8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
1/168
AR L Y B Y Z A NT N
H N an dW I L L I A ME . M T CA F
D I E S
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
2/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
3/168
I E S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
4/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
5/168
NT NTS
gangHahnandWill iamE . Metcalf7
fJ ustinI andJ ustinianI , William E .Metcalf19
rdandtheSicilianMonetaAuri underJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I ,
gangHahn29
riunderJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I , 537-578 C ecileMorrisson41
eat ThessalonicaintheF ifthandSi thCenturiesandtheGold
ndDalmatia D. M. Metca lf65
antineC o insinSouthernR ussiaandtheProblemofL ightWeight
y I l l
theMetalContentofSomeE ighth-CenturyCoinsofR omeand
ahn131
rovincialB y antineGoldCoinagefromtheSeventhtoNinth
dy135
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
6/168
O NS
L ightWeightSolidiandB y antineTradeduringtheSi thandSeventh
8( New York 1957
alogueof the I mperia lB y antineC o insintheB rit ishMuseum 2vo ls.
alogueof theC oinsof theV andals O strogothsandL ombardsinthe
n do n 1 9 11
edesmonnaiesby antinesde laB iblio thi ueNationa le 2 vo ls. (P aris
Grierson eds. C atalogueof theB y antineC o insintheD umbarton
heWhittemoreC ollection 3vo ls. (W ashington D . C . 1966-73
pers
ies
. V . Sutherland eds. . EssaysinR omanC oinagePresentedto
f o rd 1 9 56
ateR omanandB y antineSo lidiF oundinSw edenandDenmark A NSNNM
9 67
n ti n e Co i ns ( L o n do n 1 9 82
ntheA dministrativeB asiso f theB y antineC o inage c. 400-c. 900 and
lu s U n i v e rs i ty o f B i r m in g ha m H i s t or i ca l J o u rn a l 12 2 ( 1 9 71 p p .
ne t a I m p e r ii B y a n ti n i 3 v o ls . ( V i e nn a 1 9 73 - 81
B ibliographyofB y antineC o inHoards A NSNNM67( New York
b y a n ti n es s a le c a ta l og u e ( L u g an o 1 9 30
Sydenham eds. TheR omanI mperia lC o inage( L ondon 1923-
p t io n g en e ra t e de s m on n ai e s by a n ti n es 2 v o ls . ( P a r i s L o n do n 1 8 62
esby antines 4vo ls. ( St. Petersburg 1912-14
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
7/168
N
ill iamE. Metca lf
implicationsofthelateR omanandB y antinegoldcoinage from
eeighth havemadethisperiodthefocusof agreatdealofresearch
wealthofmaterialawaitscollectionandinterpretation anditisnot
syntheticmonographonallaspectsofthe sub ect.Thisvolumebrings
varioustopicsinthe hopeofdemonstratinghowcurrentprogresshas
worrefined methodsaswellasbythe evidenceofnewfinds.The
marksareintendedtoprovideasummaryofthe currentstateofschol-
oftheproblemsthatremainto besolved.
ns whicharecloselyrelatedtothe politicalhistoryoftheperiod
olume.ThepermanentdivisionoftheempirebetweenArcadiusand
ydifferentdevelopmentsinthecoinagesofthe E astandtheW est.
milatethewesternhalfof theempireduringthesi thandseventh
nd buttheyprovideafertilefield forthestudyofmonetarypolitics.
centurytheempirehadlost mostofitswesterndependencies—
taliane archates—andwiththose lossesprovincialmintsvirtually
dunevenlyatthehandsof numismatists.TheperiodofAnastasiusI ,
asthebeginningof theB y antineco inageproper hasrecentlydraw n
olars butthefifthcenturyhas beenpoorlyservedbymodernstudies
rkthatcouldbeprovidedby R I C10isstill lacking.Theoldstudiesof
dCohenforthe West lackphotographicdocumentationandareinany
cecoinsofthe easternandwesternemperorsarelistedseparatelyand
sthat producedthem.1E asternandwesterncoinsareconfused and
reascribedtothe irhusbands w iththeconse uencethat( fore ample
aP lacidiaandthew esternonesofP ulcheriaareconcea led asisthe
cognitionpiecessoc haracteristicoffifthcenturycoinage.Thedistri-
seswhostruck undermorethanonerulerhas alsobeenobscured.2
asternemperorsiswritteninmuchthe sametraditionandpresentsa
sconfinedmainlyto coinsinhisown collectionandthatinthe H ermi-
encestoSabatier. F ortheWestR obertson srecentcata logueofa
onunfortunatelyfollowsthesameprinciple.3H ahnhasdealtwiththe
o inageof there ignofTheodosiusI I andasim ilarstudycoveringthe
fZ eno isinpreparation butfortheWestthework ofU lrich-B ansa
nein afieldotherwisetilledbyamateurs.4
umremainsthecontinuedaccumulationofnumismaticmaterialto
ossiblestudyof thecoinage.Thesystematiclistingofhoardsand
pt i on h i st o ri u e d es m o nn a ie s f ra p pe e s so u s I ' e m pi r e ro m ai n v o l. 8 ( P a r is 1 8 92 .
essesPulcheria Ga llaP lacidia Eudo ia I I , andA riadne. F orthe lastseeW. H ahn
u r Ae l ia A r ia d ne " F e s t s c hr i ft f u r H . H u n g e r ( V i e nn a 1 9 84 , p p . 10 1 -6 .
omanI mperia lC o insintheH unterC o inC abinet UniversityofGlasgow 5( O x ford 1982 .
o s t li c he G o ld - u nd S i lb e rp r ag u ng u n te r T he o do s iu s I I , " L N V 1 ( 1 9 79 , p p . 10 3 -2 8 W .
pr a gu n g de s R o m i sc h en R e i c h es i m 5 . a h r h un d er t ( i n p re s s . O . U l r ic h -B a n s a M o ne t a
V e n i c e 1 9 49 . F o r a n e a m pl e o f th e l at t er c a te g or y s e e G. L a c am L a f i n de I ' e m pi r e
o r e n I t a l i e ( L u c er n e 1 9 83 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
8/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
9/168
cretmarks suddenlyincreasesunderH eraclius whenthegovernment
atesweretwiceintroducedtothe regularsolidiofConstantinople then
5-50 whileatemporarypreponderanceofthefifth andtenthofficinae
a llyaround610 ise pla inedbyC . Morrisson w hopostulatestheconnec-
ithcertainstate departments.12Thehighstandardofweightand
nt wasmaintainedinConstantinoplethroughouttheperiodwithonlya
tansI I andC onstantine I V . 13
ntinopolitangoldcoinsdisplaygreatuniformity:doubtlesstherewere
kingsimultaneouslywithsharedpunches.Thisoftenmakescompari-
ficult.14A broaderrangeofstylecanbe observedwhenasingletype
tyorovera longperiod 15thisisduetochangesoverthecourseof time
enceofdifferenteasternmints.U ndernormalcircumstancestherewere
ntinopleinthe easternprefecture.ThefancifulattributionsofD .
