Chapter Nine – Expanding Markets and Moving West

U.S. Markets Expand

Early families self-sufficient, only buy what they _____ make

Farmers begin specialization, growing only 1 or 2 __________ crops

Capitalism used for ____________ Business _______ economic growth Entrepreneurs _____ own money in new industries Charles __________ creates vulcanized rubber in

________ Elias ______ patents sewing machine, I.M. ________

adds foot treadle Factory production of clothing drops prices ________

% Farmers begin using _________ farm equipment,

________ industry output __________ lowers cost of factory items, workers

become ___________.

The Economic Revolution

Samuel Morse develops the ______________ Businesses____________ transmit information Robert Fulton’s __________goes 150 miles up

Hudson River in ________ hours. Steamboats on western rivers cut _________

costs and ________ travel ________ transport key for moving heavy

machinery, raw materials _________ heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of

canals follow Canals connect Midwest ________ to

Northeast and world ________ 1840s, shipping by _______ much costlier than

by ______ _________ faster, operate in winter, go inland Early train travel ___________ for passengers By ________railroads expand, cost drops,

safety increased

Markets Link Regions Improved transportation, communication make ____________interdependent By 1838 ___________ extends from Cumberland, MD to ____________ Growing links lead to development of regional _______________ Most of South ________; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice South lacks _________ for factories; money tied up in land, ________ Canals, railroads turn _____________into center of American commerce ________________ central link between U.S. farms and European markets Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less expensive goods ______________ invents steel plow; farmers replace oxen with horses ______________ invents mechanical reaper; 1 farmer can do work of 5 Farmers shift from _____________ farming to growing cash crops

The Frontier Draws Settlers

Before _________, few Americans go to _________Territory; many do after

Manifest __________—belief that U.S. destined to expand to ___________

Many settlers try fresh start in West after panic of __________

Land for farming, _________ important for building prosperity

Merchants seeking ___________ follow farmers, miners

_________Territory harbors expand trade with Asia; serve ___________

Settlers and Native Americans

Most ____________ maintain own traditions even if forced to move

Some __________ into white culture; a few fight to keep whites outIn 1830s, settlers in ________, Iowa pressure natives to go _______

Chief ______________ leads rebellion in Illinois, Wisconsin Territory

Sauk, ________tribes defeated, forcibly moved west of the ___________

______________ is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers

Good relations where settlers need Native American ________________

Middle ground west of __________, result of 1830 _______________

Small numbers of __________ natives fight settlers moving west

1851 Treaty of ___________ between U.S. government, native nations

Native Americans get control of _____________ promise not to attack settlers U.S. pledges to honor boundaries Settlers _________, deplete _________, elk; U.S.

violates treaty

Trails West

Thousands trek west on old ________________ trails, new routes

_________ Trail—busy trade route; Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM

First __________ wagons go alone, then band together for protection

________, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwest

________ Trail—trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR

Pioneers use _________wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months

_________ forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY

Mormons—religious group, settles in _________; clashes over polygamy

____________, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons outside U.S.

settle near Great Salt Lake, ________ 1842, _____________ Treaty settles border in

East, Midwest “__________ or Fight!” slogan calls for

annexation of ___________ 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along

________ parallel

Americans Settle the Southwest

Under__________, a few thousand Mexican settlers in present-day ______

Spanish use Roman _________ missions to convert Native Americans

___________ offers mission lands to government officials, ranchers

Mexico encourages trade between _______ and northern provinces

Native American groups ___________ scattered Mexican settlements

To protect ___________ Mexico encourages U.S. farmers to go to ____________

Offers land grants to _________(agents) who sell land cheaply

Until 1830s, _________settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens

Stephen F. _______, successful empresario, establishes colony in 1821

Old Three Hundred get_______ farming acres or 4,428 grazing acres

U.S. wants lands south to __________; Mexico refuses to sell Texas

Texas Fights for Independence

Cultural differences arise between Anglos and ___________:

- Anglos speak _________, not Spanish- Southerners bring _______; Mexico

abolished ________ In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber __________ Mexican president Antonio López de

________________imprisons Austin- revokes local powers; ____________ erupt,

including Texas Revolution Santa Anna _________ to Texas; Austin tells Texans

to ________ themselves Santa Anna storms ________, old mission; all 187

U.S. defenders killed _____________ defeats, captures Santa Anna at

Battle of __________ Treaty of __________grants independence to Texas

(April 1836) Houston becomes ___________of the Republic of

Texas 1838, Houston invites U.S. to _______, or

incorporate, Texas South favors, North___________ annexation; Texas

becomes state in _________

Polk Urges War

President ___________________favors war with Mexico

- believes U.S. will get ______, _________ _____________

Polk sends John ________to ____ Southwest, negotiate Texas border

Santa Anna ousted; __________ government unstable, ignores Slidell

Polk orders General _________________ to blockade the Rio Grande

__________ favors war to extend slavery, increase its power in __________

North __________ war, fears spread of slavery, Southern control of U.S.

The War Begins

U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s __________________rights

Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near _______________; 9 Americans killed

________ sends war message to Congress, withholds facts

Congress _________ war, stifles opposition Polk orders Colonel _____________ to march to

Santa Fe ________________ surrenders to U.S. without

a fight 1830s, ___________ Mexican settlers in

California; 1840s, ______Americans John C. _____________ proclaims Republic of

California in 1846 Frémont joined by Kearny, Commodore John D.

Sloat’s ___________ expedition U.S. has many ___________ victories; Mexican

troops have poor leaders Invasion of Mexico led by generals Zachary

Taylor, _____________ Polk helps Santa Anna regain power, but Santa

Anna fights __________

America Enjoys the Spoils of War

U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of __________ ____________in 1848

o -Texas border set at ____________- Mexico cedes western lands

for _________ million- guarantees rights of

____________ living in territories

War _________ U.S. territory by about one-third

Franklin _______ authorizes 1853 __________ ___Purchase, sets final border

____________ divided over extension of slavery

_________ nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily wins election

The California Gold Rush

1848, gold discovered at __________ Mill in California Sierra _________

_______________ residents abandon city to pan for gold

Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in _______

Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from ________, South America, _______

San Francisco becomes ________ center for miners, major ________

By 1849, California’s population exceeds ____________

_________, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers

Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 _____________ convention

California joins Union in __________