UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
FROM SUBSISTENCE TO SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION: ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN TWO SEMAI SETTLEMENTS
COLIN G. NICHOLAS
FEP 1995 1
I t is hereby certified that we have read this thesis entitled 'Fran Subsistance to Simple Comrodity Production: Econanic Relations in TWo Senoi Settlerrents' by Colin George Nicholas, and in our opinion it is satisfactory in tenns of scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfi1nent of the requirerrents for the degree of Master of Science
"c2- -(l�Iv\"\\ �(llJ �l\� . /---- -------��--�-----, UL sADFf ABDUUAH, Ph.D.
Associate Professor/Deputy Dean, Faculty of Veterinary �dicine and Animal Science
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (iliainnan Board of Examiners)
-�------------------------
reM) KWAME SUNDARAM, Ph.D. Associate Professor
Division of Analytical Eeonanics Faculty of Economics and Administration
University of Malaya (External Examiner)
l
-------------- ��--ABDUL AZIZ AB�.�-
Th .D. lecturer
Depart::rrent of Economics Faculty of Resource Economics and Agribusiness
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Internal Examiner)
---t�rb--tOID . MIFF HUSSE� ', Ph.D. Associate Professor/Dean
Faculty of Resource Economics and Agribusiness Universiti Pertaian Malaysia
(Supervisor)
This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and was accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Date: 'Ii {} APR 1986 • P. ZAINUDDIN, Ph.D. late Professor/
Dean of Graduate Studies
FROM SUBSISTENCE TO SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION:
E CONOMIC RELATIONS IN TWO SEMA I SETTLEMENTS
Colin G . N icholas
A thes is submit t ed in part ial ful f il ment of th e r equ ir ements f or t h e d egr ee of Mas t er of Science in t h e
Fa culty of R esour ce Economics and Agr ibusiness Univer s it i P ertanian Malays ia
Nov emb er 1 985
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Whatever credit that can be attributed to this thesis
is rightfully the result of the collective contributions of
a number of individuals and organizations. It would have
been impossible to complete the project had it not been for
this collaborative effort.
Firstly, I must express my gratitude to Dr. Mohd. Ariff
Hussein for agreeing to be my thesis supervisor in spite of
his rather busy schedule as Dean of the faculty. I am
particularly appreciative of the fact that he permitted me
to pursue a topic of my own choosing, despite it being a
rather unorthodox one as far as the norm in the faculty was
concerned. The thesis has also been greatly improved as a
result of the keen interest shown by Prof. E.T. Gibbons
whose editing skills helped remove many of the inconsisten
cies in logic and form. His guidance and assistance (as
well as his hospitality) often went beyond my normal
expectations.
The Department for Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA) in the
person of Dr. Baharom Raffie'i, En. Jailani Mohd. Tap and
Puan Sarinan -- was very cooperative in acceding to my
request to do fieldwork among the Orang Asli. The JHEOA
ii
field staff at Raub (particularly En. Rahim Endut ) and at
the Betau Regroupment Scheme (especially Sazali, Sembunyi
and Bakar), were also very hospitable and obliging.
Being a novice to the field of Social Anthropology, I
benefitted from discussions with anthropologists Dr. Peter
Laird, then of the University of Malaya, and Alberto Gomes,
doctoral candidate at the Australian National University. I
am especially indebted to the latter for initiating me to
the method of participation-observation and for leading me
to the many useful references on topics related to the Semai
and other Orang As1i. Albert's willingness to share his
knowledge and experience -- within the general philosophy of
being of service to the Semai and other Orang Asli is
admired and appreciated.
