Árect Técnico - Profesionol

TECHNICAT ENGLISH I

Harry Jara FriasAIicia Lobos Poblete

I

Ánea Técnico - ProfesionalTechnical Engl ish 1

Harry Jara FnÍasProfesor de Inglés, Univensidad Técnica del EstadoProfesor del Liceo Pol i técnico Ciencia y TecnologÍa

Alicia Lobos PobleteProfesora de Inglés, Universidad Técnica del EstadoPnofesona del Cenho Educacionel Alberto Hurtado

Editor: Editor ial Salesiana, Sant iago de Chi le

Composición, diseño y diagramación: Depto. de Arte de Editor ial Salesiana

Dibuios; Canlos Minanda

Inscnipción Ns BB.4O1

l.S.B.N.: 956 - 1B - 0182 - 5

@ Hanny Jana Frias y Alicia Lobos PobleteO EDITORIAL SALESIANABulnes 35Santiago de Chi leChi le

Resenvados todos los derechos.Prohibida su neproducción total o parcial en cualquien fonma,inclusive fotocopia, s in autonización expnesa del edi ton y delpnopietar io de los denechos.

lmpresor: SalesianosBulnes 19Santiago de Chi le

Esta segunda edición se terminó de impnimih en el mes de eneno de 1995.

\_

1

Las cir.cunstancias de vida del hombre modenno en el aspecto social y culü:ral han

cambiado profundamente, tanto que se puede hablar con razón de una nueva época de

la historia humana. Por ello, nuevos caminos se han abierto pana perfeccionan la cultura

y darte una mayor expansión. caminos que han sido preparados pol'el ingente progreso

de las ciencias natunales y de las humanas, incluidas las sociale-q; por el desarrollo de la

técnica, y tamb¡én por tos avances en el uso y recta organización de los medios que po-

nen al hombre en comunicación con los demás. De aquí provienen ciertas notas car€c-

terísücas de la culbr.lra actual: las ciencias exactas cultivan al máximo eljuicio crÍüco; los

más recientes estudios de la sicología explican con mayor profundidad la actividad hu-

mana; las ciencias históricas contribuyen mucho a que las cosas se vean bajo el aspec-

to de su mrltabilidad y "*ru"iont

tos Áau¡tos de vida y las costumbres üenden a unifon-

Á"* más y más; la industrialización, la urbanización y los demás agent€s que pnomue-

ven la vida comunltaria crean nuevas formas de culü.lra (cultr'lna de masasl' de las que

nacen nuevos modos de senün, actuan y descansar; al mismo tiempo, el cr€ciente ¡nten-

cambio entre las dlersas naciones y grupos sociales descubre a todos y a cada uno

con creciente amplíbud los tesoros de las diferentes formas de cuhura' y asi poco a

;;;"; va gestando una forma más universal de cuhuna, que tanto más promueve y

expresa la unidad del género humano cuanto mejor sabe respetar las particularidades

de las diversas culturas.

Cada día es mayor el número de los hombnes y mujeres, de todo grupo o naciÓn,

que üenen "on"i"n"iá

aá que son ellos los au¡tores y promotores de la cultuna de su co-

munidad. En todo el mundo crece más y más el senüdo de.la autonornia y al mismo

üempo de la responsabilidad, lo cual tienl enorme importancia para la madurez espiri-

tual y moral del género humano. Esto se ve más claro si filamos la mirada en la unifica-

ción del mundo y en la tar€a que se nos impone de edificar un mundo meion en la ver-

dad y en la iustjcia. De esta manena somos't""tigo" de que está naciendo un nuevo hu-

manismo, en et quJ hombre queda definido principalmente por la responsabilidad ha-

cia sus hermanos y ante la historia'

[Vat icano||-Documentos,BAC,lggl,Const.GaudiumetSpes,t \F54y55).

5

INTRODUCTION

Today it is very clear the importance of english as a means of world communicationin the industry, commertre, science and technology. English is the essential tool to makepossible the technical knowledge of students who need to be related with topics of thernfuLure car€ers as technicians on engineens.

The main purpose of this textbook is to provide the studenLs the basic gnammaticaland lexical structures of technical english in onden to improve thein comprehension and,if possible, to make them communicate their own ideas in technical matbers.

Since the attention ls dinected mainly to the language, not to technical details ofmatenials, tools on machines, the text can be used with confidence by gener-al englishteachens who have liuule technical knowledge.

The vocabulary and grammar have been canefully selected and gnaded. They anecommon to technical litenature on woodwork, metalwork, technical drawing, mechanicson elecbricity.

The texU is divided into five units, each one based on technical material of all tnades.Ahhough it is assumed that students using this book have already received a certain

tr.aining in the english language at the basic school, there is a fir-st unit intended tocheck some genenal gramman requinements needed at this level.

The linguisüc matenial is presented through common siLuations in dialogues, picbures

and r-eading texbs. Then, it can be pnactised and reinforced in vocabulary and grammanexercises, which may be onal on wnitten.

Charts containing the main grarnman points in the unit, and some games to makethe classwork more attnactive, are found at the end of each unit.

The complementany neadings ane a helpful nesource for the teachen, used asmotivation, and they can give the most advanced students the possibility to improvethein compr€hension in english and the ability to tnanslate english technical texts.

All the technical vocabulary and venbs introduced in this finst book are listed at theend of it.

Technical English 7 is the result of many years of experience in teaching the languageat secondary technical schools.

We expect the contents will help the students to become familiar with technicalengl ish at, a basic level and at the same t ime be a valuable contr ibut ion fon theimprovement of classroom activities in the teaching and leanning pnocess.

=,j

\|I

TECI4NICAL OBJECTS

ffiinEcEue tr

These students are visiting the new school. They ane very pleased to meet their new

teachens and classmates. Let's go with theml

At the workshoP

STUDENT 1: Excuse me, what's this?

TEACHER:l t 'sahammen. rs

FIRST UNIT

STUDENT 2: ANd this? WhAt'S IhiS?

TEACHEF : l t 'saf i le.

STUDENT 1: And these? What are these?

TEACHEF : They're natls.

Reoding

There ane mañy technical objects eve¡Arrrhene. Foi'ep'-pe. 6c n€rne we have a T.V.

set, a reconoer, a camena on a pain of scissors. In an¡ :frce ¡nE fnd a typewriten, a

computen and a telephone. In a laboratory, thene 6[€ ñ-'iiElÍ-y -€ :-r@s, some bunners

and micnoscopes. In a wonkshop there are diffenent too'ls arc --a::- nes.

Prqctice

EXERCISE A. Look at the example and then answer the que--,rc^s ¡F Ih€ sáme way.

1. Wt'ra¡'s -'l^ is?

4(1

2. \Nhaüs this?

3. Whaüs this?

4. Whats this?

5. Whaüs this?

6. Whads this?

11

I

EXEFICISE B. Answer these questions as in the example.

1. What are these?

2. What are these?

3. What ane these?

5. What are these?

4. What ane these?

EXERCISE C. Now, you make the questions.

EXERCISE D. Answen these questions. Look at the example.

E)(AMPLE:

It's a car.

rs1. What's that?

Is-2. What's that?

rs3. What's that?

r€4. What's that?

fs5. What's that?

r€6. What's that?

EXERCISE E. Answer these questions as in the example'

1. What ane those?

2. What are those?

14\

\

EXERCISE F. Describe these ob¡ects as in the example'

Whaüs this?

Whaüs this?

3 E'''-'t¿;

What's this?

Whaus this?

5. Whats that?

6. Whaüs that?

- f \

EXEFCISE G. Answen the quesüons as in the examples.

E)(AMPLES:

ls this a car? Yes, it is.

ls tlrat a birycb? No, it isn't. lt's amotorcycle,

1. ls this a telephone?

. Are these bolts?

. Are those cars?

. ls that a nadio?

ls that a typewriten?

. ls this a saw?

2

Li

Á

5.

6

17

LET'S HAVE FUN WITH THE WORDS!

How many technical wonds can you find in this square?

Find them in any direction.

B E N G I N E B o L T oS T Y P E W R I T E R L

N N X L H H A C K S A W

E C E F T F R Y o T D B

E o W L E P A c D X R D

R o T A L U c L A c K

c N B L E c S E L S A W

S J L L P V B K G X A

K T A A H G S E L F L

R A D I o Z T C E U H

Y. F E D N T a A M E R A

H A M M E R W H E E L N

GUESS... . . . .WHAT ARE THEY ?

1 . lt's heavY.2. lt has a head and a handle.3. We use it at home and atwonk.4. People use it to nail.

1. lt 's made of Plastic.2. lt rings.3. Thene ane in diffenent colouns'4. We use it fon communication.

1. l t 'satool .2. lt 's long and thin.3. lt has a metal blade.4. Canpenters use lt.

ANSM¡ER:

ANSWER:

ANS\A¡ER:

\

Lesson two

Remding

The students are in their first WOFKSHOP CLASS at school' In the prctune we can

see many things. ^^r - k^^r,-ór^, -ñ^Theneisaworkbenchinfnontof thewindow.Thetoolbox,asawandahacksawa|.con the wonkbench.The saw is next to the toolbox' The toolbox is behind the

hacksaw.Thene is a vise to the left of the wonkbench'

The tool cabrnet is in the corner of the room.Thene is a mask in the tool cabinet' A

pot of paini" is unden ü.- Th"." is a calendar on the wall. lt is between the window and the door^.

The teacher anO t\^io students ane to the night of the workbench'There is a machine

behind them

1g

R.e<¡d rhe following diologues:

"ffi' o

iilie"rÍ<rgw,* $

TEACHER: Here we ane. This ts the wonkshop.

