UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF JOINTS IN RATTAN FURNITURE
WAN TARMEZE WAN ARIFFIN
FK 1994 5
STRENGTH A N D STIFFNESS OF JOINTS
IN RATTA N FURNITURE
By
WA N TARM EZE WAN A R I F F I N
T h e s i s S u bm i t t e d i n F u l f i l me n t o f t h e Requ i r e m e n t s fo r t h e M a s t e r o f S c i e n c e i n t h e F a cul ty o f E n g i n e e r i n g.
U n i v e r s i t i P e rt a n i a n M a l ay sia.
De c embe r 1 9 9 4
T h i s t h e s i s i s d ed i c a t e d t o t h e a u t h o r's b e l o v e d w i fe;
Kh a ms a t o n Say u t i
a n d t h e i r e n e r g e t i c c h i l d r e n ;
Wa n Wa t a r i
Wa n Ama n i n a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PRAISES and THANKS be long ONLY to ALLAH S. W. T fo r g i v i ng me the
time to wo rk with the fol l o wing wo nde rful peopl e and frie nds th rough -out
the cou rse of th is study . I n ch ronol og ical orde r of a ppeara nce . they a re :
The management o f FRI M who o ffe red me the o pportun i ty to unde rta ke
th is study ; The Supe rv isory Committee - I r. Dr. Shahnor Bas ri (Cha irman ) ,
D r. Shamsudd in Sul a iman a nd P ro f. Madya Bah a nu rd in Hitam whose c ritics
have stre ngthened my thes is ; Azmi Ahmad , a o ne time Resea rch Ass ista nt in
UPM ( no w, an executive in EON ) whose 'can do' attitude has ins pired me ; Ab
J a l il Muhammad who hel ped me in pu rchas ing the rattan pol es ; Wa n Abdul
Nas i r Ha ra ni ( TUNAS BAKT I Sg . Bes i) and Jama ri Hj Shahl an ( Koo p. KIJANG
E MAS B kt . Lanj an ) who a l l o wed their staff to bind the rattan,j o ints ; The
staff o f Metal Worksho p ( FRIM) , espec ia lly Tuan Hj Oma r Osman who
fab ricated the j igs ; The staff o f Timbe r Tech nol ogy Lab ( FR I M) who hel ped
me with the testing - Tua n Hj Oma r Kha idzir ( the boss ) , Ms Azian M. Kasby ,
Roszal l i Mohd , Othma n Desa a nd Ms . Chong ; The Furnitu re Testing Lab ( FR I M)
pe rsonne 1 s who a l l o wed me to use thei r soph i sti cated fac il iti es - Arshad
S a ru ( the Penghulu). Abdul Hamid Sal eh ( who a l so pe rfected the tech nica l
d ra wing s ) and Za wa wi Kas s im; Za ini Uj a ng ( my e ffic ient Resea rch Ass ista nt )
who hel ped me a l ot ; Arshad Oma r ( the compute r wiz a rd ) who sha rpened my
s kill in computer g ra ph ic s ; All my frie nds who gave a ns wers a nd c ritics
when I needed cl arifications and j ustifications - to name some , a n ice o l d
iii
man Mr Chu Vu e Pun ( th e Mal ays i an ti mber j o i nts exp ert) , Tuan Hj Shu kar i
Mi don ( an exp er i enc ed mechan i cal eng i n eer ) , Hash i m W. Sams i ( on th e
stati stical anal ys es ) , Kamarul zaman Nor din ( for havi ng a s imi l ar research
i nterest) , Raz a k Wah ab, Hamdan Husai n and Moh d Tami z i Mustafa (on var ious
aspects of rattan furni tur e des ign and manu facturi ng ) ; F inal l y , a l l who
hav e hel p ed di rectl y and i ndi r ectl y . ALHAMDULILLAH.