My association and discussions (though not always on
topics directly related to the thesis) with Dr. Tan Chee
Beng, Dr. Chandra Muzaffar, Geoff Harris, Chew Geok Luan and
Anthony Williams-Hunt have also been both beneficial and
stimulating. The tete-a-tetes with Cecilia Ng, particularly
in the area involving the analysis of class and surplus
appropriation, were most helpful. However, while it is
acknowledged that the opinions of the above-mentioned
individuals and many others have largely been incorporated
into the thesis, the normal disclaimer still applies.
iii
I am grateful to Dr . Kirk Endicott for including me in
his U . S . -based Oran g Asl i Studies Group , whose newsletter
provided a useful u pdate on resear c h being conducted in
areas related to the Orang Asli . I am also apprec iative of
t he invitation of Dr . Hood Salleh of t he National Uni versity
o f Malaysia , to a s ymposium on t he ' Development o f t he Orang
Asl i ' -- whi c h was per haps t he first-ever occasion when the
Orang Asl i themselves were members of t he pane l .
A number o f o t her individuals have also contri buted in
a variety of way s : Tutu Dutta (who kept m e informed o f the
many enlightening seminars at t he Institute of Higher
Studies , University of Malaya ), Andrew Lee ( for assistance
conc �rning the use of l ibrary fac i l i t ies at t he Uni versity
of Malaya ), V . Kuperan and Siow Kiat Foo ( for arranging the
use of t he faculty ' s computer faci li ties ) , Abdullah Naib
( for assistance with the topographi cal maps ), Dr . Lim Boo
Liat ( for introductions to Muzium Negara officials),
Francis Ryan ( for the loan o f his motorcyle during the wet
season ) , Yii Tan ( for the use of his s hare o f the personal
computer ) and Carol Yong ( for retrieving materials from The
Star and Univer siti Kebangsaan libraries ).
Anthony Rogers , George Villegas , Fr . Nipot and Chr i s
Tremewan provided o pportunities to v i s i t and l earn f rom the
ex perience of tribal groups in Northern Thailand and Sout h
India ; while Francis Otigil and Madius Tangau provided the
iv
same f o r the inte rio r parts of Sabah . These v is its were
helpful in b roaden ing my understand ing of the pl ight of
ind igenous peoples on a wider perspec t ive.
General financial support was provided by my employers ,
Malayan Banking Berhad . I am part icularly grateful t o
En . Kamarulzaman Johari , Mr . Yeah Lian Khoon and Ms . Eunice
Lee and for their effort s and also for the ir pat ience in
dea l ing w ith an admittedly d i f ficult member of the i r staf f .
The support and encou ragement o f my mother and that of
Betty Teo i s also acknowledged .
However, despite all the Qel p and assistance received
f rom the above-mentioned and others , I a m conscious o f the
fact that the whole p roject would not have been successful l y
completed had i t not been for the warm hospitality and
f riendsh ip extended by the Semai of Kampung Kuala Tual and
Kampung Sungei Buntu . In particular , I wish to acknowledge
the f riendship of Y ak Lang , Bati n Pak Langsai , Pak Charak ,
Yak Bud iq and Yak Met of Kampung Kuala Tual and Tataq Tahir,
Batin Lat and Yak Tap of Kampung Sungei Buntu . Working and
living with them had been a persona lly-en riching experience
for me . The quest ion now r emains : How wil l they bene f i t
f r o m a l l o f this?
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS · .
LIST OF TABLES •
LIST OF MAPS · .
ABSTRACT . .
ABSTRAK . . · .
GLOSSARY OF S EMAI TERMS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
· .
. . · . · .
· . · .
. .
· . · .
. . . .
· .
The Problem in Historical Perspective
Statement o f the Problem
Obj ective of the Study · . . . . .
Research Questions and Working Hypotheses
· .
· .
· .
· .
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL
FRAME OF REFERENCE •
The Orang Asl i and Change
The Developmen t Debate • • · . · .
· .
· .
· .
ii
v i
x
xi
xii
xiv
xvi i
1
1
9
10
10
13
13
20
Economic Growth and Modernization Theories . 20
vi
Structuralist Theor ies . . . . . .
Underdevelopment and Dependency Theor ies
Mode of Produc t ion and Art iculat ion Theories
Theoretical Fra me o f Reference • • · .
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION
Why the Sema i ? • •
Select ion of Settlement s . . . .
Ti ming and Durat ion o f Fieldwork
Data Collection • · .
· . . . . .
. .
· .
