The RenaissanceChapter 13

The Renaissance in Italy

Section 1

Francesco Petrarch

Italy

Florence, Italy

Florence

Lorenzo Medici

Perspective

da Vinci

Michelangelo

Pieta

Sistine Chapel

Raphael

Baldassare Castiglione

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Renaissance in the North

Section 2

The Printing Revolution

• Johann Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type.

• Before the printing press, only a few thousand books existed

• By 1500, 15 to 20 million books existed.

The Printing Revolution

• Printed books were cheaper

• More people learned to read

• Access to knowledge• New ideas and new

places.

Northern Renaissance Artists• Flanders—A region that included parts of

present-day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Flemish Painters

• Jan van Eyck was an most important Flemish painter– Portrayed townspeople

• Patrick Bruegel or “Peasant Bruegel”– Painted scenses of

peasant life

• Peter Paul Rubens– Portrayed themes in the bible and classical

history.

Durer: “Leonardo of the North”

• Albrecht Durer was affected by the Renaissance of Italy.

• In 1494 he traveled to Italy to study the Italian masters.

• Applied painting techniques to engraving—artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and used the plate to make prints

Northern Humanists and Writers• Desiderius Erasmus wrote

texts on a number of subjects and used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible.

• Translated the bible into the vernacular– Helped spread the

Renaissance to a wider public.

Sir Thomas More’s ideal Society

• English humanist, Sir Thomas More, pressed for social reform

• In Utopia, More describes an idea society in which men and women live in peace and harmony.

Rebelais’s Comic Masterpiece• French humanist Francois Rabelais wrote

Gargantua and Pantagruel which chronicles the adventures of two gentle giants

• A comic tail of travel and war.

Shakespeare Writes for All Time

• Between 1590 and 1613, the English poet and playwright Shakespeare wrote 37 plays

• His work explored the Renaissance ideals

• Characters speak in language that common people can understand and appreciate.

The Protestant ReformationSection 3

95 Thesis

Pope Leo X

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

John Calvin

Geneva, Switzerland

Reformation Ideas SpreadSection 4

An Explosion of Protestant Sects

• As the reformation grew, so did Protestant sects.

• Some sects had radical ideas– Rejecting infant baptisms

• Anabaptists sought radical social change– Abolish private property

• Most Anabaptists were peaceful-Called for separation of church and state

The English Reformation

• King Henry VIII broke English ties with the Catholic Church

• Henry wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine of Argon but Catholic law does not permit divorces.

• Pope refused to annul the marriage.

Breaking with the Church

• Henry decided to take over the Catholic Church in England

• He appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop of the new church and he annulled the King’s marriage.

• Henry married Anne Boleyn which gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth.

Breaking with the church

• In 1534 Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, making Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”.

Strengthening the church of England

• Henry closed Catholic monasteries and convents.

• Took their land and give it to nobles and other high ranking citizens so secure their support for the new Anglican Church.

• Although under a different name, Henry kept most catholic forms of worship.

Religious Turmoil

• When Henry died his 9-year-old son Edward VI took the throne.

• He took steps to make England a true Protestant country.

Religious Turmoil

• When Edward dies his half-sister Mary Tudor became queen and was determined to return England to the Catholic faith

The Elizabethan Settlement

• When Mary died the throne passed to 25-year-old Elizabeth who compromised between Protestant and Catholic practices.– The church preserved

much catholic ritural but became a firm Protestant nation

The Catholic Reformation

• During the 1530’s and 1540’s, the pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide.

Council of Trent

• Pope called on the Council of Trent in 1545 which reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged

• The Council also took steps to end church abuses– Penalties for corruption among the clergy.

Founding the Jesuites

• In 1540 the pope recognized a new religious order, the society of Jesus, or Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

• Spiritual and moral discipline, rigerous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church

• The Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic fiath worldwide.

Legacy of the Catholic Reformation• By 1600, the majority if Europeans

remained catholic.

• Church abuses were reduced as charity flourished

Widespread Persecution

• Both Catholic and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted radical sects like Anabaptists, people they thought were witches.

• Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of which hunts

Witch Hunts Persecution• Women were usually accused of being

witches.

• Witches practiced magic with the aid of the devil, thus witches were seen as anti-Christian.

Persecuting Jews

• In Italy, Jews were pressured to convert to Christianity.

• In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate quarter of the city called the ghetto.

• When the Reformation began and Jews refused to convert, Luther called them to be expelled and for their synagogues to be burned.

The Scientific Revolution

Section 5

Nicolaus Copernicus

Johannes Kepler

Galileo

Scientific Method

Robert Boyle

Isaac Newton