iv
AC KOW LE DG E ME N T S LI S T O F TA B LE S LI S T O F F I G U R E S LI S T O F P LAT E S
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
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LI S T O F A B B R E V I AT I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v A B S T RA C T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v i i A B S T R A K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i x
CHA P T E R
I
I I
I I I
I N T R O D U C T I O N
LI T E RATU R E R E V I EW R a t t a n
A n a t om i c a l Fe a t u r e s a n d
1
8 9
P h y s i c a l P ro pe rt i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 S t r e n g t h Pro pe r t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 R a t t a n F u r n i t u r e J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Wood J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 P a s t S t u d i e s o n Wood J o i n t s . . . . . . . . 1 9 W i t h d r awa l Re s i s t a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 La t e r a l S t r e n g t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 B e n d i n g S t r e n g t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g t h e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s o f J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 Re l a t i o n s h i ps between t h e S t r e n g t h P r o pe r t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6
MAT E R I A LS A N D MET H O D S 2 9 P r e pa r a t i o n o f T e s t ( J o i n t ) S pe c i m e n 30 S e l e c t i o n fo r F a s t e n e r s f o r J o i n t S pe c i m e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 C o n s t r u c t i on o f J o i n t S pe c i m e n . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 De s i g n a n d F a b r i c a t i o n o f T e s t J i g s 38 S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y Me a s u r e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
v
I V
v
V I
V I I
V I I I
W I TH D RAWA L RES I S TA N C E Obj e c t i v es o f t h e S t u dy
P a ge
4 6 47
S e l e c t i o n of J o i n t S p e c i me n s . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 P r e p a r a t i on o f J o i n t S p e c i me n s fo r T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 W i t h d r a w a l Te s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s Res u l t s a n d Di s c u s s i o n
LAT E RA L A N D S I DE LAT E RA L S TR E N GTH
5 1 5 2
6 2 O bj e c t i v e s o f t h e S t u dy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Sel e c t i o n o f J o i n t S p e c i me n s . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 P r e p a r a t i o n o f J o i n t S p e c i m e n s f o r T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 L a t e r a l a n d S i d e L a t e r a l T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s Re s u l t s a n d Di s c u s s i o n
B E N D I N G A N D S I D E B E N D I N G S T R E N GTH O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t udy
69 7 1
8 3 8 4
S e 1 e c t i o n o f J o i n t S p e c i me n s . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 P r e p a r a t i o n o f J o i n t S p e c i me n s f o r Te s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 B e n d i n g a n d S i d e B e n d i n g T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . 88 S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Re s u l t s and Di s c u s s i on 93
T H E E F F EC T S OF RATTAN S P E C I F I C G RAV I TY ON TH E S T R E N G TH A N D STI F F N E S S O F RATTA N J O I N T S 1 04 O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t udy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6 M a t e r i a l s a n d Met h o d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6 Res u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7
TH E O R E TI C A L M O D E L S F O R ROTATI O N A L S T I F F N E S S E S O F RATTAN F U RN I TU R E J O I N TS 1 1 7 O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t udy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 B e n d i n g Rot a t i on a l S t i f fn e s s Mod e l . . . . . . 1 2 0
Fo r c e An a l y s i s a n d M od e l D e r i v a t i o n 1 2 0 Mod e l V e r i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
S i d e B e n d i n g Rot a t i on a l S t i f fn e s s Mod e l 1 2 6 F o r c e An a l y s i s a n d Mod e l D e r i v a t i o n 1 2 7 F a s t e n e r B e n d i n g T e s t a n d M od e l V e r i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6
VI
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I X SUMMARY , OV ERA L L C ON C LU S I ON S A N D R E C OMMEN D AT I ON S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 S umma ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2 Ov e r a l l C o n c l u s i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3 Rec ommend a t i o n 1 44
R E F E R E N C E S 1 4 6
A P P E N D I C E S 1 5 4
V ITA 1 6 7
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Some Av e r a g e S t r e n g t h V a l u e s o f Ca7amus man ,
Page
Te s t ed at G r e e n a n d A i r - D ry Con d i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
2 Some A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h V a l u e s o f H a rdwood a t 1 2 P e r c e n t Mo i s t u r e C o n t e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4