25
27
30
34
38
38
40
43
44
CHAPTER 4 THE SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR POPULATION 47
. . . . Ka mpung Sunge i Buntu
Ka mpung Kuala Tua 1 • •
Comparative Observat ions . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 5 THE NATURAL ECONOMY: CONTENT AND
CHARACTER • • · . . . . .
Production and Reproduc t ion in the
Na tural Economy • · . . . . .
For ms o f S ubsistence Production •
Gathering •
Fishing
Trapping
Hunting
The Selai Bag Cycle
vii
· .
· .
. .
· .
· .
47
52
57
59
65
67
68
69
71
72
74
Ot her Food Crop Product ion · . · . · .
Material Culture · . · .
Relations wit h Non-Semai · . · .
Condi tions for Social Reproduction · .
Kins hip and Social Organization · . · . · .
Leaders hi p and Aut hority · . · . · .
Religio-spirituality and Ideology .
Hoin . . . . · . · . · . · .
N ggern-hag · . · . · .
Produc tion and Reproduct ion: A Summary · .
Nature of Production · . · . · .
The Level o f t he Product ive For ces · . · .
Relations o f Product ion · .
CHAPTER 6 COMMODITY RELATIONS AND THE DISSOLUTION
OF THE NATURAL ECONOMY • · .
Products , Commodities and Commodity Relations :
Conceptual Definitions • •
The Stat e , t he Sema i and National Security
The State and t he Genesis o f Commodity
Relations · . . .
Policy of Sedentarization •
Policy of I ntegration • · .
Merchant Capital and t he Develo p ment o f
Commodity Relations • · .
viii
· .
· . . .
· . . .
80
82
83
84
85
89
92
93
95
97
97
99
102
105
106
109
115
116
123
127
The Internalizing of Simple Commodity Production.
Consumption o f Commodities o • o • · .
Uti l ization o f Labour
Other Mani festations o • · .
The Dissolution o f the Natural Economy
CHAPTER 7 ORGANI ZATION AND REGULATION OF SEMAI
PRODU CTION 0
Organization o f Produc tion
The State and Semai Production · .
o •
. .
. . Merchant Cap i tal and Semai Production •
Mechani sms for Surplus Appropriation · . . .
142
143
147
151
154
162
163
163
167
174
Unequal Exchange and Surplus Appropriation 175
The Semai as Wage-Labour Equivalents . 0 178
The Simple Reproduction Squeeze and Surplus
Appropriation
Resp onse o f the Semai • 0
The Semai and Exp ropriation •
CHAPTER 8 CON CLUSION 0
. .
Summary o f Fin di ngs •
Impl icat ions and Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ix
· .. . .
· . . .
180
186
190
195
195
198
205
Table
1
2
3
4
5
LIST OF TABLES
Population distribution of the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia ( 1 983 ) . . . .
Kampung Sungei Buntu : Population composition as at 25th August 1 983 •
Kampung Kuala Tual : Population composition as at 1 9th November 1 983 • •
Stages of Semai Development
The Selai Bag Cycle . .