STUDENT 1: lüs very big

IEACHER : There are tools and there are machines.

STUDENT 2: Where "."

in" machines?

TEACHER: Behind you. They ane behind yot,.

STUDENT 1: What's that on the workbench?

TEACHEF: lt's a toolbox.

STUDENT 2: What's inside the toolbox ?

TEACHER: There are some hand tools.

ffi$m$wg*sm *

TEACHEF:

STUDENT:

TEACHEB:

STUDENT:

TEACHEF:

STUDENT:

TEACHER:

STUDENT:

20

Yes... so you want a saw.

That's right.

Ther e is one on the workbench.

ls this a saw?

No, it isn't. That's a hacksaw.The saw is biggen.

Whene is it then?

It's next to the toolbox.

0.K. Thene it is.

IJ

Prqctice

EGFICISE A. Are these sentences tnue on false? Look at the p¡ctune on page 19.

1. The saw is on the wonkbench.

2. The students ane to the left of the wonkbench.

3. There are two teachers in the wonkshop.

4. The mask is unden the wo¡kbench.

5. The toolbox is next to the saw.

6. The wonkbench is in frant of the door'.

7. There is a machine behind the students

8. Thene are some hand tools inside the toolbox.

9. The calendan is between the door and the window.

EXERCISE B. Complete witñ the night pneposhions. Look at the reading on page '19.

1 . The hacksaw is. . . . . . . . . the wonkbench.

2. The saw is. . . . . . . . . . . . the toolbox.

'3- The calendan is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the window and the door. .

4- The workbench is. . . . . . . . . . . . the window.

5. The $udents are.. . . . . . . . . the workshoo.

6. The teacher is. . . . . . . . . . the doon.

7-T¡E hand tools ar€.. . . . . . . . . . . . . the toolbox.

8- TfE vise is. . . . , . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .of the wór 'kbencn.

1

a

E{,

EXERCISE C. Look at the picture on page 19 and answen the quest ions as in theexample.

1. Where is the calendar?

2. Where is the pot of paint?

3. Whene is the tool cabinet?

4. Where ane the machines?

5. Where is the vise?

6. Where is the mask?

7. Where is the workbench?

8. Whene ane the students?

EXERCISE D. Look at the examples and then answen the questions in the same way

HOW MANY . . . . . . . . .ARE THERE.. . . . . . . ?

'1. How many masks are thene in the tool cabinet?

2. How many tools are there in the toolbox"

Ouesüon

Ansvver

Ouesüon

Answer

How many tools are there on the workbench?

Thene are ürree tools on the workbench.

How many calendars are there on the wall?

There is a calendar on ühe wall .

E .ú,t, rr¡any üses are ther€ on the wonkbench?

¿. i-+ow many nails are thene unden the chair?

5. How many students ar€ there in the picture?

6. How many cans ane there in the garage?

CAF/GARAGEThere is a car in tlre ganage.

EXERCISE E. Describe using ttrere'rs ,/ ürers are and the ¡ight pneposttion'

D(AMPLE:

¿J

7

naillchain

pot of paint/tool cabinet

calendar,/window and the door

bolt,/toolbox

teachen,/wot'kshop

24

EXERCISE F. Match the fol lowing conversat ion.

e--I

mWhat's that?

ü whene is the saw?

.. . . f . . . . . . . . . . Whene ar€ the students? CJ No, i t isn ' t

1).. . . . . what are those?

L.. . . . . ls th is a te lephone?

Al lt 's on the workbench.

Bl There is one in the tool cabinet.

EJ lds a tool.

Fl They are in the workshop.

EXERCISE G. Change to the Plural.

1. Thene is a wnench on the table.

2. lt is a calculator.

3. This is a screwdriven.

4. Thene is a bolt in the toolbox.

5. That is a T.V. set.

6. lt has a screen.

25

7-

i.e55c

Eliiaqlog*se I

These boys ane talking about bikes.

BOY 1: This is my bike.

BOY 2: lt looks new.

BOY 1: lt 's neally new.

BOY 2: ls it bigger than the old one?

BOY 1: Yes, and it is faster, tool

2e

Dialogue 2

Two men are talking about transporG.

MAN 1: Excuse me, where is the ENTEL towen?

MAN

MAN

MAN

2: lt 's on Alameda Avenue. You can gothere by bus on by underground.

1: Which is betten?

2: Well, it 's quicker by underground, but Ithink it is more interesting by bus.

Means of tnanspolt

MAN 1: Thank you very much.

MAN 2: You're welcome.

Recding

Thene ane many different means of transport nowadays. We have cai-s :--=trucks, trains, ships, airplanes, the undergnound tnain, the bicycle, etc.

The bicycle is one of the cheapest means of transport and helps man to Keep -

=-:at the same time maintain his environment ctean.

Ships ane used fon the tnansport of naw matenials, fruits, machinery and oil fror.' c.:continent to anothen.

Fon shorten distances, tnucks canry all kinds of pr oducts and buses tnanspor! pe3p =In many countries, specially in Eunope, the tnain is the most populan oneThe underground [on subway] in Santiago, as in the biggest cities of the lvc^:

fast, cheap, safe, comfortable and efficient, because it uses electricity as a scLl:€energy and also helps to improve our life condrtions.

Many people pnefer the can when they go to their jobs and families us=camprng.

The ainplane is the fastest means of passengers' transport and o^= :' -j-. =3-=itoo. Believe it on not!

Proctice

l. Gomprehension exelcises

EXERCISE A. Sav if these statements are tnue or false.

1 . The bicycle is one of the fastest means of Eransport.

2. Ships transport naw materials fnom one place to another.

3. The can helps to impnove our lfe conditions in big ciües.

4. The ship is the most important means of passengers'tnansport now.

5. The bicycle helps everybody to keep fit.

6. In Chile, the bus is the most populan means of tnansport.

EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences. Use the words given below.

1 . The ENTEL towen isn' t . . . . . . . . . .Ahumada Boulevard.

^f ^*¡ , ,+^2. Trucks canry al l . . . . .v, p, uuuu-.

3. Electricity is the.. .of energy used by the subway.

4. Buses transport...

5. ls the underground.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . in big c i t ies?

6. A bike is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . than a motonbike.

7. A: Thank you very much.

B: You're.. .

cheapen

2B_. -¡l-

\

I

i

ll. Bammar exer''cb'es

?GBCISE A. Look at the examples and then make sentences in the s€rrie ,"",E,

The can is fast¡r than the bicvcle.

1. SLOW

HEA\A/

3. SHORT

==

I_i4.

6.

EMMPLE 2:

2+2=4 4OOx15=6Om

DIFFICUlT

The mutüdicaüon is mae diffu¡lt than the addüon.

30

1. EXPENS'€

Ll. ECONOMICA;

4 COMFOF-IA= =

5.

6. DANGEFOUS

EXEBCISE B. Answen the questions as in the example'

1. Which is safer, the subway on the bus?

2. Which is more difficult, Mathematics or Physics?

3. Which is more expensve, a lathe or a hand drill?

4. Which is weaken, iron or lead?

5. Which ar€ mor€ popular, japanese cars on genman cars?

6. Which are smallen, nuts ot bolts?

Which is longer, February on March?

\

EXERCISE C. Make sentences from this chart.

EXERCISE D. Let's compare these objects in the supenlative degnee.

The file is the longesü of the three.

moanq ñl rmnqTÉ

A BUS

A CAR

THE TRAIN

AIRPLANES

COMPUTERS

A MICROSCOPE

TOOLS

IS

MOFE

COMFORTABLE

EFFICIENT

BIGGER

EXPENSIVE

ACCURATE

THAN

A TFN-D<

THE zuS

ryPE\A/TI{TEM

A CAR

SHIPS

MACHINES

THE AIRPLANE

A MAGNIFYIT\E GLASS

ARE

*

tr

of all

5.

!b,

cóDPER I LEAD

m ltu lWn

BIG

of the three.

COMFORTABLE

EXPENSIVE

of them.

rffi ^f# ffib.rq

, . . .h- =- - :

EXERCISE E. Let's compar€ these things in the positrve degnee.

D(AMPLE:

DANa==__:

Electricity is as dangeFous as

HEAVY

USEFUL

NECESSARY

b

i

Grqmmqr study

THIS 4

THAT >

Singular

+THESE 4

+THOSE +

Plunal

| ^^ ^.1;^| i , ,^^LU5 dUIEUTVUJ

nonc¡ n lo inq

This is a car.

That is a bus.

These ar€ cars.

Those ane buses.

Al Fegulan plurals:

ü,ilillllllllrl

iilltirltxil1I

iill

ft,

l l l. How many... are tlrerc...?

lV. Some pnepositions

Prepositions of place

Usamos estas pneposiciones

ln front of

On

Next to

'Behind

To the left of

tn

Unden

Between

To the right of

Podemos emplear hare fhasl pana describir obietos'

EJEMPLO: The telePhone has a dial'

Cars have wheels'

TRADESSEEOND UNIT

lcgsEp¡'¡ *¡ie

üicloEue

Two workels meet aü lunch üme in a factory'

WORKER 1: What are You?

WOFKEF 2: l 'm a mechanic'

WORKER 1 : What kind of work do You do?

WORKER 2: I do the maintenance on cars and tnucks'

And what aboLru You?

WORKER 1: I nepair elecrtcal machineg'

WORKER 2: So you are an electtician'

WOFKER 1: That's night!

---

Y

F r€r .j

l

When a person uses his hands to wot k, we say that he has a tnade.

