Warmup 9/20
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
Which characteristic of life creates energy?
What is an example of synthesis?
The Cell
Cell Theory
All living things are made of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of life for all organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell Scientists
Robert Hooke: cells are the basic building blocks for all living things
Cell Scientists
Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann: all animals are made of cells
Cell Scientists
Robert Brown: First person to observe the nucleus
Important Scientists cont.
Francesco Redi: Disproved spontaneous generation Spontaneous Regeneration:
living things come from non-living matter
Used meat and maggots
Important Scientists continued
Rudolf Virchow: Proposed cells come from other cells
Known as biogenesis
Louis Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation Used meat broth and micro-organisms Invented pasteurization
Warmup 9/24
Which scientist coined the term cells?
Which two scientists determined plants and animals are made of cells?
Which scientist was the first to examine the nucleus?
Scientist Poster
Create a poster of your assigned scientist in your lab groups
You must include: Name Picture Years they were alive Short biography Major contribution to biology (from notes) Picture of the major contribution
You may use the laptops or your cell phones to find any additional information you may need that is not in your notes
Cell Structure
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Prefix “Pro” means
firstFirst organisms on earth
Do not have membrane bound organelles
All of these organisms are single celled
Ex: bacteria
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes Prefix “Eu” means
true Have membrane
bound organelles Some are single-celled
and some are multi-celled Ex: plants, animals, fungi, amoebas
LITTLE ORGANS OF THE CELL
Organelles
What are organelles?
Structures inside the cell that perform jobs for the cell
Structures found in all cells
DNACell membreneRibosomesCytoplasm
Nucleus
“Brain” of the cellMembrane boundContains the DNAPores allow stuff in and out
Nucleolus (Honors)
Region in the cell which produces ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Clear gelatinous fluid that fills the cell All of the organelles float in
the cytoplasmPretend the cell is like a
water balloon The outside of the cell is the
colored rubber The water inside is the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Make proteinsNot membrane boundCan be free floating in the
cell or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER Has ribosomes attached Transports proteins Membrane bound Highly folded
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER No ribosomes Makes and stores
lipids and disables toxins Membrane bound
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body
Prepares proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for their final function
Sends it outside of the cellOperates like the Post OfficeMembrane Bound
Lysosomes
Lysosomes Digestive organelles Break down things brought into
the cell Membrane bound
Vacuole
Used for Storage Membrane boundPlant
Have one large “Central Vacuole”Animals
Have many smaller vacuoles
Warmup 9/25
Why is the nucleus called the brain of the cell?
What do ribosomes do in the cell?
What is the difference between plant and animal vacuoles?
What is the cytoplasm?
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cellUse sugar to make energy (respiration)Membrane boundHave own DNA
Chloroplasts
Found in plants and protistsPlace of photosynthesis:
Make sugar for the plants to useMembrane boundHave own DNA
Cilia/Flagella
Used in movementFound in bacteria and
protistsCilia: Tiny hair-like structures
that completely surround the organism
Flagella: Long whip like structure Moves the organism by
spinning like a propeller
Centrioles
Used in cell replicationFound primarily in all
animal cells
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Surrounds the cellUsed to control what
enters and leaves the cell
Cell Wall
Surrounds plant cells, bacteria, and some protists
Outside the Plasma Membrane Used for structural support and protection Made of cellulose
Warmup 9/26
How do the chloroplasts and mitochondria interact?
Where do you find centrioles?
What is the job of the cell membrane?
Where do you find the cell wall on a plant cell?
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Microscopes
Types of microscopes
Light Invented by Anton
van Leeuwenhoek Uses a light source and
different lenses
Scanning Electron Microscope
Takes a surface scan of cells and small organisms
Makes 3-D images of an object
Transmission Electron Microscope
Used to look at the inside of cellsHave to freeze the cell and take a very thin
slice out of it
Light Microscopes
Light microscope
Formula for Calculating Magnification
[Eyepiece magnification] x [Objective Lens in use]
Ex: [10x] x [40x] = 400 times magnification
Warmup 9/26
What is the process of a protein being made in the cell? Start with the nucleus and end with the cell membrane. List the organelles that are used in the correct order.
Create a simile that relates a cell to a non-living system.
Factory Job Cell Organelle Simile
Shipping andReceiving Dept.
Plasma Membrane
Just as the shipping and receiving department controls what enters and leaves a factor, so the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves a cell.
CEO – Chief Executive Officer
Nucleus Just as the CEO directs all operations of the factory, so the nucleus and DNA controls all cell activities and what proteins will be made.
Factory Floor Cytoplasm Just as the factory floor holds all of the machinery and parts in the factory, so the cytoplasm is the where all the organelles and activity are found in the cell.
