Undersea Weaponry 11
Presenter:Dr. Kam Ng
Deputy Director of ResearchOffice of Naval Research
Undersea Weaponry NNR
Presented to the National Academy of Sciences 5 May 2010
Program Officers:Ray Soukup-- G&CDr. Ng/Dr. Hassan--MSDODan Tam--WarheadsDr. Teresa McMullen—CW & CMDr. Kam Ng--SupercavMaria Medeiros—P&E, ULI
Undersea Weaponry 2
Vision & ChallengesD&I Vision:
• Sensors, signal processing, and tactical improvements to address countered engagements in challenging acoustic environments
• Reliable, stealthy, and wakeless propulsion systems
• Compact energy dense sources, with low turn-around costs, for long endurance missions
• High-speed supercavitating weapons with a capable search, detection/classification/localization, and homing capability
• Rapid reaction approach to mitigate incoming weapons
• Improvements in pre and post-launch weapon connectivity with launch platform and other weapons
• High energy insensitive explosive compliant warheads to increase torpedo lethality
• Affordability of undersea weaponry technologies applied to tactical vehicle systems and sub-systems
Provide affordable technologies that enable control of the undersea battlespace by increasing weapon effectiveness against evolving threats
S&T Challenges:
Undersea Weaponry 3
Time Phased Investment Strategy How Undersea Weapons S&T Coordinates with Acquisition
Future USW
06Prior Years 07 08 09 10 11 2012 -
2030
Weapons & CMs Modernization (APB and Technology Insertion)
Present . . . 5 Years . . . 25 Years . . .
National Naval Responsibility (NNR) D&I Investment (6.1/6.2)
Discovery and Invention (D&I)Guidance &
ControlUndersea Warheads
Counterweapons &Countermeasures
MultidisciplinarySystems Design &
Optimization
SupercavitatingWeapons
Power & Energy and University Lab
Initiative
Naval Power 21 EnablersFuture Naval Capabilities
Lightweight Torpedo (FY06 – 10)
Compact Rapid Attack Weapon (FY07 – 11)
Anti-Torpedo Torpedo Salvo (FY08 – FY12)
Torpedo Hybrid Fuzing (FY11 – FY15)
Leap Ahead Innovations• Swampworks• Innovative Naval Prototypes
Swampworks HWT & LWT (6.2/6.3)
Science and TechnologyAcquisition
LASW FNC Enabling Capabilities (6.2/6.3) Future Weapons & Countermeasures 6.2/6.3
Today Next After Next
Undersea Weaponry 4
Warfighter Payoffs:
Improved G&C capabilities for quiet diesel submarines in littoral environment
Improved Pk & Pck
Increased weapons load-out
Reduced Total Owner Cost
Naval Capabilities:
Power Projection Survivability & Self-Defense Assure Access & Hold at Risk
Naval Customers:
NAVSEA PEO SUB– PMS 404, PMS 415, PMS 403
Key Leveraging Activities:
MURI, e.g., Bio-Inspired Sea Vehicles
ONR YIP
DARPA, e.g., Underwater Express, Tango Bravo
SBIR/STTR
Congressional Interested Programs
Thrust Areas:
Guidance & Control: R. Soukup
Multidisciplinary Systems Design & Optimization: K. Ng/S. Hassan
Undersea Warheads: D. Tam
Power & Energy: M. Medeiros
Counterweapons & Countermeasures: T. McMullen
Supercavitating Weapons: K. Ng
University Laboratory Initiative (ULI): M. Medeiros
Undersea Weapons (NNR)
Funding ($K) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10PE 0601153N 5,180 5,686 5,636 7,180PE 0602747N 12,268 13,670 13,457 14,051Related 2,800 3,000 3,000 3,100
Undersea Weaponry 5
Objectives:• Provide new, fundamental guidance and
control (G&C) technology for next generation weapons
• Determine configurations and enabling technologies for these new weapons, i.e., Weaponization of UUV
• Preserve the “Torpedo Enterprise” and laboratory “Knowledge Base” for undersea weapons
Major Challenge:Poor acoustic environment with countermeasures
Research Approach:Develop new signal processing and G&C concepts for next-generation undersea weapons
Research Outcomes:• Innovative Sensors & Signal Processing
Algorithms• Guidance Algorithms• Modeling and Simulation Capability
Undersea Weapons Guidance & Control
Undersea Weaponry 6
• Develop multidisciplinary simulation-based methods and models to optimize undersea weapon system designs with respect to performance & cost
• Research and develop innovative approaches to reduce the acoustic signature of undersea weapon systems
• Support the Undersea Weaponry National Naval Responsibility at ONR
• Develop undersea weapons knowledge base to support other programs (FNCs) and organizations (NAVSEA, DARPA)
