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Indicators used in gap calculations: sources and definitions The Women in Business Gap

Area Indicators Year Units Source Definition

Saved at a financial institution in the past year,

ratio f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex

This indicator denotes the percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an account at a formal

financial institution such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative in the past 12 months (% female vs male, age

15+).

Account at a formal financial institution, ratio

f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex

This indicator denotes the percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union,

another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who

reported having a debit card (% female vs male, age 15+).

Loans rejected, ratio f/m (top managment and

ownership)2012 Distance BEEPS

This indicator derives from the BEEPs questionaire question K16 and K20a , which was filtered by question b7a and b4a to obtain

disaggregation by gender (topmanagement and ownership).

Women's access to finance (seen as anobstacle or not), ratio f/m (top management

and ownership)

2012 Distance BEEPS

This indicator denotes the percentage of firms with female top managers who finds access to finance an obstacle or not. Questionarie

question k30 was used filtered by b7a and b4a. The answers of k30: moderate obstacle, major obstacle and very severe obstacle;

was used.

Perception and risk adversity, ratio f/m (top

management and ownership)2012

Ration

BEEPSThis indicator is based on the BEEPs question ecak17 (2- 7) "reasons you did not a pply for a loan"; capturing perception of access to

finance and risk adversity.

Women's access to finance programmes 2012Rating 1-5 where

5=most favourableWEO, EIU

Availability of outreach programmes for women that target the provision of financial services through either government initiatives or

private lenders. Rating 1-5 where 5=most favourable (with countries like Denmark and France scoring 5).

Mobile phone used to receive money, ratio

f/m (% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex

This indicator denotes the percentage o f respondents who report using a mobile phone to receive money in the past 12 months (%

female vs male, age 15+).

Mobile phone used to send money, ratio f/m

(% age 15+)2011 Ratio Findex

This indicator denotes the percentage o f respondents who report using a mobile phone to receive money in the past 12 months (%

female vs male, age 15+).

Access to Collateral

Collateral required, ratio f/m (top managementand ownership)

2012 Ratio BEEPS Based on BEEPs question 2012 k13 "Was collateral required for most recent line of credit" (yes/no), filtered by gender questionsb7a and b4a (topmanagement and ownership)

Property Ownership Rights 2012Five points, from 0

to 5EIU-WEO

This indicator assesses if customary practices take precedence over legislation (statutory law) in ways that are harmful to women,

resulting in less-than-full ownership rights for women over their property. The scoring for this indicator ranges from 1 to 5, whereas :

1= Men and women do not have equal ownership rights over moveable and immoveable property; and 5= Men and women have

ownership rights according to legal codes and customary practices do not take prec edence over statutory law.

Inheritance Laws in Favour of Male Heirs 2013One po int index,

0.5 = no ; 1 = yes

World Bank, Business

and the LawThis indicator looks at inheritance practices in favour of male heirs.

Business training and ownership

(Financial literacy and know-how)Business finance products, ratio f/m (proxy

for financial literacy)2011 Ratio Findex

This indicator contains of 3 financial variables: (1) the percentage of responde nts with a credit card (% female vs male, age 15+) , (2)

the percentage of respondents with a deb it card (% female vs male, age 15+), (3) the percentage of respondents who re port using

their accounts at a formal financial institution for business purposes only or for both business purposes and personal transactions (%

female vs male, age 15+).

Literacy rate, ratio f/m 2012 Ratio

United Nations Statistics

Divison, UN Social

Indicators

A literate person is defined as someone who can both read and write with understanding, a short, simple statement on his or hereveryday life.

Upper Secondary Education, ratio f/m

(enrollment rates, by gender)2012 Ratio World Bank

Low income and low educated women are proved to have the lowest financial literacy rates. Less educated women are less lickely to

start their own business and cotribute to lower survival rates. Women with an education beyond secondary educational level are said

to have a certain level of financial understanding.

Female top management and ownerhsip 2012 PercentageBEEPS (and world bank

for semed, where beeps

are not available yet)

Female ownership based on ownership by female(s) greater than or equal to 50%. BEEPs question b4a. And, Percentage of firms

with females as the top manager. BEEPs variable b7a.

Non Discrimination Practice 2012Ten point index,

from 0 to 10

EIU-WEO, based on

ILO

This indicator measures a country's progress in enforcing the provision of the ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)

Convention (No. 100).

Access to Childcare Practice 2012Five points, from 0

to 5EIU-WEO

This indicator considers the availability, affordability (including the price of childcare as per cent of average wages) and quality of

childcare.

Labour Force Participation Rate, ratio of f/m

(15+) 2013 Ratio WB

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply

labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Gender Pay Gap 2013 Percentage UN ECEGender pay gap is the difference between mens and womens average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of mens

average earnings (in monthly earnings).

Access to Finance

Non-financial barriers (Labour

Pratices, Social and cultural norms)

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Suggested WiB gap

Country WiB

Central Europe and Baltic States

Croatia Smal l Large Smal l Smal l

Estonia Medium Large Medium Medium

Hungary Medium Large Medium Medium

Latvia Smal l Large Medium Smal l

Lithuania Medium Medium Medium Medium

Poland Medium Large Large Medium

Slovak Republic Medium Large Large Medium

Slovenia Smal l Large Medium Smal l

South-eastern Europe

Albania Medium Large Large Large

Bosnia and Herzegovina Medium Large Large Medium

Bulgaria Smal l Large Medium Medium

Cyprus Not availabl e not available Small Large

Kosovo Not availabl e not available not available Large

Macedonia, FYR Medium Large Medium Medium

Montenegro Medium Large Large Medium

Romania Medium Large Medium Medium

Serbia Medium Large Large Smal l

Turkey Large Large Large LargeEastern Europe and Caucasus

Armenia Medium Large Large Medium

Azerbaijan Large Large Medium Large

Belarus Medium Large Smal l Medium

Georgia Smal l Large Medium Smal l

Moldova Medium Large Smal l Medium

Ukraine Medium Large Medium Medium

Russian Federation Medium Large Medium Medium

Central Asia

Kazakhstan Medium Large Large Medium

Kyrgyz Re publi c Medium Large Medium Smal l

Mongolia Medium Large Medium Smal l

Tajikistan Large Large Medium LargeTurkmenistan Not ava ilable Large Large not available

Uzbekistan Large Large Large Large

Southern and Eastern Mediterranean

Egypt Large Large Large Large

Jordan Large Large Large Large

Libya Not availabl e not available Large not available

Morocco Large Large Large Large

Tunisia Large Large Large Large

Comparator Countries

France Smal l Medium Medium Medium

Germany Smal l Medium Smal l Medium

Italy Medium Medium Large Large

Sweden Smal l Medium Smal l Medium

UK Smal l Medium Medium Medium

Relevant 2014 EBRD gender gaps

For comparison

Access to FinanceEmployment and firm

ownershipLabour Practices