Assembly Line Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Just as the assembly line is the place where the workers to their job in the factory, so the ER is the place where the ribosomes do their job of assembling proteins.
Finishing and Packaging Dept.
Golgi Apparatus Just as the finishing and packaging department prepares factory products for shipment, so the Golgi apparatus prepares the proteins for use or export out of the cell.
Cell Song
You need to create a song or rap that includes the following organelles. You can put them in any order you need to. You need to turn in the lyrics
• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Ribosome• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria• Vacuole• Rough ER• Smooth ER• Chloroplast• Cell Wall
Warmup 9/30
What is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope?
What is the job of the plasma membrane?
What role do vacuoles have in plant cells?
Cell Membrane
Basics
Also known as the Cell Membrane
Flexible boundary that surrounds the cell
Allows water and nutrients to enter and exit the cell
Basics
Helps the cell maintain homeostasisCalled a Selectively Permeable Membrane
Only allows some things into and out of the cell
Structure
Phospholipid bilayer Phospholipid: Molecule that has a phosphate group and
2 fatty acid chains Fatty acid may have kinks in them like unsaturated
fatty acids Allows the structure to move better
Phosphate group
Fatty acid chains
Structure
Called a bilayer There is a top and bottom layer
One layer lines the inside and one lines the outside of the cell
Extra Components
Cholesterol: prevents the fatty acids from sticking together
Transport Proteins Proteins that connect the
inside of the cell to the outside and allows things into and out of the cell
Sugars: help the cell stick to other cells
Warmup 9/30
Describe the fluid mosaic model.
What is the job of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Draw and label a phospholipid.
Warmup 10/01
What does the fluid mosaic model mean?
How do cells move things from outside the cell inside?
What is a phospholipid?
Cell Transport
Diffusion
Movement of liquids and gases from an area of high to low concentration High Concentration: there are a lot of air freshener
molecules Low Concentration: there are few air freshener
molecules The air freshener molecules will move across the room
so they are evenly distributed
Osmosis
Diffusion of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Types of Solutions
Isotonic Concentration of dissolved substances is the same on
the inside of the cell as is on the outside of the cell Water enters the cell at the same rate it leaves the cell Preferred by animal cells
Types of Solutions
Hypotonic Solution Concentration of dissolved substance is higher on the
inside of the cell than the outside of the cell Water enters the cell faster than it leaves the cell
causing the cell to lyse (burst) Preferred by plant cells
Types of Solution
Hypertonic Solution Concentration of dissolved substance is greater on the
outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell Water leaves the cell faster than it enters the cell
causing the cell to shrink
Warmup 10/01
Define: concentration gradient
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
If a cell is placed in pure water, will the water move into or out of my cell?
Cell Transport
Passive Transport Diffusion
No energy (ATP) required Moves with the concentration gradient Water, small lipids, and small things that dissolve in lipids
can diffuse across the plasma membrane
Cell Transport
Facilitated Diffusion Protein channels in the plasma membrane that allow
large molecules to diffuse into and out of the cell No energy (ATP) required How sugars and amino acids get into the cell Moves with the concentration gradient
Cell Transport
Active Transport Requires energy (ATP) Proteins move things into and out of the cell against
the concentration gradient Used to transport large molecules into and out of the
cell Endocytosis: cell membrane surrounds stuff outside
and brings it inside Exocytosis: cell expels waste from itself
Transport Issue Conditions
Choose one of the following to research and answer the questions on your answer sheet: Bartter Syndrome Long-QT Syndrome Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Cystic Fibrosis Myasthenic Syndrome Retinitis Pigmentosa
Warmup 10/02
How are osmosis and diffusion different?
What type of transport used energy?
Which type of transport moves materials against the concentration gradient?
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Warmup 10/02
How are membrane channels used during active transport?
Which type of transport moves materials against the concentration gradient?
What is different about facilitated diffusion and regular diffusion?
Cell Signaling
Cell signaling: communication between cells which is done by hormones, electrical impulses, and neurotransmitters
Cell Differentiation
What allows cells to become different from each other and have a special job
Determined by what parts of the DNA are activated Cell hierarchy cells < tissues < organs < organ
systems < organisms
Ex: heart cell < heart valve < heart < circulatory system < human
Cell Specialization
Cells will have the organelles they need to do their job Ex: muscle cells need a lot of energy so they will have
a lot of mitochondria
Warmup 10/02
Which organelle would be needed most in a leaf cell, whose job it is to make sugar for the plant?
How do cells which all have the same DNA become different from each other?
Write out the 5 levels of hierarchy in order from largest to smallest.
Warmup 10/04
What is the total magnification if the objective lens is 17?
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What are the 3 main differences between plant and animal cells?