3 S e l e c t i on o f J o i n t S p e c i men f o r W i t h d r a w a l Te s t 4 8
4 A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s V a l u e s o f R a t t a n J o i n t s Te s t e d i n W i t h d r a w a l Lo a d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6
5 S umma ry o f An a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o n S a m p l e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d W i t h d r awa l Re s i s t a n c e between G ro u p s
6 S e 1 e c t i o n o f J o i n t S p e c ; m e n f o r L a t e r a 1 (U
5 8
a n d S i d e L a t e r a l ( S L ) Te s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
7 A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s V a l u e s o f R a t t a n J o i n t s Te s t e d i n L a t e r a l Lo a d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
8 A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s V a l u e s o f R a t t a n J o i n t s Te s t e d i n S i d e L a t e r a l L o a d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
9 S umma ry o f An a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e on S a mp l e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d La t e r a l S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s betwe e n G r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
1 0 S umma ry o f An a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o n S a m p l e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S i de L a t e r a l S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s b e t w e e n G r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8
1 1 S e l ec t i o n o f J o i n t S pe c i me n s f o r B e nd i n g ( BG ) a n d S i d e B e n d i n g ( S B G ) Te s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
1 2 A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s V a l u e s o f R a t t a n J o i n t s Te s t ed i n B e n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9
1 3 A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s V a l u e s o f R a t t a n J o i n t s Te s t e d i n S i d e B e n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0
viii
1 4 Summa ry o f Analys i s o f V a r i a nce o n Sample
Cha r a ct e r i s t i cs a n d Be n d i n g St r e n gth a n d
Page
S t i f f n e s s P ro p e rt i e s b e tween G r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1
15 S u mma ry o f An a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o n S a mp l e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S i d e B e n d i n g S t r e n g t h a n d S t i f fn e s s P r o p e rt i e s between G r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2
1 6 S u mma ry o f Re g r e s s i o n A n a l y s e s b e t w e e n t h e S p e c i f i c G r a v i ty a n d t h e U l t i ma t e W i t h d r a w a l S t r e n g t h o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 08
1 7 S u mma ry o f Re g r e s s i o n A n a l y s e s b e t w e e n t h e S p e c if i c G r a v i ty a n d t h e L a t e r a l S t i f f n e s s a n d S t r e n g t h P r o p e r t i e s o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9
1 8 S u mma ry o f Reg r e s s i o n An a l y s e s b e twe e n t h e S p e c i f i c G r a v i ty a n d t h e S i d e L a t e r a l S t i f fn e s s a n d S t r e n g t h P r o p e r t i e s o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0
1 9 S u mma ry o f Re g r e s s i o n A n a l y s e s betwe e n t h e S p e c i f i c G r a v i ty a n d t h e B e n d i n g S t i f f n e s s a n d S t r e n g t h P r o p e r t i e s o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1
2 0 S u mma ry o f Re g r e s s i o n A n a l y s e s be twe e n t h e S p e c i f i c G r a v i ty a n d t h e S i d e B e n d i n g S t i ff n e s s a n d S t r e n g t h P r o p e r t i e s o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2
2 1 P r e d i c t e d a n d E x p e r i me n t a l B e n d i n g Lo a d s o f t h e T e s t e d Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 5
2 2 E x p e r i me n t a l Re s u l t s o f B e n d i n g P r o p e r t i e s of Nai l s and Screws Used in the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 38
2 3 P r e d i c t e d a n d E x pe r i me n t a l S i d e B e n d i n g Rot a t i o n a l S t i f f n e s s e s o f Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9
2 4 S o me P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f Ra t t a n P o l e s U s ed i n t h e S t u dy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 4
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Diagrammatic Illustration of Rattan
Page
Stem and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Schematic Representation of General Patterns of
Variation in Certain Physical, Mechanical and
Anatomi ca 1 Propert i es Along (Longitudi na 1) and
Across (Radial) a Rattan Stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Basic Types of Joint Most Frequently
Used in Rattan Furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Some Binding Patterns in Rattan Furniture
5 Withdrawal Tests, (a) Joint Withdrawal,
17
(b) Direct Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Typical Chair Side Frame (a) under Sitter's Load,
(b) Lateral Loading Effect at Side