For example, a canpenter works,with wood. He burlds houses. He works on the sli€

He uses a saw, a hammen and nails.A joiner. also wonks with wood, but he makes small things. He jotns wooden pleces

He can make doors and window hames. He makes chains and tables, too.

A welder works with iron or steel. He wonks with a weldi¡g machine. He sometimes

uses a torch. He makes steel on ircn fnames. He cuts metal pieces with a hacksaw.plumbe¡s lay and repain pipes. They make different things to contnol water". They

often,make roofs and guttens. They wonk with lead on other matenials. They must know

about welding, tooMechanics keep machines nunning. They do repairs on machines. They also do the

maintenance on cars on tnucks.An elecrrician wires houses or buildings. He repairs machines which use electnictty.

He always uses wires, pliers, scnewdnlvers and screws'

A fitter^ wo¡ks wrth a lathe on othen machines. He makes metal pleces and he works

with iron and steel.painters work wrth brushes and paint. They pnotect walls, fnames, or Óther lhings

from the weathen and make them look nice

trretctic*

fl. Gompre*rension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say if these sentences ane true on talse.

1 . A canpenter wonks on the site.

2. The welder makes steel on inon frames.

3. Joiners work with steel on inon, too.

4. An elecbl'ician repains electrical machines.

5. The mechanió lays and repairs pipes.

6. All wonkers must know about welding.

[ r '

EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences. Use the words gúen below.

1. An elecü'ician uses pliers,.. and screws.

2. The plumben sometimes makes .. and gubbers.

3. . . . . . . . . . . .wonkwithwood. 1,

4. A joiner makes doon and window

5. The fitten works with a

6. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is the wonk a person does.

frames

carpenteFs

trade

tnucks

lathe

screwdrivers

brush

roofs

hands

DGRCISE C. March section A with section B. Write the numben on the line.

A

1. ELECTRICIAN2. PAINTER3. PLUMBER4. WELDER5. CARPENTER6. JOINER

P He joins wooden pieces.

4H. uses a saw, hammers and nails.

_/-He wonks with brushes end paint.

_ He repairs trucks./l He wires houses.

'ir ne tays ptpes.

L¡l"cuts metal pieces.

ll. GÉamman exercises

EXERCISE A.Write the third percon singulan form of the underlined verb.

Engineens build machines, buL a carpenter builds houses.

1 . Carpentens cut wooden pieces, but the welden.... metal pieces.

2. I keep the tools in a box, butthe teachen .-. them on a shelf.

3. Welders make iron frames, bub a joiner .... wooden fnames.

4. Mechanics repair cans, but a plumben.. . . . . . . . . . r 'oofs.

5. They drir¡e trucks, but my father ..... a can.

6. ' He . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . h is hands. but I use tools.

r ' - ' -1

{n i\rt ,-'EXERCISE B. Complete these seiÉnces. Use the venbs given in bnackets

1. A canpenter. . . . . . . . . . . . houses.

2. Weldens with iron.

3. They.. . . . . . smal l th ings.

4. The elecFic¡an.. . .houses.

5. 1.... screwdnivers.

6. Plumbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p lpes.

[build - builds]

lwork - wonks]

[make -makes]

[wire - wines]

[use - uses]

flay - lays]

7. Workens ....... the tools in good conditions. [keep - keeps]

B. Mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . repains on machines. f ¡ ln - dnocltvv vvvsj

lknow - knows]L She about welding.

1 O. We... ..... .... the house from the weather. [pnotect - pr€tects]

1. They build modern hous¿i. tOFlENl

EXERCISE C. Insert the fnequency advet bs as in the examples.

2. A canpenten wonks on the sibe. IFREGUENTLY]

3. Wonkers oilthe machines. IALWAYSI

4. The headmaster is in the office. IUSUALLY]

5. I wonk wrth inon and steel. ISOMETIMESI

6. He's lare. INEVERJ

7. We keep oun tools in order. IGENERALLY]

44

Lesson two

.".,111,1* r41li$ ;.1:i ir,t t,$

Reoding

A good worker learns his tnade wel l and he does his best. He reads books ormagazines about his ü'ade to keep up to date in technical mattens.

He car-es his tools and machines and keeps them in good conditions, because heknows they cost money.

lf thene ane difficuhies, he does not stop. He tnies to solve them.He arrives at work on time and he keeps wonking til l time is oven even if his boss is

not nean him.When a wonken applies for a job, he needs to show a refenence.The neference is a statement about the person's characten or abilities.A good reference fon a worken would be like this:

"GEORGE SMITH is a good wonker. He knows his tnade very well.He shows initiative. He is responsible and loyal. He is always punctual.I necommend him to perform any work in his tnade.

Prqctice

l. Gompnehension exercises

EXERCISE A. Choose the best alternaüve.

1 ..A respon3-ible worken:

\al does not wonk hardbl looks aften the machinescl works at a lathe which costs money

2. When a worker gets oven difficulties, he shows:

al punctualitybl loyalüycl initiative

3. A'good worker arrives at work:

al latebJ on time jcJ at the end of the wonking daY

4. When a worker applies for a new job he has to show good:

aJ characterbl abilitiesc] neferences

EXERCISE B. Say if these sentences ar€ tnue on false.

.... ... 1 . A good wonker keeps up to date in technical matters.

.......2. He always cares his tools and machinery.

3. Tools and machines cost little money.

4. Good wonkers stop working when the boss is not nean.

5. A reference is a statement about a wonkers abilities.

6. lf you apply for- a ¡ob, you don't need to be punctual.

46

J

D(EROSE C. Complete these sentences. Use the words given below.

1. George knows his. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verywel l .

2. A good wonker takes cane of his......

3. Someümes there are ......... at work.

4. He shows.. . . . . . . and puncuual i ty.

5. He is .. and loyal.

6. I am applying fon a . . . . . .

l. Gnammar exer-cbes

EI(EBCISE A. Make these sentences intenrogative. Use do on does as in the examples.

1. Hammens have different weights.

t2. Machines help man.

3.,A good worken solves difficulties.

47

4. The uld&r uses a torch.

5. A nail irins uruo pieces of wood togethen.

6. Batteries generate electricity.

EXERCISE B. Make these sentences negative. Use dont or doesn't as in the example.

1. We repain electrical machines.

2. She understands technical english.

3. The wonken learns his tnade well.

4. He arrives on time.

5. They make roofs and gutLens.

6. Electricians wonk with wood.

ü

-l

rc G Complete with doldoes or dont/ doesnt

+ -------..-.. ..... . fitUers make metal pieces?

e --.-.--.... an electnician wire buildings?

8, fud vrcr*ers..... .. arrive at wor-k late.

| .1b.---- . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . forget safety rüles in the wonkshop.

ñ -----.--.... a plumben nepain roofis?

G. --------- . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j . . a joiner make wooden f i -ames?

?- Fúrers .... use machines.

8" t---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . smoke nean inf lammable mater ials.

l" -----.-...... you understand the instnucbions?

ilI- StE ...... neeo a reference.

mSE D. Answen these questions [yeslno]

l- tb painters use tools at work?

AIbes a plumben work with a lathe?

e Ib you show initiative at wor-k?

{. [bes a carpenter make metal frames?

5- bmds help man?

E tb the students follow the instnuctions?

EXEflCISE E. Now, you make the questions.

Yes, mechanics usually oil thein machines.

2. . . . . . . . . .

No, the plumben doesn't wire houses.

know about ca¡penlry.

No, fitEers don't lay PiPes.

Yes, she needs extra information.

Lesson three

Iil

___l

Recding

A painten wonks with br-ushes and paint. Sometimes he can apply paint with a spnayon a nol ler.

Before he starts lo wonk, he pnepanes the surface. First, he removes the old paint.Nex[, he cleans the surface and then he fil ls the holes with putty.

Finally, he selecfs and mixes the paint. Now, he rs neady to apply the paint.A good painten applies the nrght quantrty of paint. He does not waste paint. He does

not make a patchy job erther.The cornect applicatron and mixbune of paint is a task which nequires great skill.Parnt ing is a tnade in which the painten should know colouns wel l .When a colour has a little of another colour in it, we say that it has a "tinge". For

instance, green with a yellowrsh tinge means that the green has a little of yellow in it.

51

Proctice

(

l. Gomprehension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say if these sentences are true on false.

1. A painten can apply the paint wLh a rollen.

2. Aften he finishes the job, he cleans the sunface.

3. Paintens select and mix wrth care the pa¡nt.

4. You don't require gneat skill to paint.

5. A tinge is a slight mixtune of colours.

6. A good painten applies the night quantity of paint.

EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences. Use the words in the chart below.

1 . Painters fil l the ....... .. with putty.

2. A good painter does not make a ... wonk.

3. He prepares the surface he starts the job.

4. The painten should know .. . . . . . . wel l .

5. He has to. . . . . . . . o ld paint f i r 'st .

6 | can apply paint with a

t ,

[ r 5?

a Bammr e,srises

D(EFOSE A. Say and wnite.

nemove ;i¿ : I == -:1nainfr¡ i i th=r=^l

^ l^^^ r}-^ ^, .J^^^^,

use bnushes?mix different coto-r:?apply paint wi¡h a spray?make a nnnd inh?

\A/aqte n¡ inf?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

B.

EXERCISE B. Say and wnite.

53

Dic

I

TEAi

tsnlt

TEA

s'rui

lEA

EXEBCISE C. Answer these questions.

1. What do Painters work wiuh?

2. What does an elecurician wire?

3. What does the carpenter cut with the saw?

4. Where does a canPenter work?

5. What do you use to Paint?

6. What does the painten do before he starts to paint?

ú4

Gomes

How many tools, tnades on matenials can you find here?Look them up in any direction.lf you find 20 words you ane a genious!

