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Indicators used in gap calculations: sources and definitions The Women in Business Gap
Area Indicators Year Units Source Definition
Saved at a financial institution in the past year,
ratio f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex
This indicator denotes the percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an account at a formal
financial institution such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative in the past 12 months (% female vs male, age
15+).
Account at a formal financial institution, ratio
f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex
This indicator denotes the percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union,
another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who
reported having a debit card (% female vs male, age 15+).
Loans rejected, ratio f/m (top managment and
ownership)2012 Distance BEEPS
This indicator derives from the BEEPs questionaire question K16 and K20a , which was filtered by question b7a and b4a to obtain
disaggregation by gender (topmanagement and ownership).
Women's access to finance (seen as anobstacle or not), ratio f/m (top management
and ownership)
2012 Distance BEEPS
This indicator denotes the percentage of firms with female top managers who finds access to finance an obstacle or not. Questionarie
question k30 was used filtered by b7a and b4a. The answers of k30: moderate obstacle, major obstacle and very severe obstacle;
was used.
Perception and risk adversity, ratio f/m (top
management and ownership)2012
Ration
BEEPSThis indicator is based on the BEEPs question ecak17 (2- 7) "reasons you did not a pply for a loan"; capturing perception of access to
finance and risk adversity.
Women's access to finance programmes 2012Rating 1-5 where
5=most favourableWEO, EIU
Availability of outreach programmes for women that target the provision of financial services through either government initiatives or
private lenders. Rating 1-5 where 5=most favourable (with countries like Denmark and France scoring 5).
Mobile phone used to receive money, ratio
f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex
This indicator denotes the percentage o f respondents who report using a mobile phone to receive money in the past 12 months (%
female vs male, age 15+).
Mobile phone used to send money, ratio f/m
(% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex
This indicator denotes the percentage o f respondents who report using a mobile phone to receive money in the past 12 months (%
female vs male, age 15+).
Access to Collateral
Collateral required, ratio f/m (top managementand ownership)
2012 Ratio BEEPS Based on BEEPs question 2012 k13 "Was collateral required for most recent line of credit" (yes/no), filtered by gender questionsb7a and b4a (topmanagement and ownership)
Property Ownership Rights 2012Five points, from 0
to 5EIU-WEO
This indicator assesses if customary practices take precedence over legislation (statutory law) in ways that are harmful to women,
resulting in less-than-full ownership rights for women over their property. The scoring for this indicator ranges from 1 to 5, whereas :
1= Men and women do not have equal ownership rights over moveable and immoveable property; and 5= Men and women have
ownership rights according to legal codes and customary practices do not take prec edence over statutory law.
Inheritance Laws in Favour of Male Heirs 2013One po int index,
0.5 = no ; 1 = yes
World Bank, Business
and the LawThis indicator looks at inheritance practices in favour of male heirs.
Business training and ownership
(Financial literacy and know-how)Business finance products, ratio f/m (proxy
for financial literacy)2011 Ratio Findex
This indicator contains of 3 financial variables: (1) the percentage of responde nts with a credit card (% female vs male, age 15+) , (2)
the percentage of respondents with a deb it card (% female vs male, age 15+), (3) the percentage of respondents who re port using
their accounts at a formal financial institution for business purposes only or for both business purposes and personal transactions (%
female vs male, age 15+).
Literacy rate, ratio f/m 2012 Ratio
United Nations Statistics
Divison, UN Social
Indicators
A literate person is defined as someone who can both read and write with understanding, a short, simple statement on his or hereveryday life.
Upper Secondary Education, ratio f/m
(enrollment rates, by gender)2012 Ratio World Bank
Low income and low educated women are proved to have the lowest financial literacy rates. Less educated women are less lickely to
start their own business and cotribute to lower survival rates. Women with an education beyond secondary educational level are said
to have a certain level of financial understanding.
Female top management and ownerhsip 2012 PercentageBEEPS (and world bank
for semed, where beeps
are not available yet)
Female ownership based on ownership by female(s) greater than or equal to 50%. BEEPs question b4a. And, Percentage of firms
with females as the top manager. BEEPs variable b7a.
Non Discrimination Practice 2012Ten point index,
from 0 to 10
EIU-WEO, based on
ILO
This indicator measures a country's progress in enforcing the provision of the ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)
Convention (No. 100).
Access to Childcare Practice 2012Five points, from 0
to 5EIU-WEO
This indicator considers the availability, affordability (including the price of childcare as per cent of average wages) and quality of
childcare.
Labour Force Participation Rate, ratio of f/m
(15+) 2013 Ratio WB
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply
labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Gender Pay Gap 2013 Percentage UN ECEGender pay gap is the difference between mens and womens average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of mens
average earnings (in monthly earnings).
Access to Finance
Non-financial barriers (Labour
Pratices, Social and cultural norms)
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Suggested WiB gap
Country WiB
Central Europe and Baltic States
Croatia Smal l Large Smal l Smal l
Estonia Medium Large Medium Medium
Hungary Medium Large Medium Medium
Latvia Smal l Large Medium Smal l
Lithuania Medium Medium Medium Medium
Poland Medium Large Large Medium
Slovak Republic Medium Large Large Medium
Slovenia Smal l Large Medium Smal l
South-eastern Europe
Albania Medium Large Large Large
Bosnia and Herzegovina Medium Large Large Medium
Bulgaria Smal l Large Medium Medium
Cyprus Not availabl e not available Small Large
Kosovo Not availabl e not available not available Large
Macedonia, FYR Medium Large Medium Medium
Montenegro Medium Large Large Medium
Romania Medium Large Medium Medium
Serbia Medium Large Large Smal l
Turkey Large Large Large LargeEastern Europe and Caucasus
Armenia Medium Large Large Medium
Azerbaijan Large Large Medium Large
Belarus Medium Large Smal l Medium
Georgia Smal l Large Medium Smal l
Moldova Medium Large Smal l Medium
Ukraine Medium Large Medium Medium
Russian Federation Medium Large Medium Medium
Central Asia
Kazakhstan Medium Large Large Medium
Kyrgyz Re publi c Medium Large Medium Smal l
Mongolia Medium Large Medium Smal l
Tajikistan Large Large Medium LargeTurkmenistan Not ava ilable Large Large not available
Uzbekistan Large Large Large Large
Southern and Eastern Mediterranean
Egypt Large Large Large Large
Jordan Large Large Large Large
Libya Not availabl e not available Large not available
Morocco Large Large Large Large
Tunisia Large Large Large Large
Comparator Countries
France Smal l Medium Medium Medium
Germany Smal l Medium Smal l Medium
Italy Medium Medium Large Large
Sweden Smal l Medium Smal l Medium
UK Smal l Medium Medium Medium
Relevant 2014 EBRD gender gaps
For comparison
Access to FinanceEmployment and firm
ownershipLabour Practices