Rail-to-Backpost Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 Lateral Loading Tests (a) Single Shear
(b) Double Shear (c) 'T' Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8 Typical Chair Side Frame (a) under Sitter's
Fidgeting Load, (b) Bending Effect at
Stretcher-to-Backpost Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9 'T' Joint Tested in Bending
10 Common (a) Nail and (b) Screw Used in Rattan Furniture Joints
25
33
11 Schematic Diagram of 'T' Rattan Joint Specimen 34
12 Schematic Diagram of Rattan Joint Prepared
for Withdrawa 1 Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
13 Schematic Diagram of the Withdrawal
Test Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
x
Fi gu re
14 W i t h d rawal Lo a d - Di s p l a c ement C h arac t e ris t ic s o f
P a ge
Some Nail ed ( N ) Rat t an Jo i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1 5 W i t h d r a w a l L o a d - D i s p l a c em e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S ome S c r ewed ( S ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
1 6 W i t h d r a w a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c em e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S o m e N a i 1 ed a n d B o u n d ( N+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . 5 4
1 7 W i t h d r awa l L o a d - D i s p l a c ement C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some S c rewed a n d B o u n d ( S+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . 5 4
1 8 Ty p i c a l ( Av e r a g e ) W i t h d r a w a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c e m e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e F o u r J o i n t G r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5
1 9 S c h ema t i c D i a g r a m o f R a t t a n J o i n t P r e p a r e d f o r S i d e L a t e r a l T e s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
2 0 S c h em a t i c D i a g r a m o f t h e L a t e r a l T e s t A r r a n g em e n t 6 8
2 1 S c h ema t i c D i a g r a m o f t h e S i d e L a t e r a l T e s t A r r a n g e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0
2 2 Lat e ral Loa d - Di s p l ac e m e n t C h ara c t e ri s t i c s o f Some N a i l ed ( N ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
2 3 L a t e r a l Loa d - D i s p l a c em e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S ome S c rewed ( S ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
2 4 L a t e r a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c ement C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some N a i l ed a n d B o u n d ( N+B ) Ra t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
2 5
2 6
2 7
L a t e r a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c e m e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S o m e S c rewed a n d B o u n d ( S+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s
S i d e L a t e r a l L o a d - D i s p l a c ement C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some N a i l e d ( N ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S i d e L a t e r a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c ement C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some S c r ewed ( S ) R a t t an J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28 S i d e L a t e r a l L o a d - D i s p l a c ement C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
73
7 4
7 4
S ome N a i l ed a n d B o u n d ( N+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
xi
Figure
2 9 S i d e L a t e r a l Lo a d - D i s p l a c eme n t C h a r a ct e r i s t i c s o f
P age
S om e S c r ewed a n d B o u n d ( S+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . 7 5
3 0 S c h em a t i c D i a g r a m o f t h e B e n d i n g T e s t A r r a n g e m e n t 90
31 S c h em a t i c D i a g r a m o f t h e S i d e B e n d i n g T e s t A r r a n g eme n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2
3 2 M e t h o d o f C a l c u l a t i n g J o i n t Ro t a t i o n An g l e
33 B e n d i n g Lo a d - Ro t a t i o n ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
93
Some N a i l ed ( N ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4
3 4 B e n d i n g Lo a d - Ro t a t i on ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S om e S c rewed ( S ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4
3 5 B e n d i n g Lo a d - Ro t a t i on ( P - S ) C h a r a ct e r i s t i c s o f Some N a i l ed a n d B o u n d ( N+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . .
3 6 B e n d i n g L o a d - Ro t a t i o n ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some S c r ewed a n d B o u n d ( S+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . .
3 7 S i d e B e n d i n g Lo a d - Ro t a t i o n ( P -S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
9 5
9 5
S ome N a i l e d ( N ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
38 S i d e B e n d i n g L o a d - Ro t a t i on ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some S c r ewed ( S ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
39 S i d e B e n d i n g Lo a d -Rot a t i o n ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S ome N a i l ed a n d B o u n d ( N+B ) R a tt a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . .
4 0 S i d e B e n d i n g L o a d - Ro t a t i on ( P - S ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Some S c r ewed a n d B o u n d ( S+B ) R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . .
4 1 Fo r c e An a l y s i s o n t h e F a s t e n e r o f J o i n t
9 7
9 7
T e s t e d i n B e n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1
4 2 Ty p i c a l P r e d i c t e d a n d E x p e r i men t a l B e n d i n g Lo a d s o f J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6
43 ( a ) F o r c e An a l y s i s on t h e F a s t e n e r o f J o i n t T e s t ed i n S i d e B e n d i n g ( b ) T r i a n g u l a r D i s t r i b u t e d L o a d f r o m a bo v e t h e F a s t e n e r ( c ) T r i a n g u l a r D i s t r i b u t e d Lo a d f r om u n d e r n e a t h t h e F a s t e n e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
xii
F i g u r e Page
44 (a) Tot a l Fo rce o n the Fa s t ene r of Jo i nt T e s t e d
S i d e B e n d i n g ( b ) Downwa r d S l ope o f De f l e c t i o n c a u s e d by W o O ( c ) U pwa r d S l o pe o f D e f l e c t i o n c a u s e d by W o " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1
45 A s s umed B e n d i n g C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e F a s t e n e r s i n t h e T e s t e d R a t t a n J o i n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3
L I ST OF PLAT E S
Plate P a ge
1 A Ra t t a n D i n i n g C h a i r 3
2 R a t t a n B a s k e t s a n d U t i l i ty B o x 4
3 A Ca1amus manan P o l e 31
4 C u t t i n g o f a R a t t a n P o l e i n t o 160 mm P o l e s 3 2
5 Fo u r Ty p e s o f J o i n t U s e d i n t h e S t udy 3 5
6 N a i l i n g J i g 3 6
7 C ommon Ty p e s o f B i n d i n g U s e d i n t h e S t u dy 3 7
8 T h e W i t h d r aw a l T e s t S a m p l e H o l d e r J i g 3 9
9 T h e L a t e r a l a nd B e nd i n g T e s t s S a m p l e H o l d e r J i g 4 0
1 0 T h e J o i n t L e g E n d S u p p o r t e r J i g f o r L a t e r a l a n d S i d e L a t e r a l T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
1 1 T h e S i d e L a t e r a l a n d S i d e B e n d i n g T e s t s S a mp l e H o l d e r J i g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1 2
13
14
15
16
17
T h e W i t h d r a w a l T e s t
I n S e r v i c e L a t e r a l L o a d o n J o i n t C o n n e c t i n g S e a t F r a me a n d B a c k r e s t o f a R a t t a n C h a i r
T h e L a t e r a l T e s t
T h e S i d e L a t e r a l T e s t
T h e B e n d i n g T e s t
T h e S i d e B e n d i n g T e s t
XIV
5 0
6 3
6 7
6 9
89
91
N
S
N +B
S+B
SG
MC
o
P - x
p-e
P u w
U WS
Sw
S l
S 2
P A
P B
P O . 0 5
A N O V A
n s
*
**
L I ST OF ABBR E V I AT I ONS
N a i l e d Ratt a n Jo i nt
S c rewed R a t t a n J o i n t
N a i l e d a n d B o u n d R a t t a n J o i n t
S c rewed a n d B o u n d R a t t a n J o i n t
S p e c i f i c Gra v i ty
M o i s t u r e C o n t e n t
D i ame t e r o f R a t t a n
Lo a d - D is p l a c eme n t C u r v e
L o a d - Ro t a t i o n C u r v e
U l t i ma t e Wit h d r a w a l L o a d
U l t i ma t e Wi t h d r a w a l S t r e n g t h
Wi t h d r a w a 1 S t i f f n e s s
In i t ia l S l o p e o f L a t e r a l P - X C u r v e
S e c o n d a ry S l o p e o f L a t e r a l P - X C u r v e
F i r s t L a t e r a l L o a d P e a k
S e c o n d L a t e r a 1 L o a d P e a k
B e n d i n g L o a d a t 0 . 0 5 r a d J o i n t Rot a t i o n An g l e ( S i m i l a r l y a p p l i ed t o P O . 0 2 , P O . IO & P O . 1 5 )
An a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e