m ed i a C y i c us A n ti o ch 1 a r e un t en a bl e a n d th e a cc e pt a nc e o f Gr i er s on s
th-centurysoliditoAntiochis unfortunate.17
forago ldco inageintheE astisA le andria capita lo f thedioceseof
gbeenisolatedeconomicallyfromtheempireand whichhaditsown
nage. The irregularuseofA A SOB onso lidio f J ustinI o fC onstanti-
emporarygoldproductionwithdies providedbyConstantinople.
ascorrectedtotheprescribeduniversa lmark forgo ld C ONO B pro-
edfor someyears sinceithadto besustainedbylocallycut diesof
andrianso lidio f J ustinI I w hichweredifferentia tedf romC onstanti-
ecretmarks mightbeconnectedwiththepresenceof theemperor s
staliso fE gyptin566. A sim ilarsituation w ithamemberof the imperia l
gypt occurredunderH eraclius w henhiscousinNicetashadtof ight
avebeenshorto fmoney (616-18 . 18Theissueofso lidif romA le andria
aclius( 608-10 , asproposedbyGrierson islesssecure .19
sof q uestionableattribution.One isofCarthaginianstyleandmay
moduleseriesthere( seebelow .20Theothershowsthepeculiarstyle
twhich alsoproducedcoppercoinswithmint marks firstofAle an-
Cypruswasthe properbaseformilitarycampaignsinthe eastern
it isplausiblethatitw asthehomeofane traordinarygo ldminttomeet
vityofthismint beganunderP hocas22andcontinuedwiththeunusual
he9 areferencetoatreasury ( thesauros istempting( M B 3 p. 129 andH endy
n . 5 , p p . 41 1 -1 2 n . 1 69 b u t do e s no t f it i n a ll c a se s .
f o r th e e ar l ie r d at e s f o r th e l at e r da t es M B 3 p p . 86 a n d 12 4 a n d C. M or r is s on " L e t r es o r
R B N 1 1 8 ( 1 9 72 , p p . 2 9 -9 1 .
C. Morrisson " L ' ormonnayedeR omeaB y ance " Comptes- rendusA cad. I nscr.
cline: C. Morrisson( above n. 12 , pp. 54-55.
ever obversedielinkshaveindicatedthata reversediemayhavemovedfromone
. Grierson " C o insmonelaireseto f ficinesa I ' epo uedubas-empire " SM11(1961 , pp.
b ov e n . 1 3 , p p . 39 - 40 W . E . M e tc a lf b e lo w p . 2 5.
a n d Ma u ri c e M B 2 p p . 60 - 61 .
L a m on e ta i o ne a u re a d el l e z e c c he m i no r e bi a n ti n e. . . R o m e 1 9 72 .
33. Griersonnow prefersThessa lonica : seeC oins p. 53.
46 f o r J u s t i n M B 3 p . 9 5 f o r N i ce t as . T he A l e a n dr i an o r ig i n of t h e J u s t i n I I s o li d i
endy Studies( above n. 5 , p. 404 w how asnotaw areof theEgyptianhoard
-8 6 a nd M B 3 p .8 9.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
10/168
i l l iamE. Metca lf
eraclii whichweresupplementedbyfractionalissuesinthe nameof
uriceTiberius.Thesolidiaremarkedwith immobili edindictionalor
uenceof the lettersI , I X , o rI TT w hichmayrefertoa lustra lcycle .
ronationtherew erefurtherissues apparently forhisPersiancampaigns.
andtheir dating( upintothe620s arenotuniversallyacceptedand
hasA le andriaorJ erusalem( f romw hichw ek now copperco insf romthe
nmade.23Theevidenceofprovenanceisoflittle helpbecausethefinds
ttoTurk ey correlatew iththee tendedtheatero fw ar.
M
fecture I llyricum haditssmallgold mintatThessalonica.L ittle
etca lf sstudy inthisvo lumee ceptthehopethatuncerta intiesregard-
ossibleissuesofP hocaswillbeelucidatedbyfurther discoveries.24
fthismintis estimatedtobesmallraisesthe q uestionofthee tentto
meettheneedsofthewholeprefectureor whetherithadonlytoserve a
tatThessalonica( perhapsthe idiketrape aof theareapraefecloria * 6I t
ethatdiesprovidedbyConstantinopolitanmintengraverswereused
eotherhand themintshowedrelativeindependenceinmaintaining
-of-datetypologyatleastuntil562 whenitwasbroughtintoline atthe
oppercurrencysystemwasabolished.
agein theAfricanprefecturefromitscreation in534to578 are
n.B eforetheJ ustinianicrecon uestCarthagehadneverstruckgold
eV andalspossessedenoughgoldemanatingfromimperialmintsthat
tthe goldprerogativeoftheemperors.ThenewCarthaginiangold
mint fromwhichweknowonlyafewfractionalissues struckfor
omthetimeofH eracliusonwards.Thecoinswerenormallydatedby
etimesby regna lyearsasw ell( underT iberiusI andMaurice . I t is
D O C 2 p . 3 2 f o r J e r us a le m s e e Gr i er s on C oi n s p . 9 3 a n d H e n d y p p . 41 5 -1 6 . H e n dy
staf fo f theA ntiochenemintbyP hocas genera lB onosusin608 thesty leof the
r showsnoresemblancetothecopperofP hocasf romA ntiochorthato fH eracliusf rom
ew MintforP hocas " NC irc92( 1984 , pp. 256-57 hasassignedtoThessa lonicaunder
shithertogiventoSicily.Thereremains thedifficultyofthecontrastwith Thessaloni-
dw iththeThessa lonicancopperofPhocashimself . Heraclius so lidusM 2should
salonica.ThetremissesofJ ustinianI almostcertainlyhavetobeaugmentedby
eM 19 ascanbeseenf romcomparisonw iththedraw ingsof the imperia lbustand
ssalonicancopper D .M.Metcalf TheCopperCoinageofThessalonicaunderJ ustinan
, p . 2 2 3 a a n d p. 2 4 4 d . To t h is g r ou p b el o ng t h e fo l lo w in g s pe c im en s : B M C V a n da l s p i . 16
9 .1 1 . 49 M e ch i ta r is t c ol l . V i e nn a = M B 1 9 ; R a u ch 3 6 2 0 - 2 2 J a n . 1 9 86 = H a h n co l l. 1 . 48
l un g 9 0 2 M a r . 1 94 3 2 8 K r e ss 1 1 2 2 2 J u n e 19 5 9 9 6 9 H i r s c h 68 1 - 3 J u l y 1 9 70 9 1 6
-7May1955 514 1. 51.
o f theareapraefectoria see J . K arayannopoulos D asF inan w esendesf ruhby antini-
uropa ischeA rbe iten52( Munich 1958 , pp. 80-84 andH endy (above n. 5 , pp. 411-12.
onde1 F . co leF ranca isedeR ome77( 1986 , p. 129 hasadvancedthe ideathatthe
riwasactiveonlyinorder tochecktheweightofthe solidipaidtothetreasury andto
ut infact Thessa lonicanso liditendtobesomewhatlighterinw eight.
