for kebele 08/15 on solid waste characteristics which

type of community member generates the greatest amount and what is the

nature of this waste .But from interviewing with the waste collectors, waste

generates from residential and commercial areas dominate in the kebele.

The quantity of waste generation is high in high income areas and low in low

income areas.

Factors affecting solid waste generation in kebele 08/15 include family size

of house hold, living standard of inhabitants, type of activity taking place in

the house and distance of disposal site. Particularly, family size and income

have strong correlation to waste generation.

Management of solid waste had given low attention relative to generation of

wastes by the kebele due to the following major problems:

Financial constraints,

Weak institutional organization and management system,

Lack of community participation,



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In appropriate location of waste storage containers,

Limited number of refuse truck,

Absence of involvement of ngos in the waste management programsetc

6.2. RECOMMENDATION

On the bases of the above conclusion, we recommend the following

strategies to improve SWM system of kebele 08/15.

1. building capacity

Emphasis should be given to capacity building of workers under

sanitation and public health care team through on job training,

experience sharing with other Kebeles.

We recommend the respected sub city to provide additional containers

lifting truck to improve waste disposal system, because,it is difficult to

accomplish waste collectionactivity and to enhance efficiency of

service.

develop collection vehicle root on the map for both door to door and

container system

Reconsidering the distribution of containers in kebele.

2. Practicing policy rules and regulations

We recommend to practice consistence and detailed policy on SWM,

because, decision making become difficult and bulky and may even lead to



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in appropriate decision. Therefore, clearly defined implementable policies

should be formulated.

3. Increasing the awareness of the community

On the importance creating healthy environment and also on the

mechanisms of controlling generation of waste at the source , alternation

disposal mechanisms and share of responsibilities the public educating

women should be given the highest priorities, since in the society cleanness

of the family , housing unities and immediate surrounding is responsibilities

of women.

4. stake holders participation

The provision of SWM at present is responsibility of Kebele. The efforts by

NGOs, the private sector role is limited because of the lack of attractive

mechanisms designed to manage and integrated partnership and

cooperation by Kebele So the Kebele should encourage and participate

different NGOs , privet sectors, community organization (Idir,Ekub) and

other stakeholders.

5. Introduce ecological waste Mgt.

Organize informal recyclers, use waste as the industrial input like

bottle factories.

Promote composting by initiating small micro interprise, and can be

achieved through.

Provision of open land for composting.

Facilitating access to biodegradable waste agriculture as

income generating schame.



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Encourage the environmental economical and social advantages of

waste segregation, reuse, recycling and composting activities in Kebele

6. Establish additional refuse containers in all direction at accessible site

depending on the rate of solid waste generation at Kebele.

7. REFERENCE

Internet browsing,

Assessing written documents, researches letters, literatures,

Interviewing

Solid waste management, Takele Tadese, 2006, Univercity of Gonder

ECSC, IUDS, Department of urban

Documents

Waste Final Draft G-21