Objectives
Major Challenges• Multi-objective optimization of weapon systems with parameter uncertainties and coupled subsystems
• Development and integration of realistic cost estimating models
• Consistent fidelity of subsystem models
• Modeling of noise sources associated with electric propulsion systems
• Broadband and narrowband propulsor noise reduction
Research Approach
• MSDO with emphasis on probabilistic methods, parameter uncertainties, and multi-objectives including cost
• Electric and hybrid propulsion system modeling
• Physics based models/meta-models of vehicle subsystems
• Innovative noise mitigation and control technologies
• Propulsor noise modeling, silencing, and bio-inspired concepts
• Weapon launcher system (internal and external) noise modeling
• Leverage ULI and SBIR programs
Machinery (SS4)Machinery (SS4) PropulsorPropulsor (SS5)(SS5)Power (SS3)Power (SS3)Warhead (SS2)Warhead (SS2)GNC (SS1)GNC (SS1)
UUV (SS0)UUV (SS0)OD
SpeedDepth
Mission timeRPM
Turn AOA
IDSlow speedRangeThrustDragTotal massTotal lengthPk|hitID
TSTgt beam width
Desired FOV
dIBeam widthGNC massGNC lengthGNC Power
ODMax depth
WHD lengthWHD type
WHD feasibilityWHD PkWHD mass
IDMission time
Available powerGNC Power
PWR massPWR length Thrust power
IDSpeed
Thrust power
Machinery lengthMachinery massMax thrust
ODRPM
Prop Type
PcPcAOAProp length Prop mass
MSDO – Combined Sensitivity Analysis
Multidisciplinary Systems Design & Optimization (MSDO)
Undersea Weaponry 7
Research Approach:• Investigate and develop new fuels, oxidizers, and
reactive materials to increase the energy release capacity of warhead constituents
• Develop the diagnostic capabilities to enable accurate determination of time/temperature for hydroreactive energy release
• Investigate and develop warhead configuration and initiation concepts to increase warhead performance and target damage effects, such as detonation merging, directed blast, and reactive components
• Investigate the potential mechanisms available for reducing the sensitivity of explosives used in undersea warhead configurations
• Develop physics based coupled Euler/Lagrange end-to- end modeling capability with increased computational speed without sacrificing fidelity
Objectives:• Develop undersea warhead constituents,
configurations, and blast control mechanisms that provide increased torpedo lethality and/or reduced volumetric requirements
• Improve the understanding of the energy release and energy coupling mechanisms of underwater explosions to enable improved warhead design
Research Outcomes:• Advanced Warhead Concepts that enable
increased lethality, reduced susceptibility to countermeasures and reduced sensitivity to externally produced stimuli
• Higher Energy Warhead Constituents• Validated Code for Hull & Equipment Response to
Underwater Explosions
Major Challenges:• Increasing the
available energy within warhead constituents
• Optimizing energy release existing warhead constituents
• Maximizing the explosive energy coupling to the target
• Reducing the size of undersea warheads without reducing lethality
• Reducing the susceptibility of explosive formulations to external stimuli, such as mechanical shock
• Increasing the fidelity of models used to analyze the effect of under water explosions
Undersea Warheads
Undersea Weaponry 8
Objectives:• Investigate energy and propulsion technologies for
both undersea weapons and unmanned vehicles
Near Term:• Reduce maintenance and turn around costs for current
fleet systems (LWT & HWT) while maintaining performance• Provide multi-run capability • Investigate fuels and oxidizer sources for air-independent
operation.• increase endurance (>40 hrs) and produce efficient
operation• Investigate Hybrid systemsMid Term:• Demonstrate cleaner fuels (monopropellants, bi-
propellants) operation• Investigate wakeless (closed cycle) propulsion concepts• Increase power/speed and Provide “Gas and Go”
capabilityFar Term:• Investigate wakeless (open cycle) propulsion concepts• Investigate propulsion concepts for disposable weapons• Evaluate Half-length torpedo propulsion system concepts• In-water vehicle demonstrations• Provide longer endurance (30 days) operation
Research Approach:Investigate and develop new energy and propulsion technologies for undersea weapons and vehicles.