u n e n d e s M it t el a lt e rs t r an s . A. P . Z e l l e r ( M u n ic h 1 9 76 , p . 1 6 i l lu s . 2- 3 h i s su p po s ed
Sardinia isverydoubtful. Seea lsoC. Morrisson " L aC irculationdelamonnaied oren
vandale bilandestrouva illeslocales " Melangesdenumismati ueof fertsdP ierreB astien. . .
e tteren 1987 , pp. 325-44.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
11/168
alsontheearly so lidiof J ustinianI aredates noto f ficinadesigna-
ngenablesusto followthecurveoftheoutput:i tsfluctuation as
wn canbeconnectedwithlustralta ation.27Technicalconsidera-
u z lingtendency toaglobularfabricf romtheendof thesi thcentury
hammeringtheblanksandspeededtheprocessofstriking forless
nsmallerblank sw ereused.28Theglobularsolidiare how ever accompa-
argerflans andtheirdeviationfromtheusualpattern andtheir
actionsdemonstratetheirspecialceremonialcharacter.
edthatthestrangelookingglobularsolidiwouldnot easilyhaveentered
tsideAfrica andinfactthe evidencefore ternalfindsisscanty.29
eencarefullyrecordedby Morrisson andtosomee tentthesecanbe
events. Especia lly forthe lastyearsofB y antinedomination the
e:theyevenpinpointthedate ofthefirstArab con uestofCarthage
Thesplitting-offoftheSardinianbranchmintantedatesthis event 31
ainuncertain.32AnotherstudybyMorrissonhas shownthattherewas
e ightof theA f ricango ldco insunderC onstansI ( 642-68 , butthatthe
untilthe end.33
tI talianprefecturehasotherantecedents.Theoldcentralmint of
aninstitutionoftheregular administrationfromthetimeofthe
eO strogothicdominionandintoearlyB y antinetimes.Thecourt
rstopenedasamonetacomitativaortravelingmint hadbeenmovedto
ain402.AetiusreactivatedtheMilanmint inca.450for military
rimilitumofthe westernempirehadtheirownmoneysupplyduring
century.I twasonlyherethat O doacercouldmaintainacontinued
elastw esternemperor J uliusNepos w homZ enodemandedthathe
mintin thelate490s perhapsasaresultof histreatywithAnasta-
mperialprerogativesw erenewlydef ined.35Thesamefatebefe llR avenna a
sterncourthadceasedto e ist.Atypologicalcaesurain theI talian
thegradualassimilationtoConstantinopleunderTheodoric.36The
stimationduvolumedesso lidideTibereetMauriceaC arthage " P A C T5( 1981 , pp.
M B 3 p . 9 1. F o r s m a ll e r bl a nk s s e e F . D e l a m ar e P . M on t mi t on n et a n d C. M or r is s on
sofCo inStriking: I tsA pplicationtotheE vo lutionofB y antineGoldSo lidiMintedin
ge " J ournalo fMechanica lWork ingTechnology10(1986 pp. 253-71.
a few intrudersinlaterSicil ianhoards atatimew henSicil iango ldcoinsw erestruck on
ur y s e e C. M o rr i ss o n " L e t r es o r by a n ti n d e So u as s i " B S N 3 7 ( 1 9 8 2 , p p . 21 4 -1 5
isvo lume fortheseventh R . Guery C . Morrisson andH. Slim R ougga letrisorde
n ti n es ( R o m e 1 9 82 , p . 7 1. F o r t he l a st i s su e s ee M B 3 p . 1 67 .
t r e s or d e s ol i di d e C on s ta n ti n I V d e C ar t ha g e " R N 1 9 8 0 p . 1 59 c o nt r as t M B 3 p .
arrandon andP . P o irier " Nouvellesrecherchessurl histoiremoneta ireby antine:
amonnaied oraC onstantinopleetdanslesprovincesd A f ri ueetdeSicile " J O B 33
6 e s p. p p . 27 4 -7 5 .
J uliusNeposandtheF a llo f theWesternE mpire " C orollamemoriaeE. Sivobodadedicata
p p . 14 6 -5 0 a n d W . H a h n " D i e l e t t e n J a h r e d er M e di o la n en s er M u n p r ag u ng v o r de r S ch l ie s -
rchTheoderich " G. Gorini ed. . Laz eccadiMilano. A ttide lconvegno interna ionaledi
o1983(Milan 1984 , pp. 229-40.
a nd H a h n ( a b ov e n . 3 4 , p . 23 5.
78 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
12/168
i l l iamE. Metca lf
y so lidiamongthethree I ta lianmints( andafourthatA re late is
ostofthembear mintmarks butthatofthe unsignedfractionsismore
anesetremissesdisplayadistinctivestyle.37The differentiationbe-
ennamustrestona closecomparisonofdieswiththoseof themintmarked
le.Thelack ofamonographinthis fieldiskeenlyfelt.Therecon-
kofthefifth-centurygoldissues ofI talywillprovideimportant
pbetweentheeasternand westerncourts inasmuchasthewestern
berof coinsinthenameof theeasternemperorattimesof mutual
dtheminto fR omew astheonly I ta lianmonetaauriuntil J ustinian s
vedR avenna.While theO strogothickingshadtomovetheirmint
40 andthentoT icinum( 540-52 , theB y antinesreorgani edtheR ome
talianprefecture dividingitintotenofficinae.This corresponds
anmodel.38ThemintsoonfollowedthepraetorianprefecttoR avenna
esecondsiegeofR ome( 545/6 . Thedistinctionbetw eentheR omanand
ldusissuesisproblematic. A lthoughtheR omanpiecesunderB y antine
clearlycutstarofsi rays—differentiatingthemfromtheeastern
dwithastar ofeightrays— thischaracteristicdisappearslaterin
parisonwiththemintmarkedcopperprovidesa guide.Asactivity
rparto f Justinian sre ign the indicationofo f f icinaebecamemeaning-
uestionseemtohavebecomedates.Thedateat whichthisoccurredand
ployedarestill underdiscussion.39E venlessisunderstoodin the
w henthew esternauthorit iescouldnotdecidew hethertocounthisyearsas
gustus.
nageofthelastthree O strogothickings—H ildebad Totila/Ba-
vedmainly topay the irF rank ishau il ia ries andthereforeevok edF rank ish
w ayseasily recogni ableassuch. I nthe lastthirdof thesi th
tributionsneedtobepurgedofsimilar coinswhichshouldbegiven to
erearefurtherdif f icult iesinsortingouttheearlyLombardimitations
nnamodel. I naddit iontotheroya lmintinT icinum severa lsmaller
alityoperatedinthecentersof theduchies.40
of thestrik ingofgo ldseemstoco incidew ithR avenna sgrow ingiso lation.
er period( fromTiberiusI I toH eraclius havehithertobeenvery
omC onstansI onw ardtheybecomemorecoherent: atthist imeR ome s
thoseofR avennainq uantity . F romC onstansI I to J ustinianI I they
hichprobablyrefertochurchtreasuriesor toamagistratewhohad
ge.42I nanycasethere isnoconnectionwiththe papalmonograms
nceonthesmall silvercoinsofR omefromthepontificateofConstan-
. 43
n seeO. U lrich-B ansa MonetaMedio lanensis352-498( V enice 1949 andW. H ahn
o m u nt e r de n K a i s er n J u l iu s N ep o s Z e n o R o m u l us A u gu s tu s u nd B a s i l i sc u s ( 4 7 4 - 91 , "
.