2
5 1
56
62
76
6 Post-harvest padi-processing activities 79
7 Comparison of subsistence and population density before and after regroupment in 1979 • • 1 1 8
8a Mercantile interests in Kampung Sungei Buntu • • 1 30
8b Mercantile interests in Kampung Kuala Tual • • . • 131
9 Comparison of prices of selected commodities in Kampung Kuala Tual and Kampung Sungei Buntu 1 33
lOa Kampung Kuala Tual: Income received by 1 6 male adults, September-December 1 983 135
lOb Kampung Sungei Buntu: Income received by 18 male adults, September-December 1983 1 36
x
l la Consumption of commodities by 7 male household heads during January 2-1 1 , 1 984 in Kampung Kuala Tual • • 144
lIb Consumption of commodities by 8 male household heads during August 22-31 , 1 983 in Kampung Sungei Buntu • • • • • • 145
1 2a Kampung Kuala Tual : Utilization of labour by 7 male household head s , from November 19 to December 18, 1 983 (mandays ) • 148
1 2b Kampung Sungei Buntu : Utilization of labour by 8 male household heads for the month of December , 1 983 (manday s ) • • • • 149
13 Kampung Kuala Tual : Sources and quantum of loans received during September 1 983 to January 1 984 • • 171
1 4 Petai production in Kampung Sungei Buntu :
Map
1
2
3
Quantity produced and labour-time utilized by 4 selected individuals , August-December 1 983 • • 1 84
LIST OF MAPS
Page
Perspective map of the research settlements . . 4 1
Kampung Sungei Buntu 48
Kampung Kuala Tual . 53
xi
An abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
FROM SUBSISTENCE TO SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION :
ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN TWO SEMAI SETTLEMENTS
by
Col in G . N icholas
November 1 985
Supervisor Faculty
Dr . Mohd Ariff Hussein Resource economics and Agribusiness
Thi s study documents and analyzes the changes occurring
in the Semai settlements of Kampung Kuala Tual and Kampung
Sungei Buntu since the early 1 950s . In particular , the
focus is on the transformation of their economies from one
which was subsistence-oriented to
dominated by production for exchange .
another which was
Information and data pertaining to the change in the
form of Semai production -- gathered by the participant-
observation method -- are analyzed within a theoretical
framework which emphasizes the struggle for the effective
control of their production .
xii
The contention is that the changes in Semai production
were primarily effected by two parties : the state , on the
one hand and merchant capital on the other , who were
interested in the Semai for their own respective needs .
More spec if ically , the state was preoccupied with the
preservation of national security while merchant capital was
interested in the gains which could be made from unequal
exchange . In order to realize their objectives , both
part ies sought to establish and reinforce the necessary
cond itions for the introduction of commodity relat ions -- a
prelude to their effective regulation and re-organization of
Semai production along the l ines of s imple
production .
commodity
For the Semai , this resulted in a gradual erosion of
the humanizing features of their natural economy , including
that of a loss of their autonomy . Much of their investible
surplus were also appropriated through the operat ion of the
' Simple reproduction squeeze ' . This resulted in the Semai
being reduced to a position of dependency and relative
impoverishment .
In its conclusion , the thesis calls for a radical
re-conceptualization of the development paradigm ; one in
which minority groups such as the Semai would be given their
right to self-determination and which would allow the
rightful development of their full potential .
xiii
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai memenuhi sebahagian
dari pada syarat keperluan untuk Ijazah Sarjana Sains
FROM SUBSISTENCE TO SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION :
ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN TWO SEMAI SETTLEMENTS
olih
Colin G. Nicholas
Nobember 1 985
Penyelia Dr . Mohd . Ariff Hussein
Fakulti Ekonomi Sumber dan Perniagaantani
Kajian ini mendokumentasikan dan menganalisakan
perubahan-perubahan yang telah berlaku di dua perkampungan
Semai -- iaitu , Kampung Kuala Tual dan Kampung Sungei Buntu
-- sejak awal 1950an . Fokus , terutamanya , adalah pada
perubahan sistem ekonomi mereka daripada suatu sistem d i
mana pengeluaran bercorak ' subsistence-oriented ' kepada
sistem di mana pengeluaran untuk pertukaran , ataupun
' production for exchange ' diutamakan .
Maklumat dan data tentang perubahan dalam sistem
pengeluaran Semai dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kaedah
' participation-observation ' . Rangka teori yang digunakan
xiv
meni tikberatkan faktor persaingan antara beberapa pihak
untuk mengawal pengeluaran Semai .
Cadangan d i sini adalah bahawa perubahan-perubahan yang
berlaku dalam sistem pengeluaran Semai terutamanya
diakibatkan oleh dua pihak : pihak kerajaan ( ' the state ' ) dan
pihak kapitali� dagangan ( ' merchant capital ' ) . Kedua-dua
pihak ini berminat terhadap golongan Semai untuk membela
kepentingan mereka diri sendir i . Khususnya, pihak
asyik menjaga keselamatan negara . Pihak kapitalis
kerajaan
dagangan
pula berrninat untuk rnendapatkan keuntungan daripada
pertukaran ( dengan golongan Sema i ) yang t idak seimbang itu .