N o t S i g n i f i c a n t a t 9 5 % P r o b a b i l i ty L e v e l
S i g n i f i c a n t a t 9 5 % P r o b a b i l i ty L e v e l
S i g n i f i c a n t a t 9 9 % P r o b a b i l i ty L e v e l
xv
Sb Bendi n g Rot a t i on a l St i f f n e s s
L Mom e n t A rm
S s b S i d e B e n d i n g Rot a t i o n a l S t i f fn e s s
E Mod ulus o f E la s t i c i ty
I Mome n t o f I n e rt i a
� D i s t r i but e d L o a d
e Ro t a t i o n An g l e i n r a d i a n
J l A J o i n t C o n s t r uc t e d f r om t h e Ra t t a n Po le N umb e r e d a s 1 ( S i m i la r ly a p pli e d t o J 2 . J 3 . . . . . J 7 4 & J 7 5 )
xvi
Ab s t r a ct of the s i s s ubm i t t e d t o the S ena t e of Un i v e r s i t i
Pe r t an i an Malays i a i n fulf i lment of the r equ i rement s fo r the
d e g r e e of Ma s t e r of Sci ence.
S T R E NGTH A N D S T I F F N E S S OF JO I NTS I N RATTAN FURN I TU R E
By
WA N TARMEZE B I N WA N A R I F F I N
D EC EMBE R 1994
C h a i rma n : I r . D r . S h a h n o r B a s r i
Fa c u l ty : En g i n e e r i n g
A s tudy w a s c o n d u c te d w i th th e o b j e c ti v e o f g a th e r i n g
i n fo rm a ti o n o n th e s tr e n g th a n d s ti f fn e s s p r o p e r ti e s a n d
b e h a v i o u r o f j o i n ts i n r a tta n fu rn i tu r e s u bj e c ted to v a r i o u s
k i n d s o f l o a d . Fo u r ty p e s o f j o i n t c ommo n l y fo u n d i n r a tta n
f u r n i tu r e mak i ng i ndus t ry, i . e . , n a i l e d ( N ) , nailed and b ound
w i th r a tta n r o p e ( N+B ) , s c rewed ( S ) , a n d s c r ewed a nd b o u n d
( S+B ) we r e te s ted i n w i th d r a wa l , l a te r a l a n d b e n d i n g l o a d s .
T h e r e s u l ts s h owed th a t i n g e ne r a l s c rewed jo i nt s w e r e
s tr o n g e r a n d s ti f f e r th a n n a i l e d j o i n ts . Fu r th e rmo r e , a l th o u g h
b i n d i n g s h a v e i n c re a s e d th e j o i nt s tr e n g th , th e b i n d i n g s h a v e
n o t i mp ro v e d th e j o i n t s ti f fn e s s a g a i n s t th e a l l ty p e s o f
l o a d , e x c e pt th e s i d e b e n d i n g l o a d . R e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s s h owed
th a t th e ra tta n s p e c i f i c g r a v i ty h a s s i g n i f i c a n tl y i n f l u e n c e d
xvii
t h e w i t h d r a w a l a n d l a t e r a l s t r e n g t h . Th e r e s u l t s o f th e
a n al y s e s have a l s o p ro vi d e d s ome i n s i g h t s e s p e c i a l l y o n h o w
t h e n a i l s , s c rews o r b i n d i n g s w e r e c o nt r i b ut i n g t o t h e
s t r e n g t h a n d s t i f fn e s s p r o pe r t i e s o f t h e j o i n t s . T h r o u g h t h i s
k n ow l e d g e , t h e o r e t i c a l mod e l s we r e d e v e l o p e d fo r p r e d i c t i n g
t h e b e n d i n g a n d s i d e b e n d i n g r o t a t i on a l s t i f fn e s s e s o f t h e
j O i n t s . In t h e f i r s t mod e l , t h e b e nd i n g s t i f f n e s s w a s
p r o po r t i o n a l t o t h e w i t h d r awa l s t i f fn e s s o f j o i n t . T h e s e c o n d
mod e l s h owed t h a t t h e s i d e b e n d i n g s t i f fn e s s wa s m u c h
d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e b e n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s ( El ) o f t h e e m b e d d e d
f a s t e n e r s . B e s i d e i t s p r e d i c t i v e f u n c t i on s , t h e t h e a r e t i c a 1
mod e l s we r e e n vi s a g e d t o b e a b a s i s fo r f u t u r e e f fo r t s t o
d e v e l o p b e t t e r r a t t a n j o i n t i n g me t h od s .