54 .
7 andthecontributionbyN. F a irheadandW. H ahninthisvo lume.
ernareggi / / sistemaeconomicoe lamoneta ionedeiI ^ongobardine ll R a liasuperiore
omparativemateria lfortheunattributedpiecesisassembledinM B 3 pi. 55. Seea lsoP .
urn Medieva lC oinage vo l. 1( C ambridge E ng. 1986 , pp. 55-66.
re a b ou t t he M i no r B y a n ti n e Go l d Mi n ts f r om T i be r iu s I t o H e r a cl i us N Ci r c 8 7 ( 1 9 7 9 ,
a nd 1 54 .
r a a n d I . V e c ch i " A F i n d of B y a n ti n e Si l ve r f ro m t he M i nt o f R o m e fo r t he P e r io d A . D .
1 9 85 , p p . 10 5 -4 0 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
13/168
esof theseventhcenturyathirdI ta liango ldmintemergesattheseatof
ongagroupofmore orlessimitativecoins itsproductsareat first
buttheybecomeinte llig ibleassoonasw ecantracease uenceof issueson
tivemarkscanbeseen tocorrelate.44
characteristicfeatureoftheI taliancoinageisits visibledeclinein
asattractedtheapplicationof newlydevelopedorrefinedmethods
ion:seethecontributionofO ddytothisvolume.I ngeneralashort-
raneanworldaccountsforitslimitedstriking.The fluctuationsinthe
ecoins whichresultedina temporarytokencoinageofcoppersolidi
l ing. Theseco inscanbedatedprecise lyonthebasiso facontinuousse uence
endofthis oldcurrencycamewiththeCarolingianreformin I taly
antinehegemonyoverR ome. ThelatestB y antine issueofcopper
byR . D enk 46datesf rom777/ 8. Theendofgo ldcoinageinR avennahad
rtheL ombardcon uesto f thecity in751 K ingA istwulf continuedto
ch smint 47butunderF rankishpressurehe lostthecity totheP opesand
urt therewasnolongeranyneedto maintainagoldmint.The
ome R avennaandNaplesunderL eo I I I andC onstantineV isless
rydistinctstyleof R omeisalsoseenon thesmallsilvercoinswith papal
bove andalsobecauseamint signatureisoccasionallyused.O nthe
affinitiesbetweencoinsof NaplesandthoseofB eneventum where
oundstrikingcoinswith ducalmonogramsfromabout705onward.48
antinemintinI ta lyw herea lim itedproductionhastobereckonedw ith
sofB y antineterritory insouthernI ta lyw erebynow prov idedwith
dmints underregularadministration thereremainattributionsto
status.Threelocalitiesare considered:theCrimea( Cherson , Spain
dSicily ( Sy racuse . O f theseonly theSpanishandthe laterSicil ianattributions
ecure theC hersoneseandtheearlierSicil ianattributionsareaf fectedbyvarious
postunderB y antinehegemony hadlongreta inedsomesorto fauton-
dby itsanomalouscoppercoinage. U nderHeracliusandC onstansI a
rance butdifferingfromtheConstantinopolitanfabricandmarkedby
ngivententativelytoCherson.50Thelackoffind evidenceforthemis
ostnogold coinshavebeenrecordedasfoundin theCrimeanpenin-
a nd 1 6 9- 7 0 M . D . O ' H a r a " A C u ri o us a n d I n t e r es t in g S ol i du s f or t h e Mi n t of N a pl e s
" N C i rc 9 6 ( 1 9 88 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 .
88 .
r D a t ie r un g d er l e t t e n by a n ti n is c he n M ii n s e ri e n au s R o m " L N V 1 ( 1 9 79 , p p . 1 3 9- 4 3.
b o v e n . 2 6 , p . 4 6 a n d a bo v e ( n . 4 0 , p . 6 5.
orthisseriesseea lsoW. A . O ddy " A na lysiso f theGoldC o inageofB eneventum " NC
dP . GriersonandM. B lack burn( above n. 40 , pp. 66-72.
85 .
e Nu m is m at i c H i s t or y o f Ch e rs o n in E a r ly B y a n ti n e Ti m es : A S ur v ey N Ci r c 86 ( 1 9 78 ,
521-23.TheR ussianspecialistsinthecoinageof Chersonhavenotdiscussedtheattribu-
see I . V . Sok olova Monetiipetshativ i anti sk ogoC hersonesa[ C o insandsea lsof
( L e n in g ra d 1 9 8 3 , p . 2 8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
14/168
i l l iamE. Metca lf
ngissuesareattestedbysinglespecimens 52itseemsthat mostofthem
heelucidationofthesedatesissomewhatproblematical.
B y antinew orld intheWest therewasamilitarydistrictonthe
oselyattachedtothe Africanprefecture.SincethishadbeenV isigo-
undedby theV isigothickingdom wherethetremissiswastheonly
needforthis denominationhadtobemet.Carthagedidnotsupply
tremissismint andwasinanyc aseremote.Theyweretherefore
thebeginningof theB y antinepresenceunderJ ustinianI ( 554 to its
615-24 .Theyhaveapronouncedandpeculiarstyle withreminiscences
r letteringandevenoccasionaltypologicalborrowings.Theevi-
estheirattributionevenmoresecure.Sincethe groupwasfirstidenti-
w holese uenceofemperorsf romJ ustinianI toH eracliusisil lustratedby
hoseof J ustinI andT iberiusI havebeendiscoveredonly recently. 54
nte traordinarygo ldmintw asthatofSicily w hichbecamethe
the empirefromthelaterseventhcenturyonward.U ntilrecently
theentirefirsthundredyearsof itssupposede istenceweremoreor
ularMonte J udicahoard presentedinthisvo lume hasshednew light
angoldcoinage.Thepositionofthis islandhadalwaysbeenof
so it ishardly surprisingto f indthatfora longtimeitw asnotsub ect
onbutwasmore directlycontrolledfromConstantinople.Whenever
capitalwas insufficientoritsmaintenancewasconsideredinadvis-
oserveasasubstitute . I tsproductsw erenot atf irst intendedtorevea l
tanorigin andwehavethesamedifficultiescontemporariesmust
gthem. Thisis incidenta lly a lsopartia lly trueofsi th-centurycopper
olitanaswellasR avennatestylisticinfluenceshindertheattribu-
nofSicilian solidinowseemssecurethroughout( withminore cep-
, 55thef ractionsof ferseriousproblemsf romMaurice intothef irstha lfo f
st inctgroupof them w hichhasbeengivententative ly toSicilybefore610
oThessalonicawithoutsatisfactorilysolvingallthe problemsconnec-
d theuseofspecificadministrativemarksbeginslate inthereignof
atingoccursunderH eracliusandJ ustinianI I . 57Theef fecto f thetempo-
N a k h od ki v i a n ti s k ic h m on e t V I - X I v v v K r i m u | B y a n ti n e co i n fi n ds o f t he s i t h t o
i me a V V 2 9 ( 1 9 69 p p . 25 4 -6 8 .
enslistedinM B 3 pp. 218and242 apiecew hichcameto lightintheSchulten
990 andreappearedinSchw ei erischeK reditanstaltsa le 27A pr. 1984 700 w ith
a c e c a bi a n ti n a en E s p an a " N u mH i s p 4 ( 1 9 56 , p p . 30 5 -1 4 .
