Chapter Nine – Expanding Markets and Moving West
U.S. Markets Expand
Early families self-sufficient, only buy what they _____ make
Farmers begin specialization, growing only 1 or 2 __________ crops
Capitalism used for ____________ Business _______ economic growth Entrepreneurs _____ own money in new industries Charles __________ creates vulcanized rubber in
________ Elias ______ patents sewing machine, I.M. ________
adds foot treadle Factory production of clothing drops prices ________
% Farmers begin using _________ farm equipment,
________ industry output __________ lowers cost of factory items, workers
become ___________.
The Economic Revolution
Samuel Morse develops the ______________ Businesses____________ transmit information Robert Fulton’s __________goes 150 miles up
Hudson River in ________ hours. Steamboats on western rivers cut _________
costs and ________ travel ________ transport key for moving heavy
machinery, raw materials _________ heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of
canals follow Canals connect Midwest ________ to
Northeast and world ________ 1840s, shipping by _______ much costlier than
by ______ _________ faster, operate in winter, go inland Early train travel ___________ for passengers By ________railroads expand, cost drops,
safety increased
Markets Link Regions Improved transportation, communication make ____________interdependent By 1838 ___________ extends from Cumberland, MD to ____________ Growing links lead to development of regional _______________ Most of South ________; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice South lacks _________ for factories; money tied up in land, ________ Canals, railroads turn _____________into center of American commerce ________________ central link between U.S. farms and European markets Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less expensive goods ______________ invents steel plow; farmers replace oxen with horses ______________ invents mechanical reaper; 1 farmer can do work of 5 Farmers shift from _____________ farming to growing cash crops
The Frontier Draws Settlers
Before _________, few Americans go to _________Territory; many do after
Manifest __________—belief that U.S. destined to expand to ___________
Many settlers try fresh start in West after panic of __________
Land for farming, _________ important for building prosperity
Merchants seeking ___________ follow farmers, miners
_________Territory harbors expand trade with Asia; serve ___________
Settlers and Native Americans
Most ____________ maintain own traditions even if forced to move
Some __________ into white culture; a few fight to keep whites outIn 1830s, settlers in ________, Iowa pressure natives to go _______
Chief ______________ leads rebellion in Illinois, Wisconsin Territory
Sauk, ________tribes defeated, forcibly moved west of the ___________
______________ is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers
Good relations where settlers need Native American ________________
Middle ground west of __________, result of 1830 _______________
Small numbers of __________ natives fight settlers moving west
1851 Treaty of ___________ between U.S. government, native nations
Native Americans get control of _____________ promise not to attack settlers U.S. pledges to honor boundaries Settlers _________, deplete _________, elk; U.S.
violates treaty
Trails West
Thousands trek west on old ________________ trails, new routes
_________ Trail—busy trade route; Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM
First __________ wagons go alone, then band together for protection
________, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwest
________ Trail—trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR
Pioneers use _________wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months
_________ forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY
Mormons—religious group, settles in _________; clashes over polygamy
____________, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons outside U.S.
settle near Great Salt Lake, ________ 1842, _____________ Treaty settles border in
East, Midwest “__________ or Fight!” slogan calls for
annexation of ___________ 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along
________ parallel
Americans Settle the Southwest
Under__________, a few thousand Mexican settlers in present-day ______
Spanish use Roman _________ missions to convert Native Americans
___________ offers mission lands to government officials, ranchers
Mexico encourages trade between _______ and northern provinces
Native American groups ___________ scattered Mexican settlements
To protect ___________ Mexico encourages U.S. farmers to go to ____________
Offers land grants to _________(agents) who sell land cheaply
Until 1830s, _________settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens
Stephen F. _______, successful empresario, establishes colony in 1821
Old Three Hundred get_______ farming acres or 4,428 grazing acres
U.S. wants lands south to __________; Mexico refuses to sell Texas
Texas Fights for Independence
Cultural differences arise between Anglos and ___________:
- Anglos speak _________, not Spanish- Southerners bring _______; Mexico
abolished ________ In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber __________ Mexican president Antonio López de
________________imprisons Austin- revokes local powers; ____________ erupt,
including Texas Revolution Santa Anna _________ to Texas; Austin tells Texans
to ________ themselves Santa Anna storms ________, old mission; all 187
U.S. defenders killed _____________ defeats, captures Santa Anna at
Battle of __________ Treaty of __________grants independence to Texas
(April 1836) Houston becomes ___________of the Republic of
Texas 1838, Houston invites U.S. to _______, or
incorporate, Texas South favors, North___________ annexation; Texas
becomes state in _________
Polk Urges War
President ___________________favors war with Mexico
- believes U.S. will get ______, _________ _____________
Polk sends John ________to ____ Southwest, negotiate Texas border
Santa Anna ousted; __________ government unstable, ignores Slidell
Polk orders General _________________ to blockade the Rio Grande
__________ favors war to extend slavery, increase its power in __________
North __________ war, fears spread of slavery, Southern control of U.S.
The War Begins
U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s __________________rights
Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near _______________; 9 Americans killed
________ sends war message to Congress, withholds facts
Congress _________ war, stifles opposition Polk orders Colonel _____________ to march to
Santa Fe ________________ surrenders to U.S. without
a fight 1830s, ___________ Mexican settlers in
California; 1840s, ______Americans John C. _____________ proclaims Republic of
California in 1846 Frémont joined by Kearny, Commodore John D.
Sloat’s ___________ expedition U.S. has many ___________ victories; Mexican
troops have poor leaders Invasion of Mexico led by generals Zachary
Taylor, _____________ Polk helps Santa Anna regain power, but Santa
Anna fights __________
America Enjoys the Spoils of War
U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of __________ ____________in 1848
o -Texas border set at ____________- Mexico cedes western lands
for _________ million- guarantees rights of
____________ living in territories
War _________ U.S. territory by about one-third
Franklin _______ authorizes 1853 __________ ___Purchase, sets final border
____________ divided over extension of slavery
_________ nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily wins election
The California Gold Rush
1848, gold discovered at __________ Mill in California Sierra _________
_______________ residents abandon city to pan for gold
Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in _______
Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from ________, South America, _______
San Francisco becomes ________ center for miners, major ________
By 1849, California’s population exceeds ____________
_________, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers
Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 _____________ convention
California joins Union in __________