'- 1-\. / t t '1!L ' f Jf / "/t r

\ . /

S C R E S o R I C

B P P E S N o X L F

M A C H N E S H I

E M C N A H E M

TJ Z H N C D E R R F

L B R T a A J o

E G M N ñ(J R F E N T. D I

E R E T L R H U

T L S Ft X R t - l A W J

S ñ o o D -rI P T

A E U o D S E H S U

A F T R A D E S D G

Comolete the crosswords with tnades.

55

F-

'Grqmmc¡r sfudY

$

l. Simple hesent Tense

Affirmative form:

I

Si el sujeto de la onaciÓn conresponde a la 3- pefsona singular, el venbo agrega €'

Los venbos terminados en'. -s/-sh/<h/-x/n agregan -es'

Si el venbo termina en -y antecedida por consonant€, cambia la -y pot -i y agrega -es'

Negative form:

SHE

SPEAK

DOES NOT

Conü^acüons:

lntenrogative fonm:

Do not = dontDoes not = doesn't

DOa

DOES

Usamos do y does como auxiliares en la forma intenrogativa y negativa, y

venbo pninciPal en infinitivo.

TECHNICAT DRAWINGTHIRD UNIT

Lesson one

i*,,1¡ 'l'*¡¡-:'1:;

Diologue

Trc friends are planning thein ne)G summen hol'rlays.

= =ND A: What will you do next summer holidays?

.-- =ND B: I' l l help my father. We'll build a house at the seaside. We will go there nextweek to measune the sile.

: =ND A: What will vou do fit'st?

-END B: We'll see the postb¡on of the house, the thickness of the foundations, etc

FRIEND A: Willyou draw a plan?

FBIEND B: Of course yes. We want to make an accurate wonk.

FRIEND A: When willyou go ther€ then?

FRIEND B: I think we'll be there nexL Saturday.

FRIEND A: Can I go with you?

FRIEND B: O.K. We'l lneed some help.

Reoding

Accurate measunement is the basis of all technical wonk. All wonkers use measuningtools. The simplest measuning tool is the n¡len.

We can measure the length, the height and the width of an object with the.rulen.We can measur€ a round object with a süeel taÉ.

\.,-¡f ¡

The ruler, as al l measuning tools, is composedcentimetres on inches.

The canümeü¡.e is a meü"ic unit of measurementof measurement.

Here are some oühen measuring devices:

of units. These units are in

and the inch is the Bnitish unit

The balanceIt is used for weighingvery small objects.

F

The speedom€rüerIt is used fon measuningspeed.

The thermom€'tetIt is used fon measuringfemoenatur€.

The Vennier caliperIt is used fon measuninginternal on externaldimensions.

tools, and we must keep them smooth and

keep it away from other tools because they are

Measuning tools are very lmportantclean.

Every time you use a measuring tool,not accunate if they become damaged.

Prqctice

l. Comprehension exe¡'cises

EXERCISE A. Say if these statements are true on false.

. . . . . . .1. We can measure the width of an oblect with a nulen

2. The units of a ruler can be marked in inches.

3. The balance is used for weighing very big objects.

4. The Vennier calipen is used fon measuning round objects.

L59

5.

6.'i.

pi:i

The speed of a car is measured with the soeedometer.

The inch is a metnic unit of measur€ment.

EXEBCISE B. Answen these questions according to the text.

1. Which is the simplest measuning tool?

2. What is a centimeü'e?

3. What can we use to measure a round obiect?

¡

4. What is a thermometer?

ll. Grammar exercises

1. We can write the numbers in words on in figurcs.

Leüs praccice the number€ to measure accunatety.

e¡ehClSf A. Wnite these figures in words as in the example.

r:].

1.6

3.14

60

E)(AMPLE:11

1.5o.o1?.15

13

77.2

' t5

o.03

50.o5

2.8

EXERCISE B. Wnite these numbers in figures.

" '? ' ""

1'fl\t {#i\*"r-

Twenty five

One hundred and three-

Ninety nine thousand

Zero point two

Three point thnee thnee

Two hundred and seventy one

Fifty point five

One point seven.

a'

Zero point zero zerc ntne

Twelve

671

75C,

EXERCISE C. Read out these numbers.

542

400

9,47

U.UUO

I CLJ

16.O

o.4

27.4

o.04

o.30

i¡¡[i

trFg,

2. Look at the example and descnibe the objects in the same way.

E)(AMPLE: This is a cube. l t is 12 cm long,12 cm high, and 12 cm wide.

I

F- rc¡n-

"W

3. Look at these pictures.

The length of the nuler is 1 m.

The heighü of the aer ial is 10 m.

The wklth of the table is 1.5 m.

, t \

, ; * . .

I

Now, you descnibe the objects of exercise B

1. The length of the cube is 12 cm.

The height of the cube is. . . . . . . . . . . . .

The width.. .

2. The length of the matchbox is. . . . . . . .

The height..

The.. . . . . .

3.The.. . . . . . .of thecanis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The.. . . . . . . . . . .

of the T.V.set is

The width.

I

4. Folldw these insü'uctions.

1. Dnaw a box 1.5 m long, 1 m wide and O.5 m high.

2. Draw a bnidge 70 m long, B m wide and 3.5 m high'

3. Dnaw a bus 20 m long, 3'5 m wide and 4 m high.

2. The dimensions of the house I live are:

heighr. . . . . . . . . . . .m.

3. The dimensions of out'workshop ane:

height. . . . . . . . . . . m.

'Drlo "K.%ocm long, F"^wide and Fcmhigh'4. Dnaw a video reco .71 E

5. Complete the following sentences.

1. The dimensions of the desk at which I am situing are:

cm, height . . . . . . . . . . . cm.

cm, length

length m, width . . . . . . . . ' . . m and

length m, width . . . . . . . . . ' . m and

t--

R.eoding

This is a toolbox. lt is made of metal. lt has a front, a back and two sides. lt also has

a top and a botlom.The top of the box ts the l¡d. lt opens and shuts. lt has two hinges.

This box has a hasp and a padlock. A key is inserted in the padlock.

How many surfaces has the box?It has six surfaces: the top, the bottom, the front, the back and the two sides'

How manY Sonn€rs has the box?It has etght conners.How many edges has the l id?It has foun edges.

In Geometry, the sur'faces are planes,

and the edqes are lines.lhe cornens ane Points,

GIVING THE DIMENSIONS OF THE BOX

Horu long is the box?It is sixuy centimetres long.The lengüh of the box is sixty centimetres.

How high is the box?It is thirty five centimetres high.The height of th.e box is thirty five centimetres.

How wirle is the box?It is fourty centimetres wkle.The wirlttr of the box is fourty centimetres.

Prqctice

l. Qompnehension,,exercbes

EXERCISE A. Say if these statements are ü'ue on false.

1. The toolbox is made of plastic.

2. The box has four sides.

3. The lid is the toP of the box.

4. The lid opens and sht-¡ts.

5. The box has two sunfaces: the top and

6. In Geometry, the corners are planes.

4. I insert a key in the ....

5. The l id has two . . . . . .

6. The box has eight ..

Ehe bottom.

EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences. Use the wonds given on the

1. The toolbox has a f ront, a . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . and two sides.

2. The edges are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Geometry

3. We can measur€ the length, the width and the

nexL page.

^+ +F.^ F,^-UI. U¡ IE UUA.

t

edges

lines

hinges

back

height

sunfaces

padlock

cornens

bngth

EXEBCISE C. Indicate the following parts of the trunk in the picture.

HINGES SIDES FRONT TOP BACKPADLOCK HASP COBNERS EDtrS BOTTOM

ll. Gramman exer.cbes

EXEBCISE A. Answen the questions according to the piclures.

LIDHANDLE

1. How high is the containen? I =.'*

2. How long is the wall?

3. How wide is the room?

4. How high is the house?

5. How long is the saw?

EXERCISE B. Make the ouestions.

1.

The. door is two metr es high.

The handle is fourty centimetnes long.

The box has six surfaces.

The height of the box is 35 centimetres.

5.

The lid has foun edges.

69

lesson three

&rawi*g ex hwnxse

Technical drawing is made up of lines and geometnical shapes.The basic drawing lines are:

The thln line

The thick line

The dotted line

We use four basic geometrical shapes:

The rectangle

The tniangle

The circle

lf we want to build a house, we will use drawings. These dnawings w¡ll snow-tneinside and outside details of the house.

In the construction of tñe house, we will need three types of dnawings: the elevation,the plan and the section.

The elevation is the view of every side of the house. lf the house that we are buildinghas foun sides, we must dnaw four elevations. These elevations will show the shape andsize of door and windows and thein oositions in the walls,

The elevation

71

The Cil b the üevv of the house frpm above. This plan will show the thickness ofÉ¡e ¡Eifu and oubside walls and the position of doors and windows. lt will also show thebngüh and width of the rooms.

For a onestorey house, we will draw three plans: the foundation plan, the first floonflan and the roof plan.

The plan

The sestion cuts the house from top to bottom. lt will show the height of the rooms,ceiling and windows and the thickness of the floor and raof.

The section

You will notice that in the dnawing, construction or descniption of anydnawing, accunate measur€ment is the basis fon the best results at wonk.

Prqclice

l. Gdmpnehension exencises

Exercise A. Say if these sentences ar€ üt ue or falSe.

1. The squar€ is a geomeLrical shape.

2. The broken line consists of ooints and lines.

r l

ÍI

i 3. To build a house we need at least three drawings.