B 2 p . 4 1 1 9 a n d W . J . T om a si n i T h e B a r ba r ic T r em i ss i s in S p ai n a nd S o ut h er n F r a n c e
A N SN N M 15 2 ( 1 9 64 , p . 1 71 p i . D , 7 T i be r iu s I I , i n t he m u se u mo f S ev i ll e s e e F .
talogodemonedasymedallasdeoro gabine lenumismaticomunicipal( Sev ille 1980 , p. 29 45.
101-3 hasoncemorebeencla imedforC arthagebyC . Morrisson " Notedenumisma-
op o s de q u e l u e s ou v ra g es r e ce n ts " R N 1 9 8 3 p . 2 18 .
SomeUnusua lGoldC o insofH eracliusandTheirMintA ttribution " NC irc85( 1977 , pp.
d H a h n ( a b o ve n . 4 1 , g r ou p C s e e al s o S. B e n d a ll ( a b ov e n . 2 4 , p p . 25 6 -5 7 .
1 68 a nd 19 3.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
15/168
inSy racuse( 663-68 onSicilianco inproductionissti l lamattero f
h theq uestionofatravelingfieldmint accompanyingtheemperor
inageof theusurperMe e iusinSicily theauthenticityofw hichhas
e ightw asreducedby J ustinianI inhisf irstre ign( 685-95 andagain
1-13 followingthewesterntendencytowardlowerweightstandards.59The
gnofLeontius( 695-98 andaf ter butaf tersomef luctuationitw as
inthe730sata leve labout15percentlowerthaninC onstantinople . 60
heirpiecemealoccupationof the island( aprocessw hiche tendedf rom
y antinepresencetherebecamemoreandmore isolated a f ina ldebase-
ssbeganwhichled tocoinsconsistingofone halfcopper.Thefirst
nspioneeredbytheF renchteamhaveshowntheoutlines butmore
owthe developmentindetail.
storyofgoldmintsshouldmakeevidentthe needforfurther
hecorrelationbetweenmonetarycirculationandtransactionsnew
d.R egionalpro ectshavebeeninitiatedto replaceMosser soutdated
fB y antinehoards.AsidefromtheAfricaninventorymentioned
tshavebeenmadeto beginaregionale aminationofallfifthto seventh-
alkans 61withaviewtowardachievinga betterunderstandingofthe
attemptisunderwayinI taly 62wheresmallermuseumsprobably
terial.Allthisworkshouldbe undertakeninlightofnewattributions
arch.U nfortunatelytheeasternempirecannotbee pectedtoreceive
vetorelyonthe occasionaldiscoveryofrecentlyunearthedhoards
ntrollede cavations63butaremainlyknownthroughinformation
ngrecognitionofthe importanceofpreservingprovenancesoffersa
esponsibledealersare tobethankedandencouragedfortheir efforts
rstandingthecoinageis metrologyinitsbroadestsense which
onlyofweightandfineness butofthee changeratesbetweenmetals
priceofgo lde pressedincopperorink ind( adaeratio . A spectsof this
rritoryof theeconomichistorian butthenumismaticimplicationsare
sthemselvesprovidetheevidenceformonetaryreformsordebasements
oductionofnewdenominationssuchas thelightweightsolidus.Since
onthesepeculiarco insof thesi thandseventhcenturies muchnew
e iusinpeccatosuo interiit. K rit ischeB etrachtungenz ueinemNeulinginderMun re ihe
i s er " J O B 2 9 ( 1 9 8 0 , p p . 61 - 70 M B 3 p . 1 59 . T he c o in i n q u e s t io n w as t a ke n a s
C o ins p. 139 andC . Morrissone pressedsk epticismregardingHahn sconclusions(at
rit ishMuseumspecimen in" Notedenumismati ueby antineaproposdequel ues
N 1 9 8 3 p . 2 15 n . 8 .S e e no w P . G r i er s on " A s e mi s si s o f Me e i u s " N C 1 98 6 p p . 23 1 -
mbartonO ak sf romtheco llectionofHay fordP ierce( ac uiredin1946 , omittedfrom
dandtakenassuggestiveof theauthenticityofMe e ius so lidi. Griersonassumesthatthe
butitsharesthe Constantinopolitanstylewiththesolidiandthereforecannotresolve
vementofano lderI ta lianforger( Tardani — seeR I N9[ 1896 , p. 150 cannotbe
7.
b o v e n . 3 3 , p p . 27 5 -7 6 .
opovic B e lgrade.
ipostiglimoneta li inI ta lia documenta ionedeicomplessi w asbegunin1980by the
tichediMilanoandaimsto publishhoardsofallperiods notonlytheB y antine.
ly e ceptions suchasthehoardsofNik erta i( above n. 12 andR ougga( above n.
Morrisson andofH a duck aV odenica inSerbia publishedbyN. Duva landV . P opovic
dk a V o d e ni c a C ol l ec t io n d e l E c o l e F r a n c ai s e de R o r n e 7 5 ( 1 9 8 4 p p . 17 9 -8 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
16/168
i l l iamE. Metca lf
64sothata newcorpusofdiesmightbe apromisingventure.Mean-
includeinthisvolumea contributiondevotedtooneaspectofthe
ution.Theimportanceofthelight weightsolidiforthereckoningof
narguedinM B : theyenabledthepaymentofvarioussumsincarats.
encoinunitsandunitsof accountisaproblemwhichhas caused
tedtocontemporaryte ts.Twoe amplesrecentlydiscussedinthe
s(i. e . so lidusprices aretheA bydosinscriptionandtheDonoriinscrip-
hsintoB y antineta ationpo licies. Sim ilarproblemsareencountered
ncestopaymentsrecordedinpapyriare usedfornumismaticanaly-
atthe outputofthemintswasdictatedin advancebytheauthorities
n incloseconnectionw ithta ationpo licies. Thisw ouldimply thatthe
lculatedby thee pecteddemands anideathathasnotgoneuncha l-
diaredatedbyyears weshouldbeableto checkthefluctuationsin
ehavecalculatedmorereliableestimatesofoutputthroughdie
hfiscalperiodssuch asta ationcyclesandcensustermsmight also
hefinancingoftheaugustaticum whichwastobepaid bytheemperor
n uennia lanniversaries musthavebeenburdensome sinceA nastasiusI
ustralisauri argentivein498.69R aisingofsuchlargesums seemsto
onetarymeasures suchasalteringe changeratesfromtimetotime.70
nomicsituationoftheempirewill beelucidatedbybetterknowledgeofthe
dincirculationtosupportta ationontheonehandand ontheother
civ ilservants subsidies andtributes. A new compila tionof the
tosuchbudgetfigures wouldbeusefulandwouldfacilitatereference
ce.71
notrecogni edbyA delson butw ere identif iedbyE. L euthold " So lidileggieri
u e d eg l i i mp e ra t or i M au r ic i o F o c a e d E r a c l io " R I N 1 9 60 p p . 14 6 -5 4 f o r th e i nt r od u ct i on o f
oW. H ahn " A proposdel introductiondesso lidilegersde23caratssousMaurice "
p p. 9 6- 97 .