xviii
A b s tr a k te s i s y a n g d i k emuk a k a n k e p a d a S e n a t U n i ve r s i ti P e r ta n i a n M a l a y s i a s e b a g a i meme n uh i s y a r a t i j a z a h S a r j a n a S a i n s .
KEKUATAN DAN KEKAKUAN PENYAMBUNGAN 01 DALAM PERABOT ROTAN
O l e h
WAN TARMEZE BIN WAN ARIFFIN
DISEMBER 1994
P e n g e r us i : I r . D r . S h a h n o r B a s r i
Fa k ul ti : K e j urute r a a n
S a tu k a j i a n te l a h d i j a l a n k a n b e r tuj ua n me n d a p a tk a n
m a k l uma t m e n g e n a i c i r i - c i r i k e k ua ta n d a n k e k a k ua n s e r ta
p e r l a k ua n p e n y a m b un g a n - p e ny a mbun g a n d i d a l a m pe r a b ut r ota n
te r h a d a p p e l b a g a i j e n i s b e ba n . Emp a t k a ed a h p e n y a m b un g a n y a n g
b i a s a d i d a p a ti d i d a l a m i n d us tr i p e mb i k i n a n p e r a but r o ta n ,
i a i tu b e r p a k u ( N ) , b e r p a k u s e r ta d i i k a t d e n g a n ta l i r o ta n
( N+B ) , be r s k r u ( S ) , d a n b e r s k r u s e r ta d i i k a t ( S+B ) te l a h d i uj i
d e n g a n b e b a n - be b a n ta r i k a n , s i s i a n d a n l e n tur a n . H a s i l uj i a n
m e n un j uk k a n b a h a wa p a d a a mny a p e n y a m b un g a n b e r sk r u 1 e b i h k ua t
d a n k a k u b e r b a n d i n g p e ny a m b un g a n b e r p a k u . S e te r us ny a , w a la upun
i k a ta n ta l i r o ta n te l a h d i d a p a ti d a p a t m e n i n g k a tk a n k e k ua ta n
p e n y a m b un g a n , te r uta ma y a n g be r p a k u te r h a d a p b e b e r a pa j e n i s
b e b a n , i k a ta n te r s e b ut ti d a k me n a mb a h k a n k e k a k ua n p e n y a m b un g a n
xix
t e rha d a p s em u a je n i s beb a n kecu ali beba n le n t u ran t e pi.
An a l i sis r e g r e s i me n u njukka n ba h awa g r aviti tentu rotan sangat
mempe n g a r uh i keku a t a n t a r i ka n d a n s i s i a n p e n y a m b u n g a n.
K e p u t u s a n a n a l i s i s i n i j u g a t e l a h memb e r i ka n b e b e r a p a
p ema h ama n t e r u t a ma nya b a g a i ma n a paku, sk r u a t a u t a l i i ka t a n
m e ny um b a n g ke a t a s c i r i -c i r i keku a t a n d a n kekak u a n
p e n y ambu n g a n . Me n e r u s i p e n g e t a h u a n t e r s e b u t, mo d e l - mo d e l
t e o r e t i ka l t e l a h d i b a n g u nka n b a g i me r ama l c i r i - c i r i kekak u a n
p e ny amb u n g a n r o t a n t e rha d a p b e b a n 1 e n t u r a n d a n 1 e n t u r a n t e p i .