Untuk mencapai matlamat rnasing-rnasing , kedua-dua pihak itu
berusaha supaya rnembent ukkan dan mernperkukuhkan suatu
keadaan yang sesuai untuk rnengujudkan perhubungan barangan
' commodity relations ' ataupun
Langkah ini merupakan langkah
dalam masyarakat
pertarna dalarn
Semai .
proses
pengawalan dan organisasi semula sis tern pengeluaran Sernai
mengikut corak pengeluaran barangan utama ( ' simple commodity
production ' ) .
Kesannya , c ir i-ciri kemanusiaan dalam sistern ekonomi
semulajadi ( ' natural economy ' ) Sernai terkikis , termasuknya
kehilangan otonomi . Lebihan ('surplus ' ) mereka yang boleh
dilabur itu pun telah diamb il oleh pihak lain melalui proses
' simple reproduction squeeze ' . Akhirnya , posisi golongan
xv
Semai telah pun meruntuh .
pergantungan dan kepaparan .
Mereka jatuh ke l embah
Sebagai kesimpulan , tesis ini menyeru supaya paradigma
pembangunan dicipta semula secara radikal . Golongan
minoriti seperti golongan Semai harus diberi balik hak asasi
mereka untuk menentukan masa hadapan diri sendiri dan
digalakkan supaya membela potensi mereka dengan seluas
luasnya .
xvi
bat in
bawur
bicaraq
chin-haq
dah-gi t
darq
ee choq
ee cuci
ee den
ee gerrm
ee rorb
ee seh
ee seloit
ee sukat
embong
gerrnsang
gob
gu
guniq
halaq
hee-ling
hii
GLOSSARY OF SEMAI TERMS
headman of a village/settlement
f i shing with hook and l ine
village court-in-council
belief that all non-Semai always out to do harm to the Semai
felling of large trees for new swiddens
spear spring trap
f ishing by spearing
post-firing cleaning of the swiddens
threshing
- winnowing ( verticall y )
f ishing with bare hands
husking
- winnowing ( sideways )
- measuring of padi ( quantity )
rattan back-basket
night long ' sings '
- Malay
population in a particular river basin , under a common batin
spirit-famil iar
shaman
frying ( to dry damp pad i )
kinsmen , fellow villagers (we , u s )
xv i i
hoin
kedeq
ker-kohl
ketua baq
kit keiq
mai
maq
meriang
nenggirik
nggern-haq
nyoq
pehunan
roke ee baq
ruai baq
selai
selai chagol
ser
tort
tuai
tugal
tugal eek
yuit
behavioural concept concerning the satisfying of wants and needs
spring-trap for tree-dwelling rodents
clearing of undergrowth of new swiddens
head of a swidden group
harvesting
outsiders , non-Semai ( they )
food taboo
large bamboo weir for trapping fish
customary land ( usually representing a particular river basin )
system of ( food ) sharing
weeding
food taboo
sowing of padi seeds
padi spirit
swidden I dry padi field
small swidden I garden
f ishing with bamboo cage traps
burning I firing
rice-knive ( for harvesting )
dibble-stick
dibbling, making holes for the deposit of padi seeds
machete
xviii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia belong to
at least nineteen distinct tribal groups and although they
are usually categorized for administrative purposes as
"Negrito", "Senoi" and "Proto-Malays" , each tribal group is
unique in that it has a language and a mode of living quite
different from the other . Numbering 63 , 648 in 1 983 ( see
Table 1 ) , the Orang Aslil
, as they are now collectively
referred to , are among the most economically backward and
politically isolated peoples in the country ( Government of
Malaysia 1 984 : 81 ) .
1--------------The term "Orang Asli" , which is Malay for "original
people", officially came into use in 1966. Prior to thi s , derogatory terms such as "savages", "sakai" (meaning slave) and "orang liar" ( wild man ) were used in general conversation as well as in the literature . Even the word "aborigine" was later abandoned as it was thought to be discriminatory . Significantl y , it was the communist insurgents who were the first to use the word "asal" ( which has the same Arabic root word as "Asli" ) to refer to the Orang Asli , as in their "Asal Groups" which were established to win the Orang Asli over to their side .