eendiscussedby J . - . C a llu " L etarifd A bydosetlareformemoneta ired A nas-
ndR . W eille r eds. A ctesdu91congresinternationaldenumismali ueB erne sept. 1979
p p. 7 31 -4 0 W . H a h n M B 3 p p. 3 6- 39 a nd J . D u r li at a nd A . Gu il lo u " L e t ar if d A by do s
C H 1 0 8 ( 1 9 8 4 , p p . 58 1 -9 8 . F o r D o n o r i se e J . D u r l i at " T a e s s ur l e n tr e e de s m ar c ha n di s es
ag l ia r i a l e p o u e b y a n ti n e " D O P 3 6 ( 1 9 82 , p p . 1- 1 4.
o nn a ie d o r e t mo n na i e de b r on e d a ns 1 E g y p t e pr o to b y a n t i ne " L e s ' d i va l ua t io n s a
ca ineetimperia le2( H ome 1980 , pp. 253-70 and" C omptesetdepensesenor " M.
ntatestigrecidapapiri le tterarieedocumentariediti inoccasionedelX V I congresso
rlogia( F lorence 1983 , pp. 112-19.
B 3 p . 8 5 n . 5 c h al l en g ed b y D . M . M et c al f " N e wL i g ht o n t he B y a n ti n e Co i na g e
1 9 74 , p . 1 5 .
n. 27 , andbelow pp. 50-51and54-55.
olla lio lustra lisinconnectionw iththeaugustiacumseeR E 4 co l. 371(Seeck ,
o v e n . 2 5 , p p . 12 9 -3 0 a n d H e n dy S t ud i es ( a b ov e n . 5 , p . 6 47 . F o r t h e ab o li t io n o f th i s
nseeT. No ldeck e " D ieA ufhebungdesChrysargy rondurchA nastasius " B Z 13( 1904 ,
i n no v at i on s J . K a r a y an n op o ul o s " D i e C h r ys o te l ei a d er I u g a " B Z 4 9 ( 1 9 56 , p p . 72 -
a ire " R emar uessurlechrysargy reetsaperiodicite " R N1985 pp. 120-29.
n. 65 , pp. 96-97. A lterationsof thee changeratesaredeniedbyH endy Studies
. 4 93 a n d J . D u r li a t " L a v a le u r re l at i ve d e l o r d e l a r ge n t et d u c ui v re d a ns l e m pi r e
N 1 9 8 0 p p . 13 8 -5 4 . Co n tr a st W . H a h n " D a s R o m er r ei c h de r B y a n ti n er a u s nu m is m a-
cheWahrungspolit ik derB y antinerim5. -8. J ahrhundert " SNR 65( 1985 , pp. 175-
inthcenturiesseethedeta iledstudyofW. T . Treadgold TheB y antineSta le
andNinthC enturies( New York 1982 . F ortheearlierperiodonehadtore lyono lder
" Z urby antinischenF inan geschichte " Studienz urGeschichtedesby antinischenWei-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
17/168
tionsmayseemtoretardtheprogress ofnumismaticresearch.The
volumehavenothesitatedtoadvancetheirideasand speculations
eirfeelingswhenevertheassemblednumismaticmaterialseemed
ntproblems.Althoughtheydifferin theirstyleofpresentation they
onthenumismaticev idence( ofw hich it ishoped somew illendure
s.
esKa isersJ ustinusI I . undT iberiusC onstantinus( Stuttgart 1919 andB Z 1924 pp.
encestoearlier sometimescontroversia lstudiesaretobefound. Seenow Hendy Studies
p . 16 4 -8 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
18/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
19/168
I GNGO L D O F J U ST NI AND J U ST N ANI
Metcalf
ustinI , w hohadruledfornineyears fe ll i l l onA pril1 underpressure
-optedJ ustinian w hosecareerhehadbeenpromotingsincehisow n
er onE asterSunday J ustinianI w ascrow nedby theP atriarchE pi-
toccuredintheD elpha ratherthan asusual intheHippodrome
ustin sil lness. Theo ldemperor(hew as75or77 f ina lly succumbedon
iefj ointreignofJ ustinandJ ustinianhasattractedlittlesystematic
lure.2Theelegantpresentationoftwo enthronedemperorsonthe
ttheotherwisebleakbackgroundofthe si th-centurygold:moreover
n andtherarityofthe coinsrenderthemacontrollablemassand
ageofthepopulationsurvivingabovegroundiseitherpreservedin
tratedin salecatalogues.
madenoattemptatcomprehensiveness wasabletoassemblea corpus
lessthanadecadelaterW. H ahnincreasedthenumberof recorded
o45by1981.3Neithermadeasystematicstudyof thedies althoughboth
wilderingvarietyofobversevariantsandobverse/reversecombina-
tructureforthe coinage.Thepurposeofthisessayis topresenta
edcatalogueofthecoinsincorporatingits e tensivedielinkage.I tis
structurecanbeperceived andindeeditis plausiblethatthat
ulde ludedetectionevenifa lltheco inagesurv ivedtous. B utit ispossibleto
hatfurtherthaneitherB e ll ingerorHahnw asabletodoand ifonecan
perienceofare lative lybrie fepisode intheearlyhistoryof theso lidus to
waywe nowlookatimperialmintorgani ation.
ma orcategoriesfollow thepresentationofH ahninM B 1 w ithnum-
venience. F orvarietiesofhisgroupsI andI I , theobversediesare
numberedseria lly inorderofappearance reversediesarepref i edw iththe
ithineachof ficina numberedseria lly inorderofappearance. I ngroup
es a r e pr e fi e d " C ( c u rv e d ; r e ve r se s c on t in u e th e n um b er i ng o f g ro u ps I a n d I I .
susedare:
rson " TheKy reniaGirdleofB y antineMedallionsandSo lidi " NC 15( 1955 ,
t " D i e u n e di e rt e n by a n ti n is c he n M un e n d es W i e n er M u n k a bi n et t es N Z 7 7
.
tlysummari edinA. A.V asiliev J ustinI .AnI ntroductiontotheE pochof
O S 1 p p . 95 - 96 f o r J u s t i n s d e at h p . 4 14 . F o r A p r il 1 a s t he d a te o f J u s ti n ia n s
. Martinda le P rosopographyof theL aterR omanE mpire2( C ambridge 1980 , s. v .