4. The elevation is the üew of the house from above.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. The sect ion shows the'height of the cei l ing.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Accurate measunement isn' t important in technicaldrawing.

Exencice B. Complete these sentences. Use the words given below.

1. Lines and geometnical ..... ..... make up technical dnawing.

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ines are basic in any drawing.

3. The .... is a geometnical shape.

4. Dr awings show the ......... ... and ou¡tside details of a house.

5. A house has foun

6. The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cuts the house from top tobowom.

¡',4\rammar exercises

\tfeRClSe A. Can yor-r describe these lines? (h/theyl.

D(AMPLE: They are dotted lines.

73

EXERCISE B. What is it? What are thef

!¡

f

É.

s!

o^áM

V\ '

;Il

lffil

EXEFICISE C. Descnibe and give the dimensions.

t7,1

l l

t iEXAMPLE-----------5 Aa +

This is a thick line.It is 4 cm long.

These

They.. . . . . . . .

r

n^

75J

X

EXERCISE D. Draw the plan of your house.Give the dimensions of:

A. The length of the house.

B. The width of the house.

C. The length and width of the nooms.

E@OSE E. Change into fuuure tense as in the eramfle'

E}(AhÁPLE:

TheY go to school. feuery daYlThey will go to school. ftomomovul

1 We use technicaldrawtng.

2. Drawings show allthe details of the house'

3. He needs three tyPes of drawings

4. The teacher gives the instnuctions to the students'

5. Wonkers build a new bnidge.

6. I do the exerctses every day.

EXERCISE F. Make these sentences negative and inten'ogative as in the example.

They will use geometnical shaPes.They will not use geometr¡cal shapes.Will they use geometrical shaPes?

1 . Students will dnaw the plans in class.

77

;

2. The plan will show the width of the room.

3. Lines will be basic.

4. Accunate measur€ment will give the best results.

5. You will describe these lines.

6. They will make an experiment next week.

EXERCISE G. Answer these questions. [Yes,/noJ'

1. Will the students go to the seaside next summer holidays?

2. Willthey build a new ganage?

3. Willthey measure the site?

4. Will a carpenter draw tfre Plan?

5. Willthe architects need dnawings?

6. Will you have a test on technical drawing tomornow?

I

7A

II

I

i

fÉbt

Gomes

A. Leüs practice the numbers. Follow the instnuctions.

1. al Choose any pair numberbJ Double itcl Add 4dJ Divide the result in halfel Subtract 2

Which is the number?.. . . . . . . . . . .

2. aJ Choose a pain numbenbl Double itcl Add 6dl Divide the result in halfel Subtract 3

Which is the numben?

3. al Choose a pair numberbl Double itcJ Add 10dJ Divide the result in halfel Subtract 5

Which is the number?.. . . . . . . . . . .

B. Complete the cnosswords with words in relation to rneasurement.

79

Grommor strldy

F

Anteponemos el auxilian will pana ü'ansformar un venbo a futuro.

Affinmative fonm:

l. Simple Futr¡rc Tense

Intenragative fonm:

Negative form:

Hewill go tomorrcw

They

ñewil lnot go tomorrow

They

W¡II go tomomow

they

HAND TOOL5

lesson one

l, ,ll,ti: :,1 ¡t ,l'¡ ,i:, ,,,..,i,1

Diologue

Two students in tlre science labonatory

STUDENT 1: What are You doing?

STUDENT 2: I'm making a lever. This is an experiment fon the science class.

j

FOURTH UNIT

l

B1

-

n

STUDENT 1: And what is a leven?

STUDENT 2: Let me explain it with a rulen, a piece of wood and two stones.

STUDENT 'l: What ane you trying to find out?

STUDENT 2: I want to find out where to pLrt the ruler to lift the heavien stone.

STUDENT 1: How intenesting!

STUDENT 2: Yes, and it's funny to learn science through a simple experiment.

l ] ] i

It 's difficult for us to imagine a world without cans, planes, on machines. But, thenewas a tlme, thousands of years ago, when thene were no tools at all, and man onlyused the stnength of his muscles or the muscles of animals to do his wonk

The first tools were constructed because of need. These tools or basic machineswene very simple and man used them to make his wonk easier.

Penhaps the first basic tool invented by man was the leven.Can you imagine a primitive man tnying to pratect the entt'ance to his cave by putttng

a big rcck in front of it?In fact, these pr.imitive tools ane stil l used today and even oun most complicated

modern machines ane combinations of them.Nowadays, man uses many tools to make a mone efficient and quick wot'k.A hand tool is an instnument that we hold and use in the hands. A hand tool doesn't

work withouu help. We use the power of out' hands to move it.

Fon examole. a cafpenter uses the saw to cut the wood.

B2It

A mechanic uses different types of wrenches to nepain rnac: -E:

We remove a nail with the hammen. This is a kind of leven.

An electrician needs a screwdniver ta do his wonk.

Every tool has an specific use and also diffenent shapes and sizes.

DO YO[' KNOW ALL THESE HAND T(X'LS?ü

m

a cross-headscrewdniver

m

a cold chisel

uuuEt -

a clamp

q%a vennien cal¡ncn a mtcrometera tenon saw

a hand dni l l

a nacKsaw

\\ \ \

a scnewdniven

a nammen a mallet

an open ended spannen a ring spannen

a chisel

an electric dnll a paint bnush a paint nollen

Handtoo|snequ|nespecialcaresandthereanesafetyrull€$ú|l|rEilnjlüMÍrÍIWful|ÍW@|flIm['

REMEyi¡-ER IIESE:SAFEW RuLEs AND GARES Fm ffÚl

Never use a scnewdriver near live wtres'

' \ , i'-

".....',.,1

Never use a hammen wrEh a loose handle'

Pliers ane not made fon hammenng

Keep your tools in orde¡'to avoid accidents'

For betuen results' keep the. blades,of saws

aÁd hacksaws in good condittons ot

shanPness.

Don't use the screwdniven as a chtsel'

Neven use the üse as an anvil'

Proctice

l. Gomprehension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say if these statements are true or false.

..... 1. lds easy fon people to imagine a world wLhout machines.

..... 2. Thousands of years ago there were no tools at all.

..... 3. Man used his muscles to move heavy objecbs.

..... 4. The leven is a very complicated modenn machine

.. . . . 5. Machines make oun wonk easier.

EXERCISE B. Choose the cornect answen.

1 . What did pnimitive men finsü use to do their wonk?al machines bJ muscles

2. Man invenEed tools because of:al intelligence bl security

cl rocks

cl need

c] a means of tnansport3. What is a saw?

aJ a tool

4. We need a hammen to:al cut wood

bl a machine

bl nemove nails cl repair a car

EXERCISE C. Complete these sentences. Use the words given on the next page.

1. Man invented the.. . . . . . . . . . . . in pr imtt ive t imes.

2. A hand tool is 4n.. . . . . . . . . used in the hands.

3. The canpenten is using the saw to cut

4. A big nock is at the . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the cave.

5. Car-s and ainplanes are mone complicated

6. . . . . . . . . . dnrve nai ls in.

muscles

enti'ance

instrument

wood

hammerrs

lever

d-

rÉ13

w-ndt

ll. Grammar exercises

EXEFCISE A. Change these sentences into past t€nse as in the example'

1. Hand tools nequlre special car€s'

2. Students employ thein hands to do the worK'

3. The hammer nemoves the nails'

4. Wonkers follow the insü'uctions canefulty'

5. Mechanics nepaln cars and trucks in the ganage'

EXEFCISE B. Complete in the past using the night verb from the list'

1 . Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ' that bui lding two years ago'

2. The students.... a simple expeniment in class yesterday'

3. 1. . . . . . a f i lm last night '

4. Thev...... an algebra test last weeK'

l

i

i

5. The canpenter ........ to the workshop early in the monning.

6. The dniven......... . the wrenches in the toolbox last night.

EXERCISE C. Look at the example and make the sentences negative and interr.ogatlve.

1. He nemoved the nails with the hammer. p2. The students made a clamp at school.

3. Pnimrtive people used the sü'ength of their muscles.

4. They read the Instructions at the entnance of the factory.

5. The fitten needed modenn machinenv.

6. We leanned to measur€ accunatelv.

7. Wor"kmen knew the infonmation very well.

B. You employed the monkey wnench.

.et's see these ptctures. What ar€ they doing?

The fitter is cutuing a piece of lron with a hacksaw'f e is using a cutting tool.

The welder is holding the material with a clamp''r-ie is using a holding tool.

-he cacpenten is striking a nail wüh the hammer.

-re is using a süriking tool.

Reoding

Although hand tools are basically the same in all the wonkshops, there are somedifferences in size and shape between them, according to the specific uses and thematenials employed.

This is a genenal classificaüon of hand tools in relaüon to their funccion.

A. Gutting tools: saws, hacksaws, dt'ills, chisels, knives, pliers, erc.

B. Measuring tools: scales, rules, micrometers, squares, calipers, etc.

C. Holding toob: vises and clamps.

D. Securing toob: scnewdrivers, wrenches, spanners.

E. Sharpening tools: files, gnindstones, grinding wheels.

F. Stniking tools: hammers.

Prociice

l. Gomprchension exercbes

EXERCISE A. Say if theqe statemenLs ar€ true on false.

..... 1. Hand tools ane different in size and shape.

2. A chisel is a measuring tool.

3. Clamps are holding tools.

.....4. |n the picture, the welder is cutting a piece of metal.

..:.. 5. We can measure smallthings with a micrometen.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. A kni fe is a cut t ing tool .