Research Outcomes:• More environmentally friendly fuels and
oxidizers• Multi-use and gas-and-go mission capability
of vehicles• Increase underwater vehicle endurance• Higher efficiency, and reduced weight, volume and
signature
Undersea Weapons Propulsion and Air-Independent Energy Program
Undersea Weaponry 9
Power and Energy Program ImpactThe Undersea Power and Energy Program Impacts:
• PMS 404’s S&T Roadmap:- New Propulsion Weapon Systems- Improved Fuels- Reduce operation/turn around cost- Increase weapon performance
• PMS 403’s and PMS 399’s S&T Roadmap:- Long endurance operation of unmanned/manned vehicles
Multi-mission capability• Support Navy’s UUV Master Plan• Leveraging OSD, DOE and DARPA P&E Programs
Addresses the following Naval S&T Areas:• Power and Energy
• Provide long endurance and efficient energy sources for UUVs• Hybrid propulsion options for multi-mission operation of weapons
• Assure Access and Hold at Risk• Low noise/stealth operation
• Total Ownership Cost• Cleaner and more environmentally friendly fuels• Multi-use operation
Undersea Weaponry 10
Major Challenge• Develop methods for Rapid Reaction Terminal Defense Scenarios
• Supercavitating Weapon Attack (200 knots)• Close-in attack• Weapons that penetrate outer layers
Research Approach
• Rapid Underwater Threat Neutralization• Develop Fast reaction approach to destroy or incapacitate
incoming threat weapon. • Close-in gun-launched supercavitating projectiles• Cavity disruption techniques to destabilize supercavitating
weapon with UNDEX
• Rapid Underwater Threat Sensing• Develop Sensors, algorithms to detect, classify, and track the
threat with adequate accuracy and speed• High speed weapon signature• Non-acoustic sensing (LIDAR, magnetic)
USW Counterweapons/Countermeasures
•Acoustic•Homer
Undersea Weaponry 11
Supercavitating WeaponsObjectives:• Understand physics of supercavitating flows • Develop vehicle control & guidance methodology
for maneuvering & homing• Design & build a test vehicle to evaluate candidate
control & homing concepts
Major Challenges:• Vehicle Guidance & Homing
– Acoustic approach - sensor self noise & data rate
– Signal processing techniques– Waveform design– Auto pilot & command
• Vehicle Control & Maneuvering– Supercavitating bubble (cavity) instability– Vehicle control, planing & tail slap– Interaction between cavity & propulsion
exhaust– Propulsion transient & startup
Research Outcomes:• Understanding of supercavitation physics • Vehicle control • Homing sensor• Quick-Reaction weaponry• Supercavitation & vehicle control technology to
support DARPA’s Underwater Express Program
Research Approach:• Hydrodynamic & Control - Cavity Control & Control
Surfaces• Vehicle Guidance - Guidance Law & Homing
Sensors• Propulsion
Propulsion & Ventilation Systems
CavitatorCavitating Control Fins
Ventilation
Guidance
Warhead
Undersea Weaponry 12
• Increase the number of engineers and scientists in Navy laboratories developing undersea weapon and vehicle technology
• Contribute to the revitalization of the laboratories
• Build connections between laboratories and academia
• Technology Areas: Guidance and Control,Weapon and Vehicle Energy Conversion, Hydrodynamics, Warheads, Underwater Vehicle Technologies (corrosion/anti-fouling, gas-n-go concepts, hybrids)
• Each project includes the student (US Citizen), academic advisor and Navy laboratory mentor
• Students work at mentor’s laboratory during summer (min 10 weeks)
• Board of Visitors reviews projects at annual review
Participants21 students
ARL/PSUBrownBUNUWCNSWCMITMSUPenn StateRPI
StevensVA Tech UCONNUIUCUniv. MDUMASSURIWPIWright State
University Laboratory Initiative (ULI) Program
Objectives Approach
Attendees at the 2007 ULI Review- NUWC Keyport Division
Undersea Weaponry 13
ULI Leveraging / CollaborationsCollaborations include:
NUWC-NPT
NSWC-IH
ARL
Univ of Connecticut
Georgia Tech
Univ of Maine
Stevens Institute
WPI
RPI
PSU
UMASS- Dartmouth
Univ of Maryland
Michigan State
MIT
Wright State
Princeton
Boston Univ
Brown University
Baylor University
NRL
University of Florida
Southern Mississippi University
UIUC
Educational Partnership Agreements (EPAs)• Brown Univ• Stevens Institute• WPI• UConn• UMASS- Dartmouth• MIT• Michigan State Univ• Wright State University
MOA:• NUWC and UMASS-Dartmouth
Undersea Weaponry 14
Ms. Elizabeth LennonDr. Ron BesserDr. A. Burke
Mr. John IzzoDr. Wilson ChiuDr. Louis Carreiro
Research Approach:• Characterize VI behaviors of micro-plasmas to determine device efficiencies under various geometries & settings. • Design next generation flow-thru micro-plasma• Assess H2 generation from C2H2 micro-plasma chips- to measure conversion, yield, selectivity, & process efficiencies