45-48 esp. 647 andI ustinus4( pp. 648-51 esp. 650 , apparently follow ingthe leadofE .
l. 1 3 26 - 27 s . v .I u s ti n us 1 .
thato fA . R . B e ll inger " B y antineNotes3: TheGoldof J ustinI andJ ustinian
9 6 6 , p p . 90 - 92 . S ee a l so M B 1 p p . 44 - 45 a n d th e Ma t er i al n ac h we i se p . 1 07 .
byH ahnisaugmentedinM B 2 p. 23 and3 p. 32.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
20/168
known merelyforthesakeofcompleteness sincetheweightsapproach
ediesseemtobe orientedat6:00withoutvariation.Allcoins areillustrat-
2 9 -3 0 4 1 a n d 43 .
rone
M C 1 4 .4 8.
M C 2 4 . 44 .
M u se o B o t t ac i n 22 0 6 b . B a n k L e u 1 3 4 M a y 19 7 6 4 4 6 4 . 49 .
" S o me U n p u b li s he d B y a n ti n e Go l d Co i ns " N C ir c 7 8 ( 1 9 7 0 , p p .
4 . 46 .
2 4 . 45 b . H e s s - e u 1 2 A pr . 1 96 2 5 4 9 4 . 50 c . I s t an b ul A r ch a eo l o-
C 0 3 / Cp / A/ / 01 4 . 46 ( p i er c ed .
81 31 . 12 3 . 52 ( c l ip p ed ; b . C hr i st i e s 2 2 A pr . 1 98 6 ( G o od a cr e , 6 8
M C 4 4 . 3 9 b . C a n es s a 2 8 J u n e 19 2 3 ( C a r us o , 6 5 7 = H i r sc h 2 4 1 0
b er , 3 0 12 4 . 48 .
8 4. 4= R o ll inandF euardent 20A pr. 1896( Montagu , 1096
r k R o m a n Co i ns o f t he M ed i ev al W o r l d 3 8 3- 1 45 3 A .D . ( J o l ie t I 1 l . 1 9 8 6 ,
d F e u a rd e nt 2 5 A pr . 1 88 7 ( P o n to n d A m ec o ur t , 8 7 3.
M C 5 4 . 50 .
M 1 9 1 8 -5 - 3- 2 e D e w i c k = C h r is t ie s 5 M a y 18 8 5 ( T o m as s in i , 4 . 39 .
= G l en d in i ng 1 6 N ov . 19 5 0 ( H a l l , 2 2 12 = N a vi l le 3 1 6 J u n e 19 2 2
4 . 2 5 b . G le n di n in g 9 M a r. 1 9 31 4 2 4 ( p l u g ge d ; c . K y r e ni a G ir d le
1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 5 8 = B a n k L e u 1 3 3 0 A pr . 1 97 5 5 7 4 4 . 4 8 .
E v a n s c ol l . = S c hu l ma n 2 8 F e b . 1 93 9 9 2 3 . 99 .
13 s e e B e l li n ge r [ a b ov e n . 2 , p . 9 1 2 5 a n d B M C 5 n . .
158.1025 4. 33.
1 3 N ov . 1 97 9 4 5 9 4 . 48 .
. Me d . 43 1 2 N ov . 1 97 0 5 4 1 4 . 07 .
1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 5 9 4 . 4 8 = N A [ 1 , 2 0 M a r . 19 7 5 4 2 7 4 . 47 = N u mi s ma t ic
- 4 ( A u t um n 1 97 4 , G 1 55 .
B M C 6 4 . 48 b . B e r l in 4 0 52 4 . 45 .
2 0 J a n . 19 3 8 ( F a e lt e n , 1 7 1 2 = C an e ss a 2 8 J u n e 19 2 3 ( C a r us o , 6 5 8
7 ( H o r s k y , 4 6 92 c . M ii n h a nd l un g B a s e l F P L 1 3 N o v. 1 9 38
e s s- e u 4 1 2 5 A p r . 19 6 9 7 3 4 4 . 47 .
e d . 52 1 9 J u n e 19 7 5 8 2 3.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
21/168
u s t i n I a n d J u s t i ni a n I
N C 0 3 /C p /A f /0 2 4 . 24 b . Mi i n . u . Me d . 12 1 1 J u n e 19 5 3 9 0 9
K e b le c o ll . 4 . 45 .
u b l 3 4 70 ( p i er c ed .
s ee B e l li ng er [ a bo ve n . 2 , p . 91 2 6 a nd B M C 6 n . .
hStra ightB ack
globe nocrossbaronthrone cushions
dleno. 2 pi. 8. 3.
l a 4 . 35 b . G le n di n in g 1 7 J u n e 19 6 4 2 6 5 = G l e nd i ni n g 2 7 M ay 1 9 41
e c . 19 2 2 ( " F o r ei g n P r i n ce [ C an t ac u e n e ) , 4 0 .
4. 5.
t Dreer.
B M C 3 4 . 45 b . K a s t ne r 1 0 1 8 M ay 1 9 76 3 2 0 = S t e rn b er g 2 8 N ov .
n o c ro s sb a r on t h ro n e c u sh i on s
b . l 4 . 48 b . D O C 6 b .2 4 . 22 .
c u s h i on s
cF ineA rts vo l. 3 2-4( A utumn1974 , G154.
Mu n e n 1 2 M a y 19 7 4 8 4 5.
ge r c ol l . 4 . 37 b . T he H a g u e 4 . 47 .
4 . 41 .
gu e t p i . 6 8 9 .
B N C 0 3 / Cp / A/ / 03 4 . 45 b . K r i c h el d or f 2 8 1 8 J u n e 19 7 4 3 3 1.
2170.1 4. 30.
968. 131. 13 4. 34 b. Slocumcoll. 1974 4. 45.
o rf 3 0 A p r. 1 9 76 3 8 2 = K a s tn e r 6 2 6 N ov . 19 7 4 4 3 0. 4 . 19 .
28Nov . 1975 569 4. 45.
B a r do ( E l D j e m .
6 J a n . 19 5 5 ( G i o r gi , 1 2 07 = G l e n di n g 1 4 J a n . 19 5 3 1 8 4 = R a t t o 4 38 .
F r i ed b au m 4 . 47 b . H e s s - e u 2 8 5 M a y1 9 65 5 6 4 = H e s p e ri a A rt
, 8 2 = M i in . u . Me d . 25 1 7 N ov . 1 96 2 6 8 8.
3 N ov . 19 13 5 78 = C a hn F P L 2 4 N ov . 19 12 1 93 8 ( M B " 1 33 8 ) .
wi t h Cu r ve d B a c k
g lo b e c u sh i on s
6 M a y1 9 12 2 0 95 = H i r sc h 2 6 2 3 M ay 1 9 10 8 8 1 4 . 50 b . B a n k L e u
6 2 4 . 47 .
c u sh i on s
4 . 47 = G r ie r so n C o in s p i . 2 1 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
22/168
4. 35= R o ll inandF euardent 20A pr. 1896(Montagu , 1095.
4. 25.
G ir d le n o . 4 p i . 8. 2 b . N A 1 8 1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 6 0 4 . 51 .