EXERCISE B. Read carefully and qomplete as in the example'

l

I

II

F

I

fl

D(AMPLE:CanPenters need it to cuü wood'Its a saw.

t . Wonkers use it to smooth metal or wood'

I t 's a . . . . . . . . .

2. The fitEen holds different kinds of matenials with rE'

I t 's a . . .

fi.You can strike nails with it.

I t 's a . . . . . . . .

4. PeoPle use it to dnive screws'

I t 's a . . . . . . . .

-5. Wonkmen require it to cut metal'

I t 's a . . .

6. Mechanics use them to remove nuts and bolts'

They're

ll. Grammar exercbes

EXERCISE A. Complete the sentences as in the example'

,-1. A shanpening tool is a tool used to """""

2. A holding tool is a . . . . . . . . .

3. A stniking tool is a . . . . . . '

4. A chipping hammen ls a . . .

5. A welding machine ls a " . . . . . . . """"" ' : "

7A is a machine . . . . . . . . . . . . to wash.

91

EXERCISE B. In technical english there are many venbs formed from the name of tools.

Here are some examoles:

Saw To sawHammen To hammenFile To fileScrewdnven To screw [unscrew]Nail To nail

lf you take an adjective and add -en, you can fonm a venb [not for all adjectives].

Some exceptions:

Velt

Tight To tightenLoose To loosenFast To fastenShort To shortenWide To widenHard To hardenBlack To blacken

Cold To coolHot To heatLong To lengthenStrong To strengthenClean To cleanDny To dryThin To thin

Find out the meaning of these verbs.

Exencise C. Complete as in the example.

1. The students .., the tools. fcleanl

2. The electr ic ian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the screws. f fastenl

3. | . . . . . . . . . . . . .a bolt . füghtenl

4. fhe welder the soldening iron. fhe*l

5. Workers the instructions. ffollowl

6. The operaton his machine. fcheckl

EXERCISE D. Make these sentences interrogatve.

1. The technician is repaining the machinery.

EMMPLE: The teacher is helping the students.ls the teachen helping the students?

2. The students are visiting the new workshop.

3. He is making a leven.

4. The canpenter is cutting a piece of wood.

5. You ane keeping the tools in order.

6. They are saving thein eyes.

F!

Exencise E. Make these sentences negative.

DGMPLE: They are working in the workshop.fhey anen't wodring in the wonkshop.

1. He is usinq a chisel .

2. The students are following the instructions

3. You are loosening the nuts.

4. The mechanic is checking the engine.

5. I am reading technical infonmation.

6. They are dnawing the plans.

EXERCISE F. Put these sentences in onder.

1 . Safety rules,/following/arefihe students.

2. A piece of iron,/the fiuterlcutting/is/?

3. The welder/a clamp/not/ using/is

4. Safety sho es,/we a nin g,/worke rs / are / at work

5. Moving/the man/ with a pulley/is/atree

6. Weld in g,/they / t;'r\to iron r'ods/a re / now

EXERCISE G. Look at the p¡ctur€s ancl answen'

1. What is he doing?

2. What ane theY doing?

3. ls the man sawing a Piece of wood?

4. Ane workens weaning goggles?

5. Where is the fitten keeping the tools?

EXERCISE H. Make the corresponding questron fon each answer'

Yes, theY are wonktng wrth a lathe.

2. . . . . . . . .No, he isn't making a coil of coppen wne'

Yes, he is using a hacksaw.

The carpenter is worktng on the site.

5. WhatI am charging the battery.

rl;lr l

tII¡, lII:i

I

-t

95

tesson three

,¡, ,¡-,,.,,,; ' -f:

{ ' l-: i , '¡ ' ;tt l

Ree:ding

The hammer- is penhaps the most widely used str-iking tool and iu is buih in manytypes and sizes.

It consisLs of a head and á handle.The head of a hammen has diffenent shapes and weights. The length of the handle

may be diffenent, too.Some hammens have a soft head. lt is made of a maLerial soften than iron or steel,

like copper, plasuic, brass, lead or nubben. This üype of hammer is used when we do notwant to damage the matenial, because it gtves a sofler blow.

* ' '

l$i "

96

bL

97

A mallet is a Wpe of sofL hammer wrth a wooden heaccnnoad fho hlnr¡r

^rro. - l -ññó ci r r+-ñ-JPr EqU Ur rE U|UVV UVE| O ror gE DUr rOUE.

r--I

A nail hammer is des¡gned for driving common nails in. lt has two claws for putiirJthe nails. The claws mav be curved on stnaioht. lt is also called canoenten's hammen.

The bal l pe¡n hammen is designed for stniking chisels and punches and also forriveting, shaping, or stna¡ghtening soft metals. lt has a nounded str¡k¡ng face and around ball shaped pein.

A drop hammen has a very hear,ry weight. lt is used when we need to hit a very bigobject. lt ¡s l¡fted by a machrne high into the ain and then let the weight fall oven theobiect.

Apart fnom these common types, thene ane also nivet ing hammens, chipping

hammers, magnetic hammers, bnicklayens' hammers, etc.

Al hammers should be selected and used fon their intended purposes.

Let's rememben ühese basic safety rules when using a hammer:

* **Always use a hammen of suitable sizeand weight fon the job.

* * *Never use a hammer with loosedamaged handle.

* * *Always avoid glancing blows.

* * *Always wean safeüY goggles

* * * Never use a hammer to str¡keanothen nammen.

F

t

Prqctice

l. Gomprchension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say if these statements are true on false.

...... 1. Hammers are made in different types and shapes.

. . . .. . 2. The length of the handle is the same fon all hammens.

. . . . . . 3. Al l hammens have a sofu head.

4. Coppen is a matenial softer than iron on steel.

5. A nail hammer has two claws for pulling the nails.

6. A worker wears safety goggles to protect his hands.

7. fhe drop hammer is very light.

EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences. Use the words given below.

1. Hammens ane bui l t in di f fenent . . . . . and sizes.

2. Copper ' , lead and . . . . . . . . ar€ soft mater ials.

3. Mal lets ane sofb hammers with. . . . . . . . heads.

4. Claws ane curved on . . . . . .

5. . . . . . . . . . .hammers hi t very big objects.

6. Always avoid. . . . . . . . . . . . .b lows.

hs

*

*

F EXERCISE C. Answen these questions according to the text.

1 . Which are the main parts of a hammer?

straight

wooden

uueight

2. What is a mallet?

gg

3 s orass a soft material?

4. Cen vou use a hammen to stnike another hammer?

ll. Grammar exelcises

EXERCISE A. Complete as in the example.

1 . Pl iers are not made for. . . . . . . . . nai ls in. [DR|\¡E]

2. The welder is using a clamp for. . . . . . . . . . . the mater ial . [HOLD]

3. Rulers ane used for ' . . . . . . . . . [MEASUREI

4. We used a f i le fon.. . . . . th is tool . ISHARPEN]

5. The welden is weaning a mask for' ...... his eyes. tSAVEI

6. These tools ane made fon. . . . . . . . tSTRIKEI

EXERCISE B. Make sentences fr.om this chart.

¡ ¡ IE EUIE

Wires

The rulen

Gnn¡loq

Wrenches

The box

Qinnq

lead

steel

candboand

gold

coppen

wood

PrdJLru

^t^^-grdJJ

EMMPLE: The hacksaw is used fon cutting metal p¡eces. fcutl

MADE OF

1

)

4.

5.

6.

7

EXERCISE C. Match the pictur€s with the corresponding ¡nstruct¡on.

1 . Don't use a hammen with a loose handle.

2. Tunn off the cunrent befone you start wot'ktng.

3. Atways wean safetY goggles.

EXEFCISE D. Find the best tnanslaüon fon these sentences.

1. Hammens are builE in many types and sizes.

al Los martillos son conshuidos en muchos tipos y fonmas.bl Los martillos se conshuyen en muchos t¡pos y tamaños.

2. The head of a hammer has diffenent shapes and weights.

al La cabeza de un mar-tillo tiene distintas formas y pesos.bl La cabeza de un martlllo tiene diferentes fonmas y tamaños.

3. The length of the handle may be diffenent.

aJ El lango del mango puede sen difenente.bl La calidad del mango puede ser diferente.

ft

4. A carpenten's hammer has two claws fon pulling the nails.

al Un martillo de carpintero tiene dos ganchos para sacan los clavos.bl Un martillo de carpintero tiene dos partes para clavan y desclavar.

5. Some hammers have a soft head.

al Algunos martillos tienen una cabeza dura.bJ Algunos martillos tienen una cabeza blanda.

Gomes

A. Wnite as many technical words as you can beginning with the finst letten of the wordgiven. Use youn dictionary.

EnUMER MncHrNE [ñnr l l_glA w

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Anrange these scrambled words as in the example:

EMMPLE: I N G H A M E --------------> MAG H I N E

I.VEREL -

2.TENSOS

3. D O ----------------

4 NADHS ----------->

5. I S E ----------------

6.CHENES*t -

-7 Et_sIcH

B.FEVIRDWEFat-----

9.SIWFE -

IO.NAIlELD -

Grsmmqr studS'

L simple Past Tense

Affirmat¡ve form:

En la forma afinmativa, usamos el pasado del venbo (regular o ir^regularl.

Negattve fonm:

Intenrogative form:

Didthe worker

GO to the bctorythey

Usamos el auxiliar did para las fonmas negativa e interrogativa, y elverbo en infiniüVo'

--

F

s

hI

Usamos este tiempo pana expnesan cosas que estan ocunniendo en el momentoInow].Se forma con el presente del venbo to be y un gerundio.