Objectives:• Understand behavior of air-independent fuel cells• Effect of a reacted H2O2 stream on cell performance• Development of SOFC system model and experimental setup for validation
Research Approach:• Develop model to predict SOFC performance• Validate model via cathode polarization tests• Characterize H2O2 to identify impurities • Determine extent of LSM cathode degradation • Couple fuel cell with H2O2 microchemical reactor and optimize cathode for the oxidant feed stream
Power and EnergyMicroplasma Reforming of Acetylene
for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Aboard UUVs
Objectives:• Determine if microplasma reforming of acetylene
(C2 H2 ) is a viable fuel processing option for H2 delivery to UUV SOFC
• Determine under what conditions microplasma reforming of acetylene (C2 H2 ) offers best fuel processing option for H2 delivery to UUV SOFC considering full energy cycle
• Compare microplasma fuel reforming for UUVs to existing reforming technologies
Fuel Cell Performance using Hydrogen Peroxide Reformate as the Oxidant
e-
AnodeElectrolyteCathode
xLLModeling
Domain
Ext
erna
l Loa
d
e-
Undersea Weaponry 15
Mr. John CostaDr. Vijaya ChalivendraMr. Thomas Ramotowski
Ms. Nicole Mackey, Dr. J Paige Phillips, Dr. James Wynne
Research Approach:• Functionalize BN nano-particles using saline coupling agents• Verify functionalized BN nano-particles using chemical analysis tools• Fabricate nanocomposites using controlled process for better dispersion of BN particles in the polyurethane matrix• Prepare test samples for measurement of thermal conductivity and acoustic property measurements
Objectives:Develop an optically transparent, vibration dampeningand self-polishing coating capable of resisting marine fouling:
>1 year life-cycle optically transparent in desired windowpossess vibrational dampening propertiescontrolled rate of hydrolysis leading to self-polishing surface
Research Approach:• Design/synthesize a series of OH-functionalized active system components having a range of MWs and chemical structures• Prepare polyurethane networks containing active system components via reaction with a base isocyante resin• Prepare multi-functional coatings using active agents in combinations and fine-tune formulations to maintain desired coating mechanical properties, optical characteristics, and maximize vibrational damping
Corrosion and Anti-fouling CoatingsHigh Thermal Conductivity
Nanocomposite Encapsulants
Objectives:• Fabricate high-quality boron nitride (BN) and polyurethane
(PU) nanocomposites for torpedo nose arrays and high power/duty cycle acoustic sources
• Obtain PU/BN composite thermal conductivity value of 2.0W/mK, approximately that of piezo-ceramics, and
an order of magnitude above PU itself• Use low particulate loadings (ca. < 5% by weight) to
preserve desirable PU acoustic properties
New Coating Concepts for Corrosion and Anti-Fouling Protection of UUVs
BN microparticles in PU10 microns
Undersea Weaponry 16
Enhanced Blast Underwater Explosives
Energetic Projects
Objectives and Approach:• Apply advanced diagnostics at NSWC-IH & UIUC to probe metallized underwater explosions• Investigate innovative strategies to promote metal water reactions • Develop and test novel casing designs that transport reactive case metals outside the main HE bubble.• Investigate reactive metal casings with indentations designed to create jetting of material to 1) react with ambient water, increasing blast yield, and 2) enhance bubble size and thus violence upon collapse
Real Time Determination of Lattice Deformation Due to Shock Wave Compression
Objectives and Approach:• Design a self-contained powder gun system that is capable of launching a Cu flyer plate at velocities up to 1.7 km/s to induce shock waves in selected targets.• Perform real time x-ray diffraction (XRD) during short (ns) intervals using synchrotron radiation to determine the shock wave induced lattice deformations in inert (LiF) and explosive (RDX) crystalline materials. • Assembled new multi dimension camera stand to be remotely operated providing positional control of camera relative to diffracted synchrotron beam.• Use LabVIEW programs to determine the impact obliquity of the projectile, and control the stepper motors used to position the powder gun and streak camera
Characterization of Ignition Behavior of Organic-Inorganic
Composites
