STUDIES ON CULTIVATION OF THE EDIBLE INDIGENOUS MUSHROOMS GROWN ON DIFFERENT AGRO-RESIDUESNAKALEMBE IMMACULATE

DEPATRTMENT OF BIOMOLECULAR RESOURCES AND BIOLAB SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF BISECURITY, BIOTECHNICAL AND LABOARTORY SCIENCES, CSCHOOL OF BISECURITY, BIOTECHNICAL AND LABOARTORY SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, ANIMAL RESOURCES AND BIOSECURITY, MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

Mushrooms are valued since time immemorial due to their nutritional,

medicinal & culinary importance. Ancient people considered mushrooms

as gifts from God Osiris (Sharma,2003). Of recent, there has been an

increased interest in the wild mushrooms as they have been considered to

be highly nutritious food items (FAO, 2004). They contain proteins (with all

essential amino acids, specifically lycine), a good supplement to the cereals

which are the major staple food for the poor. Furthermore, mushrooms

have high fiber, carbohydrate, and minerals contents, cholesterol free, low

fat (though with good quality essential fatty acids- omega-3) , and low in

calories.

Growing value of mushrooms has led to an increased population of

harvesters, who exploit and endanger this resource. Together with an

increased population growth and climatic changes can lead to loss of this

valued resource, thus requiring to sustainably exploit it by domesticating the

edible wild mushrooms of social & economic interest . Uganda has got

several documented edible wild mushrooms (Nakalembe et al, 2009), but

there has been limited attempt to identify and domesticate them in order

to preserve the biodiversity. Therefore, there is need to document and

domesticate potential mushroom species in order to preserve their

germplasm.

Mushrooms grown well on several substrates, which can be recycled to

produce high valued food such as mushrooms, animal feeds and fertilizers

with simultaneous protection of the environment. Uganda being an

agricultural country, stands a high chance of producing mushrooms which

can directly improve the livelihoods of people economically, nutritionally

and medicinally.

1. Exploration of the appropriate growth conditions of thepriority wild mushroom species of the Albetrine region, Uganda

2. Assessment of the suitability of the locally available agrowaste in the cultivation of these mushrooms under local conditions

BACKGROUND

PURPOSE/ OBJECTIVE

•Wild mushrooms were collected from Bugoma Reserve Forest, Kyangwali S/County Hoima district

•Data collected: Assessment of the vegetative growthMycelia morphological description of the mycelia growth in the Kyangwali S/county, different

culture media of different pH values at room temperature for 7 days. Time taken for mycelia to fully cover the different culture media

•Mushroom production parameters: Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments & a control (cotton waste) with three replications

Spawn run period, pin head formation & the time for the fruit bodies to attain maturity (days) Amount of mushrooms harvested per bag per flush (g/kg fresh wt)- total yield, Period btn flushes

(days), Biological efficiency (%)

• Data was subjected to analysis of variance using Duncan multiple range test at 5% level of confidence, data presented as means of replicates

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Nakalembe I, Kabasa D. & Olila (2009). Indigenous knowledge and usage of wild mushrooms in Mid-Western, Uganda. Afr.

J. Anim. Biomed. Sc. 4 (2): 63-73.

2. Sharma, N. 2003. Medicinal uses of macrofungi. Ethnobotany. 15:97-99

3. FAO. 2004. Wild Edible Fungi, a Global overview of their use and importance to People. Non-Wood Forest Products 17.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

• PDA was the best for spawn production P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus and Pleurotus sp1

• Bean straws and groundnut shells are the best substrates suitable for the mushrooms cultivation because of the short time to maturity and intervals between flushes, high yields and biological efficiency. Can be alternative substrates for control

• Need to adopt these indigenous species as protein sources while generating livelihood, contributing to food availability with simultaneous environmental protection

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: SPONSORS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: SPONSORS: MAKERERE-Sida BILATERAL RESEARCH COOPERATION MAKERERE-Sida BILATERAL RESEARCH COOPERATION

Table 1Culture characteristics of two edible wild mushrooms on two culture media of different pH values at room temperature, for 7days

PDA, Potato Dextrose Agar, MEA, Malt Extract Agar **Degree of mycelial density at full colonization of the substrate, (+++) mycelia grow throughout the whole bottle & is uniformly white

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Mushroom species with potential for domestication

Days after inoculation Radial growth (cm/day)** Mycelial density*PDA pH 5.5 PDA pH 6 MEA pH 5.5 MEA pH 6

Pleurotus sp2 (orange/Pink)3 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.9 +++4 1.9 2.3 0.8 145 2.3 2.7 1.2 1.86 2.8 3.6 1.7 2.27 3.1 4.1 2.3 2.5

P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus3 1.4 2.1 0.4 1.0

+++4 1.7 2.6 0.9 1.65 2.4 3.3 1.6 2.56 2.8 3.8 2.2 2.97 3.5 4.4 2.8 3.4

M/ species Parameter SubstratesGN SB** SD** BP** CH ** BS CW (C)

Pleurotus sp2 (A) Spawn run completion 12 15 23 8 9 8 14 Pinhead formation 20 18 28 0 0 19 17 Maturity (fruit bodies) 25 25 32 0 0 25 23 Between flushes 8.5 14 19.7 0 0 8.5 7.7

P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus (B)

Spawn run completion 7 13 11 8 12 8 11 Pinhead formation 10 18 14 25 25 18 13 Maturity (fruit bodies) 16 25 20 31 32 24 19 Between flushes 6.2 16 17.5 16.2 6 5.5

Table 2 Time (days) for spawn running completion, pinhead formation, fruiting body formation & the period between flushes of cultivated mushrooms on the different substrates

GN= Groundnut shell, SB= sugarcane bagasse, SD=Saw dust, BP= Banana peelings, CH= coffee husks, BS= Bean straws, CW= Cotton waste* Degree of mycelial density when the mycelia fully colonises the substrate: (+) poor running growth, (+ +) mycelium grows throughout the whole bottle but is not uniformly white, (+ + +) mycelium grows throughout the whole bottle & is uniformly white** Least substrates , species (B) takes shorter time on all substrates followed by (A), Although species (C) takes shorter time to complete spawn running with resultant heavy mycelia, failed to produce mushrooms, as are banana peelings & coffee husks for species (A)

M/species Substrate

Flushes Total yield (wet wt)

Total yield (dry wt)

Biological efficiency

1 2 3

Pleurotus sp1 (orange/pink)

Groundnut shells 56 43 24 123 20.9 49.2 Sugarcane bagasse 39.8

22.2 11 73 10.2 29.2

Saw dust 29 17.2 NG 46.2 2.7 18.5 Bean straws 75 57.5 21.3 153.8 29.4 61.5 Cotton waste** 98 72.5 37 207.5 32.8 83

P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus

Groundnut shells 56.3 46 12 114.3 16.3 45.7 Sugarbagasse 54.5 39.6 15.6 109.7 13.8 43.9 Saw dust 25 11 NG 36 2.2 14.4 Banana peelings 24 14.2 NG 38.2 2.4 15.3 Coffee husks 37.4 23 16.7 77.1 8.7 30.8 Bean straws 79.4 59 37.5 175.9 34 70.4 Cotton waste** 100 64.5 31.2 195.7 39.6 78.3 NG= No growth, ** Control substrate, no growth was observed on banana peelings & coffee husks for Pleurotus sp1

Table 3 Yield & biological efficiency of the different mushroom species cultivated on the different substrates (N = 112), 250g bag for 60 days

Figure 1 schematic presentation of mushroom growing procedures