*Supergroup Rhizaria*Grouped based on molecular similarities
not morphology (form and structures)*All have Pseudopodia: extensions that
bulge from cell surface*Includes 3 groups:*Forams*Radiolarians*Chlorarachniophytes
Supergroup Rhizaria
*Foraminiferans (Forams)*Latin* foramen: little hole
*Tests: porus shell made of calcium carbonate*Pseudopodia extend
through the pores function in feeding, test formation, and feeding*Most photoautotrophic
(symbiotic zooxanthellae)
*Most are benthic but some planktonic
Supergroup RhizariaForams
*Chlorarachniophytes*Typically found in
tropical oceans*Mixotrophic: can
ingest other microorganisms and able to carry out photosynthesis
*Pseudopodia extensions form a net to connect cells together and capture prey
Supergroup RhizariaChlorarachniophytes
J. Archibald, 2004
*Radiolaria*Delicate, intricately
symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica*Pseudopodia radiate
from the central body and reinforced with microtubules*Most heterotrophic,
capturing smaller microorganisms with sticky pseudopodia*Mostly marine
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
* http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
Supergroup RhizariaRadiolarians
http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)
*Supergroup Archaeplastida*Photosynthetic *Can be unicellular, colonial, or
multicellular*Contains 3 groups:*Rhodophyta*Green Algae*Land Plants
Supergroup Archaeplastida
*Rhodophytes * Greek (rhodos = red)* Abundant in warm coastal
waters* Since they absorb blue and
green light they can be found relatively deep
* Also a small number of freshwater and terrestrial species
* Most multicellular* Nori: crispy sheets of Porphyra
sp. Used to wrap sushi* Unlike other algae, they have
no flagellated stages in their life cycles and depend on water currents to spread gametes
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Red Algae
www.fao.org, 2011 www.fao.org,
2011
Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011
*Chlorophytes*Greek (chloro =
green)*Most species
freshwater but some marine or terrestrial*Simplest are
unicellular like Chlamydomonas sp.which resemble the gametes of the more complex algae and plants
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011
*Chlorophytes*Many of the
unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil*Some have even
adapted to living in snow (‘watermelon snow’)
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Lars Jensen, University of Michigan, 2009
*Chlorophytes*Larger size and
greater complexity are present*Complex life cycles
with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages*Reproduce sexually
by means of biflagellated gametes
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Steve Trewhella, 2011
*Chlorophytes
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
www.noaa.gov, 2011
*Chlorophytes
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
*Charophytes*Closest relatives of
land plants
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Unknown original source, www.pbubuilder.org, 2011Schubert, Hendrik & Blindow, Irmgard, Charophytes of the Baltic Sea, Koeltz Scientific Books, Date ?
Supergroup Unikonts
*Recently proposed, extremely diverse supergroup *Two major groups:*Amoebozoans (amoebas)*Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely
related protists)
*Amoebozoans*Includes amoebas such as:*Mycetozoans*Gymnamoebas*Entaboebas
*Mycetozoans (slime molds)*Produce fruiting
bodies that aid in spore dispersal*Two groups:*Plasmodial slime
molds* Often brightly colored
*Cellular slime molds* Unique in that they
function individually until food runs out and they form a unit
Supergroup UnikontsAmoebozoa
KeresHwn, wikicommons, 2011
*Gymnamoebas*Live in soil as well as
freshwater and marine environments*Most are heterotrphic
and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists*Your typical amoeba
Supergroup UnikontsAmoebozoa
Michael Gregory, Clinton Community College, 2011
*Entamoebas*Parasites!*Humans can be host
to at least 6 species, but only one is pathogenic: *E. histolytica*Cause dysentery and
responsible for up to 100,000 deaths a year
*Spread via contaminated water, food, and utensils (must be ingested)
Supergroup UnikontsAmoebozoa
Wikipedia commons, 2011
www.disease-picture.com, 2011
*Opisthokonts*Extremely diverse
group including animals, fungi and several groups of protists*Nucleariids: closely
related to fungi*Choanoflagellates:
closely related to animals
Supergroup UnikontsOpisthokonts
http://skepticwonder.fieldofscience.com, 2009
Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups
Campbell, et al., Biology, Pearson, 2008