D i d a l am mod el p e r t ama , kekaku an l e n t u r a n t e l a h d i d a p a t i
b e rka d a r t e r u s d e n g a n n i l a i kekak u a n t a r i ka n p e ny a mb u n g a n .
Ma n a ka l a mo d e l ke d u a t e l a h menu n j ukka n b a h a w a kekak u a n
l e n t u r a n t e p i s a n g a t d i t e n t uka n o l eh c i r i - c i r i kekak u a n
l e n t u r a n (EI) y a n g d i m i l i ki o l eh paku a t a u sk r u . Se l a i n
d a r i p a d a f u n g s i r a ma l a n ny a, mo d e l -mod e l t e o r e t i ka l i ni d i h a r a p
d a p a t d i j a d i ka n a s a s ke p a d a u s aha-u s a ha s e t e r u s ny a u n t uk
memb a n g u nka n ka e d a h p e ny am b u n g a n r o t a n y a n g l e b i h b a i k .
xx
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
It has been conventionally agreed that the overall
performance of any engineering structure such as a bridge, a
roof truss or even a furniture frame, is very much dependent on
the behaviours of its joints or connections. Many studies have
been conducted to investigate the behavi our of steel, conc rete
and timber structures. However, virtually none is done on
structures made from rattan. Rattans are connected and made into
structures mainly for making furniture frame. By understanding
the behaviour of its joints, a rattan furniture design could be
engineered for optimum performance.
Rattan, a word deri ved from a Ma 1 ay term I rotan I
(Whitmore, 1973) is referred to spiny climbing plants belonging
to a large subfamily of palms known as the Calamoideae (Uhl and
Dransfield, 1987). There are about 600 rattan species arranged
in 13 genera (Dransfield, 1992). However, only a small portion
of the entire species are commercially used. For instance, there
are 104 species of rattan in Peninsular Malaysia, but only 20
species are being utilized (Chao and Daljeet, 1985).
2
Rattan enters world of commerce as whole poles and in
split forms as cores and skins. Being cylindrical and uniform in
shape. light in weight but strong. pliable and durable. they are
excellent materials for various end-products. The large-diameter
D18 mm) rattan poles are used mainly for making furniture
frames (Plate 1) while the small-diameter (<18 mm) poles are
woven into baskets and utility boxes (Plate 2). The split
rattans such as skins and cores, beside being used for the
wrapping of rattan furniture joints, are also used in wicker
works and for making handicraft items (Choo and Oaljeet 1985;
Win and Jumogot, 1991; lORC. 1992; 8asu, 1992).
The rattan furniture manufacturing industry in Malaysia
has grown significantly in the past decade. The export values of
rattan furniture has increased from a mere RM 2.8 mi 11 ion in
1980 to RM 90.4 million in 1993 (MPl Malaysia, 1994). However,
despite these delighting figures, the quality of the furniture
produced is st ill cons i dered lower than those manufactured in
the Phil i ppi nes, Hong Kong and Si ngapore. Many aspects of the
local manufacturing industry need to be improved in order to
obtain better quality rattan furniture. The strength and
stiffness of rattan furniture is one aspect to look into.
3
Pla t e 1. A R a t t a n Dining C h a i r
It h a s been a commo n p r a c t i ce a m o n g t h e r a t t a n fu r niture
ma nufactu re r s i n Malays i a to b u i ld r a t t a n f u rni ture acco r d i n g t o
aesthet i c v a lue w i t h l i t t l e a t tention g i ven t o t he fur n i ture
s tren g t h c h a r a cte r i s t i cs . The des i g n s a re i m i t a ted f r om t h o se
found i n i nt e r n a t i o n a l m a gaz i nes a n d s o met i mes alte red t o meet
the taste o f loc a l consumers . Even i f a des i gn h a s been p r oven
to survive tremendous load and misuses (because it is over-
4
designed), the lack of knowledge often leads the manufacturers
to use rattan and fasteners of incorrect properties. As a
result, the furniture would not pe rform as expected and
furniture of a same design would not behave similarly, from the
engin eering po i nt of view.
Plate 2. Rattan Baskets and Utility Box
Recommended