Affirmative fonm:

Negative fonm:

Intenrogative form:

HE

ARE

tsNOT WORKING NOW

ARE

HE

i , , ' i i r l , , ' r , :

i..'ir rr i,i 'r,li..r,rl::r:: ::i,,:rlr . :ll:r . :THEY

SofefyF¡FTH UNIT

Lesson one

'm,*g flr *! ;;,: ¡i--:i,¡ rr r

The following picture illustnates the dangeraus on safe things to use in a wonkshop.

LONG HAIR

swloKlNG

SCARF

SHAFP TOOT,sf¡n the pocket)

MISSING BUTTON

LOOSE CUFF

RINGS

DANGEROUS

Diologue

The teachep and some students are in the wonkshop. The students are going to use

a üorch.

IEACF{EB: Don't stnke matches hene! You may cause an explosion.

STUDEM '1: WhY do You think so' sir'?

TEACHER: Because there are inflammable materials. You must follow some safety rules

at wonK.

SruDENT 2: Could you give us some infonmation about safety?

IEACHER: Of counse I can. We'll talk about it nerc class.

You must nememben these saferüy rules to avoid accidents in the wonkshop.

1. Always wean an ovenall.

2. Walk. Do not run in the workshoP.

3. Keep every tool in its Place.

4. Do not play with tools ot' machines'

5. Ask the teapher how to use every tool.

6. Wait for the insü'uctions befone you swirch on any machine.

Proctice

-!. Gomprehension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say if these statements are tnue on false. conrect the false statements.

1 . Long hain is dangerous at wonK'

2. Wonkens mustn't carry shanp tools in the pockets.

3. Students can smoke in the workshop.

106

4. lt is advisable fon welders to wean a rnask and gbves.

5. You may stnike matches near infiammable materbls.

6. A fitter must wear goggles when working whh a lathe.

EXEROSE B. Complete the sentences. Use the words given in the

1 . Safuty help workens to avoid accidents.

2. You must keep everytool in its .

3. Don't play with or electricitY.

4. Students should wear a well-fitted....

5. Ordinary shoes ar€ . . . . . . . . . . at work.

6. When you work with a machine, rol l up youl ' . . . . . . . . . .

EXERCISE C. Answer these quesüons according to the text.

Í1. ls it safe to wear untied shoes?

2. Do you ask the teacher for instrucüons in *'e wortsr'oiZ

ÉI

fire

rings

safe

hIf,.Fn

chart below.

3. Can you keep sharp tools in any place?

4. ls it dangenous to play with machines?

5. Do you always wear an ovenall in the wonkshop?

ls it safe on dangerous to run in a workshop?

!L Bunr GGrtiE€s

DGCSE A Build up sentences fnom this chart.

Vtbr{<ssITlre ureldenThe tetrher

WeThe sLldents

MUSTN'T

5. Must

6. Mus

DCForm

1.

2.

3

t

EMMPLE: Must you wear an ovenall?Yes, I must.

1. Must students remember the safeW rules?

. nun in the wonkshoo.

. give the instructions., play with tools.

keep every tool in rts place.wean an overall.walk in the wonkshop.wean a safety mask.

2. Must you ask youn teachen how to use every tool?

-l Must a wonker wear ordinanv shoes?

4. Must vou swrlch on the mach¡nes?

5. Must we always avoid accidents?

6. Must a frtten wean goggles?

7. Must the student tie his shoes in the wonkshop?

DGRCISE C. Express an obligation or a prohibition for the following vrnrkers. Uhp rr3

on musün't as in the examPle.

4 fa^^^^^+an| . (Jdl I 'JEI lwl . . . . .

6. Mechanic

.¡_=-_

'!m

L-5(a- a\ '^

1l

\-r.,.'

Safety pnecaubions ane the actions we must do to avoid accidents.When we wonk wtth shanp tools, machines, electricity on inflammable matenials, we

must follow the instnuctions and take all the safety precautions.lf we drive a can, we should be caneful because people, animals or othen cars may

appear suddenly on the noad.When we openate a machine, we should always keep watch on it, because it can't

stop if something fails. We must stop it.We must not smoke on str ike a match nean inf lammable matenials to avoid an

exolosion or fire.lf we are welding, we must wear a mask to seve oun eyes and face.We must turn off the current befone we start to handle elecbrical machinery.When we wonk with a lathe on other machine-tool, we should not wear loose

clothlng, because it may catch in the moving parts of the machine.All these are important safety nules to nememben whereven we work, but speciallv

when we are tined at the end of the dav.

Iü

110

ñucrice

t Giltprehension exe¡rcises

DGfICISE A. Say if these statements are true on false. Conrect the false statements.

1 . Safety precautions help us to avoid accidents'

2. Sharp tools are not dangerous if you use them canefully'

3. Machines always stop automatically when thene is a failure.

4. Weldens must wear gloves to save their face.

5. You must turn on the curnent to check electl'ical machinery'

6. Accidents frequently happen when we ane tired.

EXERCISE B. C-omplete these sentences. Use the words given in the chart below'

1. Follow . when you work with inflammable materials'

2. When we are driving, other cars may appear suddenly on lhe"

iII

3. lt is very dangerous to strike nean fuel'

4. You can save youn eyes with. . ' . . . . . .

5. The . . . . is a machine tool .

6. The welder should pnotect his hands with. . . . . . . . " '

EXERCISE C. Answer these questionS acconding to the terc. Give complete answers.

1. Are safety precautions necessary in a factory?

111

2. What must you do first when you work with electricity?

3. Why should we keep watch on machines?

4. Can machines think?

5. A fitter mustn't wear loose clothing. Why?

ll. Grammar exencisesI

EXERCISE A. Make sentences fnom this chart.

,{VeThe dnúerThe fifuter

i l,/The welder

".WorkerslThe electncian

SHOULD

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

EXERCISE B. Ans¡r¡er the quesLions in short forrn- LJse il cffi,

1. Should you wean safety shoes in the workshop?

3. Should a worken keep his cutting tools in the pocket?

2. Should people drive carefullf

4. Should fittens wear a scarf in the neck?

5. Should you be careful whereven you wonk?

6. Should we use oun tools in good condhions?

EXERCISE C. Give these people an advice to avoid accidents.

1. The canpenter. . .

2. The welder. . . . . . .

3. Dnivers.. .

4. The electr ic ian. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

5. Plumbers

)

113

.:-:,,r{: j:¡1 *hnFe

Ft*exuirtr;

The human body has normally a high resistance to the flow of electricruy if it is wellisolated.

But, when a person bnngs int¡ con¡act with an electnic circuit while bathing, for'instance, he will receive a very s:nonj shock,

The stnength of the shock decends on:al The condit ion of oun skn

ñr rn hndv has a nelat ivc[r h inh rqqqrán-^ " '^^^ ; ^^d dnr Frn i f i l is rnrc l onUUI UUuy l loo o ig loulvEly l l lg l l lCJ,¡@l , -E VJI ,El i lU l> UEOI lO¡ lU uly. UuU, l l lU lo vvsL

d¡rty it becomes more conductive, Deca'lse water ncneases the effect of the electnicsnocK.

bl The resistance of the floor on which we are standrng.We must wean dry safeEy shoes and cotton on woolen socks ta isolate oun body fror.

the ground. Some mater ials l ike cement, fon example, have a very low electnicaresistance to the electnic flow.

What must we do in case of an elecü^ic shock?We must first discoven the line switch and turn off the cunr€nt.lf thene is a person in contact with a live wine, we must use insulators like dry stic<s

nlntheq ñn ryrntrq tr' nFf. Lhe nensnn fnee fmm the Wine.w Yvu

114

Then, we must apply artificial respiration to the perEon and if it is necessary go on

eventhough there isn't any srgn of revival' -

To avoid the risk oi "l,j"t.t

shocks ot' fines, we must check the electric supply cords

frequently, specially tháse of heating devices such as electnic irons or hain dryers

because they are very dangerous considering the use they have'

Proctice

ll. Gomprdrension exercises

EXERCISE A. Say ¡f these statements are Erue on false. correct the false statements'

1. Cement increases the nisk of eleclric shocks'

2. Our body is resistant to the flow of electricity if dry'

3. We can't free a person from a live wine'

4. Wet and dirty hands are conductive'

5. A penson may die if he receives an electnic shockwhile bathing'

6. We mustn't shut off the powen in cases of electric shocks'

EXERC|SEB.Comp|etethesentences.Usethewondsgiveninthechartbe|ow.

1. The strength of a shock depends on the condition of our

2. Dry shoes and woolen socks isolate our body from the

3. Cement' has a .... electrical resistance'

4. Ropes and dry st¡cks are good ""'

5. Turn... ...."" the cunren! in case of electnc sl'a:'¡'

6. You .applyartificial respination if thene s-:3;I-s:r'gl*¡tra

must

insulato¡'s

dt

b

ü

f15

DG¡CEE C. Answer these quesüons acconding to the text. Give complete answers.

1. Does our body have a high resistance to the flow of electricity?

2. Does water increase the effect of the shock?

3. What do we wean cotton socks and dry shoes fon?

4. What must you do in case of a fire on shock?

5. How can you get a person loose from a live wine?

ll. Grammar exercises

EXERCISE A. Make sentences fnom this chart.

EXEFCISE B. Expness capacity, obligation, prohibition on advice. Use can, should ormusü.

1. An elecrician..... nepair electrical machines.

2. Wonkers ... be careful whereven they wonk.

3. 1....... .. followthe in$uctbnscrefr-fyodmnmrdMnnmm,

4. Machines. . . . . . . . . . . not th ink.

5. A plumben.. . . . . . . . . . . lay gutLens.

6. . . . . . . . . we save oun eYes?