1
TABLE 1
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF THE ORANG ASLI IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA ( 1 983 )
==========================================================
1 . Negrito
1 . 1 Kintaq 1 03 1 . 2 Kensiu 101 1 . 3 Jahai 882 1 . 4 Mendriq 1 44 1 . 5 Bateq 785 1 . 6 Lanoh 224 2 , 239
2 . Senoi
2 . 1 Semai 1 8 , 327 2 . 2 Temiar 1 2 , 7 1 2 2 . 3 Che Wong 203 2 . 4 Jah Hut 2 , 442 2 . 5 Semoq Beri 1 , 785 2 . 6 Mah Meri 1 , 355 36 , 824
3 . Proto-Malay
3 . 1 Temuan 9 , 312 3 . 2 Semelai 2 , 923 3 . 3 Jakun/Temoq 9 , 853 3 . 4 Orang Kanaq 34 3 . 5 Orang Seletar 541 3 . 6 Orang Kuala 1 , 922 24 , 585
Total 63 , 648
=========================================================
Sourc e : Jimin ( 1983 : 3-4 , 1 6 )
2
Prior to the arrival of the later Malaysians , however ,
the Orang Asli were l iving an autonomous l ifestyle based on
subsistence production . In any case , they did not , at any
time , live in complete isolation as there are documented
accounts of varying levels of inter-tribal and tribal-alien
contacts . For example , Noone (1954 ) found evidence of trade
in blowpipes and blowpipe- bamboo among certain tribes in
the states of Kedah , Perak , Kelantan and Pahang where the
Department of Aborigines was in constant contact . Evidence
has also been provided by Dunn ( 1975 : 1 09 ) to show that the
Orang As1i have played a significant role in the Malay
Peninsula ' s economic history as collectors and primary
traders as far back as the 5th century A . D . Also , Walker
( 1 983 : 460-1 ) , citing an early 1 9th century report , writes of
Negritos providing forest products as tribute to the Malay
chiefs of the river basins they resided in .
There seemed , therefore , to be a certain amount of
interaction between the Orang As1i and the other ethnic
groups , particularly the Malays who resided along the j ungle
fringes . Jungle products such as rattan , resin and bamboo
were exchanged for bush-knives , cooking pots , salt and c loth
which were highly valued by the Orang Asl i . Some of the
initial contacts , however , were unfortunately characterized
by cruelty and mutual hostility as when the Orang Asl i ,
particularly the young children , were sought after and
brought into slavery . A considerable trade in slaves soon
3
developed -- and even continued into the present century
despite the official abolition of all forms of slavery in
1884 ( Skeat and Blagden 1 906 , 1 : 533 ; Jones 1968 : 289-90 ; Carey
1 976b : 52-3 ; Sullivan 1 982 : 68 ) . As bartering was the major
mode of exchange during this period , the role played by
capital ( particularly merchant capita l ) was nevertheless
insignificant .
Since the late 1 940 ' s , however , the Orang Asli have
been subjected to new forces which not only threatened their
traditional mode of l iving but which also plunged them into
an era of rapid social change , over which they had virtuall y
n o control . The Emergency during 1 948-60 , a n d in particular
the resettlement policy of the colonial government , was one
such factor which was to radically transform the social and
economic fabric of the Orang Asl i . In particular , the
Brigg ' s Plan , which involved relocating much of the rural
population into "new villages" , successfully prevented the
insurgents from getting material help from their
sympathisers there . Consequentl y , they were forced to
operate from areas in deep jungle , where they sought the
help of the Orang Asl i . I n a n attempt to prevent the Orang
Asli from giving food and information to the communist
insurgents , the colonial authorities uprooted whole villages
and moved the inhabitants to hastily-prepared resettlement
camps . Carey ( 1 976a : 306-7 ) described this act as one which
"showed both lack of imagination and great stupidity" . In
4