Objectives and Approach:• Investigate ignition characteristics of specific organic and inorganic energetic materials to answer the following:• How do nano thermites initiate• What is the mechanism of combustion propagation• How can traditional organic systems be integrated into the nanothermites and what are the characteristics of combustion• Developed a time resolved mass spectrometer capable of a time resolution of as small ~ 60 us, with heating rates of ~106 K/sec• The method enables the first ever time resolved measurement of a thermite type energetic material
Mr. Lance KingstonDrs. Krier and GlumacDr. Joel Carney
Mr. Patrick SnowDr. Gwo-Ching Wang Dr. Ray Gamache
Mr. Nicholas PiekielDr. Michael Zachariah Dr. Jason Jouet
Undersea Weaponry 17
Program Status:
9 MS and 12 Ph.D. students
Recent Hires:
4 ULI graduates accepted positions at NUWC
1 ULI graduate accepted a position at ARL/PSU
2 US Navy Patent Applications submitted
9 Referred Journal Publications
15 Conference Proceeding Publications
19 Conference Presentations
10 Invited Presentations
9 Educational Partnership Agreements (EPAs)
1 MOA
21 Navy Lab/Academia collaborations
ULI Accomplishments
Undersea Weaponry 18
ULI Program ImpactULI Program supports several 6.1 Core Technologies including:
- Guidance and Control- Power and Energy- Energetics- MSDO and Supercavitating Vehicles- Corrosion and Anti-fouling Coatings
Addresses the following Naval S&T Technology Areas:- Power and Energy - Undersea Weaponry
Naval Impacts/Outcomes:- Increase S&E at Navy Labs conducting S&T research in undersea weapon/vehicle technologies- Increase Navy Labs and academia collaborations- Increase basic understanding/principles of electrochemistry, new coating materials, understand properties/characteristics of energetic materials, controlalgorithms, low-cost single crystal sensor approaches, to further develop these technological tools to support programs at 6.2, INP, FNC level- Support ONR’s National Naval Responsibility for Undersea Weaponry
Undersea Weaponry 19
Collaborations & Partnerships
Germany – Project Agreements:
1) Enhanced Undersea Weapons Effectiveness & Ship Survivability through the Application of Validated Computer Codes;
2) Vulnerability of Torpedoes to Underwater Explosions
Singapore – DEA: Underwater Explosion Technology
NATO Research & Technology Organization:
1) AVT-119 (Task Group in Health Monitoring of Munitions);
2) AVT-093 (Task Group in Integration of Tools & Processes for Affordable Vehicles/Weapons)
3) AVT-173 (Task Group in Virtual Prototyping of Affordable Military Vehicles Using Advanced MDO)
Navy Enterprise for M&S to support ship shock testing
Bureau of Reclamation (Dept of Interior): DYSMAS
Army Engineering Research & Development Center: DYSMAS
NASA: Vehicle Design & Optimization
NSF: Adaptive Control, Smart Materials & Structures
DARPA: Power & Energy
DOE: Fuel Cell & Power
TTCP: Torpedo Noise, UUV Power & Energy
Undersea Weaponry 20
Issues
Transition S&T products to PMS-404 Torpedo Program Office and PMS 403 UUV Program Office is a challenge
Employment of ULI graduate students—lack of Navy Labs billets
Undersea Weaponry 21
Executive Summary
S&T Quality
Transitioned Supercavitation S&T to DARPA’s Underwater Express Vehicle
Successfully demonstrated a novel warhead configuration and explosive chain to produce robust warhead lethality
Naval Impact
Transitioned 112-element Torpedo Sonar Array to PMS 404 Torpedo Program Office
Developed a new class of algorithms that enables groups of mobile acoustic countermeasures to collaborate for localization and tracking of an acoustic homing torpedo target
Program Plan
Well integrated Undersea Weaponry S&T and transitioned technology products to Program Executive Offices on time
Fully coordinated and leveraged with other D&I (internal & external)
Mission-driven and science relevant with excellent transition record
Quality people are making it work
Undersea Weaponry 23
Key Performance ParametersOffense - Probability of KillDefense - Ship Survivability
Layered Defense
CONOPS Transformation
IncreaseLegacy System
Performance
Variable Targeting PrecisionTactical Anti-Submarine &
Standoff Anti-Surface Warfare
Future Missions,Threats & Platforms
Electric Propulsion
Insensitive Munitions
Undersea Weapons S&T Vision
Assured joint force access to the battle-space will be enabled by increased mobility and survivability, modular payloads, off-board systems and reduced
sized weapons to deliver extended range, scalable & lethal effects at reduced cost
Assured joint force access to the battle-space will be enabled by increased mobility and survivability, modular payloads, off-board systems and reduced
sized weapons to deliver extended range, scalable & lethal effects at reduced cost