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Renaissance outside of Italy. 1440s-early 1600s. End of the Italian Renaissance. Two causes: Printing & gunpowder Printing: Allowed ideas and artistic movements to be transmitted en masse people stopped having to go to Italy to exchange ideas - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Renaissance outside of Italy1440s-early 1600s
End of the Italian RenaissanceTwo causes: Printing & gunpowderPrinting:
Allowed ideas and artistic movements to be transmitted en masse people stopped having to go to Italy to exchange ideas
Other people started attracting Italian artists to courtArt, philosophy and academia move away from Italy
Gunpowder:Encouraged campaigning over long distances—more people
were able to conquer places further from home (printing also allowed them to govern from afar)
Caused larger states like France and HRE to grow in strength
Causes them to attack into small Italian city-states and force concessions out of them = loss of political influence
ThesisA combination of the increased trade and a
newfound emphasis on education (to combat superstition) led to a blossoming of Renaissance ideas in Northern Europe. However because it occurred much later and compounded with a series of political and religious tensions the Renaissance took more spiritual, ethical, introspective form in the North—one that would eventually go against the traditional Catholic Church. This, coupled with the rise of printing and subsequent flow over information led to unrest which would eventually lead to a series of violent upheavals known as the Reformation.
Northern Renaissance Beginningsstarted as a result of trade—
Flemish, Dutch, and English merchants made money and began to patronize artists (see artist lecture notes)
Church had more of an interest up north—caused Christian Humanism which is an attempt to boil down Christianity to help society
Big Christian humanists: Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England. More wrote Utopia; Erasmus wrote Praise of Folly
Life in the NorthPolitically Northern Europe had moved
somewhat past the Middle Ages (into a weird sort of limbo); from a cultural standpoint it was a society in decline:Fake chivalry, bravery, and tournaments were
still the norm (Blind King John of Bohemia) Also led to excess, fake courtly love
Increased interest in the macabre—danse macabre style—and fascination with occult communication and resurrection
Devils, witches, and increased superstition—Malleus Maleficarum
New fascination with relics and idolatry
TradeThe growth of cities and merchants had
monumental impact on the economyCommercial Revolution: Money, guilds
appearCog was invented in 1200s, equated to
modern invention of Jumbo JetNorthern coastal cities set up Hanseatic
League of trade along the Baltic Sea centered at Lübeck
Entrepreneurship developed, economy now based on money
Salt, wool, amber, ale, etc. made up the trade market
Riga
Riga
Tallinn
Tallinn
Powerful trading networkFirst commodity exchange—even created
own trade Parliament – Economics explanation
Went for economic enterprise to political juggernaut (whoever has the gold makes the rules)
Centered at Lübeck in modern day GermanyTrade was based around SaltOne of the first and only examples of
complete capitalism and democracy within trade
The Hanseatic League
PoliticsSeries of wars in the Late Middle Ages (Hundred Years’
War is the biggest) lead to knew sense of unityGroups of people begin to think of themselves as a unit
Most of Europe though is still smaller states…But, as Machiavellian ideas spread north various
leaders begin consolidation through violence and politicsFrench monarchy consolidates old vassalages and grows
in power with help of Estates-GeneralSpain unifies in ReconquistaHapsburgs consolidate power over central Europe and
HREdo most of this through dynastic marriage Also marry into Spain and Low Countries
In the East the real power is Lithuania, but Russia is emerging
One exception is England, which is reeling from losing Hundred Years’ War (more on this in a couple weeks)
Religion after AvignonNeedless to say this weakens the church,
But first they need money, so they sell indulgences to get it back, no problem
But then they want to be cool, so the church turns to the influence of Medicis and patronizes of the artsChurch embraces Renaissance (Raphael, Michelangelo, etc.) build St.
Peters, Sistine Chapel, etc. = Costs a lot of money And Medici’s get elected Pope (Leo X, Clement VII) and run through
treasury (and are nepotists)Again uses indulgences to raise cash but this time it upsets people since
it is more for material gainFirst person to complain about this is Jan Hus—excommunicated and
burnedThen English scholar John Wycliffe mentions the church may be out of
touch and maybe they should reform (More & Erasmus like this)But compatriot William Tyndale takes this too far—he wants the Bible
published in English and plans to mass produce it on the new printing press—ohh the heresy!!!!
END RESULT, CHRUCH IN NORTH IS BORDERLINE MESS
Academia & PhilosophyThomas Aquinas’s 13th century Scholasticism:
Summa Theologica human reason can embrace all truth and reconcile differences—but all this is a gift from God
Led to nominalists, who focused on the way the world was described, and what could be seen. The universe should be interpreted through direct experience.Leader was William of Ockham: Ockham’s
razor—between two explanations, the simpler is always preferred
Eventually led to appeal to (spiritual) logic and reason known loosely as Neoplatonism
Oxford and Paris Universities took the lead
Erasmus and MoreErasmus is Dutch considered greatest thinker of his
age; educated by monksTried to use ideas of knowledge and religion to take
people past the middle agesThis does NOT mean he liked the church, he saw it as
uneducated, corrupt, and broken Used satire to criticize corruption and vice Praise of Folly
Emphasized inner piety tried to go back to scriptures to find God
More was English, received classical education at Oxford
Good close personal friend of Henry VIII (and Erasmus)Rose to the position of Lord Chancellor
Wanted to reform the church to created idealistic life—theme of Utopia
Hardcore Catholic to the end—would lose his head for this
PrintingArguably the single most important development in the
history of EuropeDeveloped: Movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in
late 1440s in Mainz, Germany, imported from China (kinda). Gutenberg Bible printed 1455.The spread to rest of HRE, Italy, Low Countries and
BritainWorks by having blocks of letter that you put in order
and then reprintFirst printed advertisements seen in 1466 Allowed the masses to be educated, read, and form
opinions—greatly hurts priests and helps class mobility—people begin to question wisdom and education of the church
Led directly to social upheaval in a massive, massive way, most notably the Reformation