7 . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . not handle electr ical devices i f my hands are wet.

Gc¡mes

A. Anrange these scrambled words.

1. DECANTCI

2. LOGSEV

3.RIFE

4.SAMK

5.ACMTH

6.GERNAD

T.YLICTERCEIT

ñ -óñnñl

r rf ] .CDLfLJLfL(J

9.VARLOEL

10. F L U E

11.HOKSC

12.YTEFAS

ü

t

B. Corrdce the crossr¡vords with words in relation to safety.

Grqmmqr study

GAN

Usamos estos venbos Pana expres¿¡r oblQación [mustJ, prohibición [mustnt],advertencia [shouldJ, capacidad [can] o posibilidad [may].

Se usan en forma similan a los otros auxiliares, y siempre pneceden a un infinitivo.

EMMPLE:I must follow the instructions. [obligaüon]Gan you repain this machine? [capacity]He shouldnt wear loose clothing. [adviceJ

COMPTEMENTAW

futefcEsA metal is any of a class of minenal substances such as tin, iron, gold or copper'

Metal products ane very important in our daily lives.Automobiles, locomotives, engines, machines and tools ane made up mainly of metal

parts. Thus, metal¡ruorking is an essential part of modem industry'

The hammening of soft coppen into useful articles marked the beginning of the metaF

wonking activttY.Laten on, ühe use of heat to make bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, and the

development of the for.ge and the casüngs, both methods of shaping the metal, led to

the foundry prccesses.The invention of the steam engine by James Watt, provided the continuous force

needed to rotate a piece of metal against a hard cuttrng tool'

That was the beginning of mass production, a very important manufacturing process

used until now.Metals when finst made ane usually in the form of ingots on rectangulan blocks. Then,

they ane pnessed into bars, tubes, wine, nbbon, thin sheets [foil), thicker sheets and

utdwD.

Checking your comPrehension

1. What ts a metal?

2. ls branze an alloy of coppen and steel?

3. Who was James Watt?

4. What ¡s the initial form of metals?

5. Mention two methods of shaping the metal'

119

t$. é

*3€F{"1

The most important sounce of energy used in oun modenn world is electnicity.We use i t for l ight, heat, sound and image tnansmission, motion of machines,

warning systems, communication services and safeüy.Whene does the electricity come fnom?Electriciüy can be made to flow from a powen plant or from a battery.Inside the baü[ery thene is a fonce which can make electnicity to flow thr.ough a

circuit. Electnicity can ffow only in a closed circuit.It is also possible that electniciry is at rest [not flowing].By nubbing together certain matenials we can obtain electric changes.Using a non-metallic hain comb in a very dry hain, you see that the comb atüracts the

hair .When you rub a bal l -pen along youn sleeve, the pen and the sleeve become

electnically charged. You can pnove that the pen attracts waten.Sometimes, the clouds are charged. They are full of electricity. lf they become too

much changed, they send a spark to the earlh.A spar-k fnom a cloud is called a lightning. lt is a huge spank of electnicity.

Checking your comprehens¡on

1. What is electniciry-:

2. What is it used for'?

3. Where does this energy come from?

4. Does electriciby keep oun environment clean?

5. How can you make electnicity?

\&$sr$q$ü*qrWelding is ¡oining two metals by melting them togethen with a frllen metal'There are two main methods of welding.GAS WELDING where the heat is produced by a flame thnough a blow pipe, using

oxygen and acetylene as fuel.-ÁnC UfmlNG whe¡-e the hea[ is prcduced by striking an e=:tnic arc between the

metals to be welded and an elecLrode.In gas welding, the f i l len metal is appl ied

electnode itself is melted away as fillen metal.

Gas welding is suitable for the ¡oining of:- thin steel sheet- complicated piping- aluminium- sta¡nless steel- copper.

Duning gas welding, alwaYs wear r : : : :sspatbef'.

During arc welding, wean a fa:e -=si ai iagainst spatten.

Checking psr:r íomPrehen sion

as wine or 3 - : : ln arc welding, the

Arc ', '. 'e r -: s s-table fon the joining of:- : t=

- :E

^F' 'ñ^^

- : : -J- : -::i:l ium and othen metals.

and an apnon against raYs and

gloves against hanmful nays and an apnon

1. What is weldtng?

2. What do wonkers use as ruel duning gas welding?

3. Can you join stainless steel with gas welding?

4. What ane some safety precautrons wrth the arc weiding r:-ietlrcC?

5. Name some methods of welding in the industry

4l¿ l

V

S.s*sff i tr44\..1' lAr€& !5w:

In classical gr€ek "energy'' means work. The laten definiüon as "the abil¡ty to do wonk'links h with concepts such as stnength and ütaliüy, bu¡t in recent years it has lost some ofits positive meaning.

Energy runs like a luminous thnead thnough oun daily lives. We use the word in a varietyof ways to suggest liveliness, w;aln7, *nengüh.

An energeüc person ts ac:nlrEC, --ne eiergy cont€nt of our'food is listed on the packet inunrts like joules on calonies

Petrol is sloneo enengy to s€'":l-e ',l'reels of oui car In motlonEnergy is politrcal powen, as demonstrated by the anabs r.nhen they restncted the supply

of petrcleum to the United States and Europe in 1973.Two hundred and fifty leans ago, the energy contained in coal was converted by bunning

¡nto heat and then to steam, which powered the engines of the Industnial Revoluüon.Chemical energy is transfor-med silently rnside the tiny cylinder of a battery into electricity,

which activates a radio to bring speech and music from anound the worid into out lives, orperhaps to pass radio signals to a satellrte sent to explone the universe.

The energy wthin the atom can be neleased and leads to the explosion of the atomicbomb, on to the operation of nuclear power stations, which provide a sixth of the wo¡ld'selectncrty.

Then, there is the powen of nature, the energy in the cyclone, whrch desuroys in a nightthe painful wonk of genenations of men. The earthquake, the thunderstorm, the eruptingvolcano, which r-elease many times the energy of an atomic bomb, remind us that we livenn e fnanilc snhene r,'-,: call the earth.

€hecking your ecrrti rrrehens¡on

1 . What does the word energy mean?

2. What ane joules?

3. Why is enengy considened politrcal powen?

4. What ane battenies?

5. Investigate the imporbance of steam.

6. Mention some examples of energy pt'oduced by nature.

7. What is the most important kind of energy used at home nowadays?

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Look around you! What do you see? Computers every'¡Jlie^e Computers are ln

off ices, ainports, factor ies, homes, schools and universi t ies ,ve also f ind them in

ainplanes, spaceships, modenn machinery and cars'- 'Corput"rE are srmilar in sevenalwaysto traffic lights, a:^e3 :^ harr"dryers because

they use electl'¡city as the main source of energy'

Howeven, there are some important diffenences. A a:¡= si::es metal. A compuLen

can do much mone than one specific work. A hainca''er -3= -ovlng parts inside it and a

computer doesn't . l twot ks aciording to the beia. : -- : ' : : : : r3ns, whlch make up elec-

triciüy. That's the reason why computens ane e 3':-':- : .l asrlnes'

ó-put"o handle or ptocess and s:c-: ^ ' . -"T3:o., . They work in an accurate'

efficient and quickway. The informatron !n3t ::.-p--É's pPocess ane the data' The data

a programmen pLfts lnrc the co.npi:e. a- ::= -:;t data. The pnogram is a set of

Inslnucttons ¡o pf.ocess the oat¿ ar j :¡: --3---S :'prccessing are the output data'

The pr.ogr.ammeT enrers:ie :3-: ^--: ;= 3:-:-puten system thnough a keyboand and

he can get ine informat:^ --r-3-g-:¡= =:-€=- ano on papenthrough a pnlnte. '

compr, ters hels pe333 - ' , ' . . - . : .

- : - ' : : - : rent ly. They also help chi ldnen to learn

faster and everybccy :;: ¡ai= a l::l : '-: '"r:¡ vldeo games'

Checking Your comPrehension

1. What are comPuters?

2. Name some chanacteñstics of a computer'

3. What does a computen do?

4. What is a Prognam?

5. How can you enten the infonmation into the computer system?

6. Why ane computens electronic devices?

¡\'.ii'&

II

Above: Encima, sobr€

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125

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Ou*-srde: Fuena, exterion

Padlock: CandadoPaint: PinturaPatchy: Parchado

*[bt'i)= ¡nn¡U. bntanico

126

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Guick Rápido

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INDICE

A Modo de Reflexfi*ll

lntroduetion . . ' . ."

First unift Technicc¡É obiects

Lesson one: Whats this?"""""

Lesson h¡¡o: Whene is it? """""

Lesson three: Which is bsten?"'

Se+and unift Trqdes

Lesson one: What is a t¡ade?

Lesson tvrlo: A good reference .'"""""' '

Lesson three: Painüng

Third unift Technical 6lrq1''.' ''

Lesson one: Measunng tools""

Lesson tr¡vo: The toolbox

Lesson three: Drawing a house

Esr,-',,É: $Jmih HEnd fools

Lesson one: Whaü are hand tools?

Lesson two: Types of hand tools " ' ' " " '

Lesson three: The hammer""""""" '

1g

26

41

51

57

66

ul

B9

9e

Fifth unit Sofufy

Lesson one: Dangenous or safu?.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1O5

Lesson two: Safufy precautions ....1 10

Lesson three: Be carefulwith electrici{ ..........114

Complemeniqryreodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

Vocobulory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' tzb

Verb l isr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1ae