E S: S N O P S S A ND K E Y T O P L AT S
w oemperors( presumably JustinI onthe le ftandJ ustinianI onthe
acing theseatmaybeinv isibleorpartlyv isible ormay tak etheformof
ck ed throne. Unlessotherw ise indicated theobverse legendisD N
S T N A N P P A V C . " G l o be i n di c at e s th a t a gl o be i s h el d i n th e l ef t h an d o f th e
senceofanotationthat thelefthandis drawnuptothebreast.Notes
cedrefertothe figuresl.andr.respectively:" r.andl.knees indicates
htk neeandtherightf igure sle f tk neeareadvanced " I . k nees thatthe
e advanced andsoon.
rone
l. 1: 1-3.
6 .
ne l. k nees P l. 1: 7.
8 1 0 1 3 P l . 2 : 22 2 4 2 5.
s P l . 1 :9 1 6 P l . 2 : 19 2 8.
1 .
E T I V S T N P P A V C I . kne es P l . 1: 12 P l .2 :1 7 2 3 2 6.
.
: 15 .
2 0 .
. 2 : 21 .
: 27 .
hStra ightB ack
be nocrossbaronthrone cushions
l . 2 : 3 1 3 5 .
l. 2: 32.
l. 2: 33.
l. 2: 34.
n o c ro s sb a r on t h ro n e c u sh i on s
N E T I V S T N AN P P A V C l .k ne es P l . 3: 36 .
c u sh i on s
: 37 .
: 38 .
nnectedvertica lstrok es l. k nees P l. 3: 39.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
23/168
u s t i n I a n d J u s t i ni a n I
:4 0 .
N E T I V S T N AN P P A V C l .k ne es P l . 3: 42 4 9.
: 44 5 0 .
N E T I V S T N A NV S P P A V C I . kn ee s P l . 3: 45 .
:4 6 4 7 .
:5 1 .
wi t h Cu r ve d B a c k
o g l o be c u sh i on s
2 .
c us hi on s D N I V S T N V E T I V S T N A NV S P P A V C
.
. 3: 54.
.
6.
S S
eobversediesarepresentedinincreasingorderofcomple ityof thetype
eadingsaccordingtoad uncts. ThispreservestheessenceofHahn s
ontheshapeof thethrone thepresenceorabsenceofacross and
globe.Thesearebynomeansthe onlydiagnosticsthatmighthavebeen
hof irstdrew attentiontothevarietiesof thronetype a lsonotedthatthe
alfiguresisnot consistentthroughout:eithermayhaveeitherknee
thesameasoroppositeto thatofhispartner.B ellingernoticedthe
endthatareobservedherewithout apparently attachinganysignifi-
gnoredthelegendsentirely.Thepresenceor absenceofacrosshas
ent.4Afteralengthydiscussionof suchvariationsintheobverses
theyarenot theidiosyncrasiesofdieengraversandthat thedivergen-
connected. Heremarked " Wecanonlyconcludethatanumberof
hurry produceddieswhichconformedingeneral tobesure butw hich
dastodeta ils. 5The" hurry factoriso f tenassociatedw ithshort
ofaraswesupposea pressureforimmediatecoinageatanimperialacces-
erighttoremark thatshortre ignsareonly shortinretrospect andthat
dlyhaveforeseentheirbriefduration.6
nte to f supposedhasteandconse uentj umblingofattributes some
ebeenthoughtsignif icant. B e ll inger fore ample supportedWroth s
s1and2 theformercharacteri edbyclaspedhands the latterby the
lingerremarks " O nehesitatestospeak ofase uenceof issuesina
but itmaybesuggestedthatthe superiorma estyofType2wasfelt
appearsbetweentheheadsoftheemperorsonthe obversewascalledbyB ellinger
butif it isproperlypotentata lltheterminio f thecrossareattenuatedatbest. This
ledA . C utler " TheLy re-backedThrone Transf igurations: StudiesintheDynamics
ography (P ennsy lvaniaStateU niversityP ress U niversityPark 1975 toobservethatthe
ringthere ignsof J ustinandJ ustinianseemstobeconfinedtotheco ins butw hile
esintheco inageof J ustiniana lone the j o intre ignso lidiarenotthebestev idencefor
n . 2 , p . 9 2 .
o in s m on e ta i re s e t of f ic i ne s a l e p o u e d u B a s - m p i r e " S M 1 1 ( 1 9 6 1 , p p . 1- 8 e s p. p . 5.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
24/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
25/168
u s t i n I a n d J u s t i ni a n I
S S
rse w hichstandsoutaga instthesi thcenturyso lidi thereversetype
onthe issuesof J ustinI w hichwaslatertobecarriedoverintotheso le
terstilladaptedby varyingtheornamentsurmountingthecrossinthe
uick surveyof theco insof thef lankingre ignsof J ustinI andof J ustinian
thereversesof thej ointreignowemoretotheir predecessorsstruck
o insof J ustiniandotoe itherintermsofsty le : bycomparison theco ins
era llymores uatangelw hosew ingsdonotriseashighv isav ishishead:
hless care andtheplacementofthefeetoften suggestsafigurein
lik ely—thatsomereversediesof J ustinandJ ustinianw ereoriginally
re ignof J ustin andthatsomecontinuedinusew henJ ustinian
gustof 527.Acarefulsearchwouldbe tediousbutwouldprobably
otbeenundertakenherebecauseunless suchlinksweretobe foundin
gnificantlyalterthepicture ofthecoinagesuggestedhere.W hatis
ewof theinternalchronologyofthecoinagethan ispossibleinthe
ce.
N I N TO O F F I C NA
ersediesin theB y antinecoinageseemstoattestthemost rigid
bservedinanyancientcoinage.Althoughthe internalstructureof
nderstood it isatleastclearthattheconceptofdiscrete indepen-
opsistobeavoided.Thiswas firstobservedbyGrierson andhas
orcedbytheoccasionaloccurenceofdie linkedsolidiofdifferentoffi-
sharedamongofficinaemustsurelybeashigh asistobe observedin
tn e co i ns . D i e O 1 i s f o u nd w i th r e ve r se d i es f r om B ( 1 A ( 2 , a n d H ( 3 a -b ;
A ( l O a -b , S ( 1 3 , 0 ( 2 2 , a n dI ( 2 4a -b 2 5 ; O 6 w it hV ( 9 a- b a nd S ( 1 6 ; O 8 wi th
1 2 1 7 2 3 a- b 2 6 a- c , a n d so o n .I n t h e pr e se n t sa m pl e t he r e is n o e vi d en c e of a
pairsortripletsof officinae andithasto besupposedthatthedistribu-
rk shopsreflectsthe irdrawinguponacommonpoolo fdies(adiebo )
rses. I t iso fcoursee ua llyplausiblethattheobverses too camef rom
re isnothingw hichw ouldsuggestthe irattachmenttospecif ico ff icinae and
sconstruct growsasobversesbegintoappearlinkedwith diesofthree
eof thesample itmaybew orthyofnotethatthere isnocertain
s tobeobserved eitherwithinoramongofficinaeanddespitethe
thenumberreversed.11
eensupposedthatthese coinswerestruckanywherebutConstanti-
ncefor thee istenceofamint forgoldatThessalonicaforthe em-
formoccursonce inclassI I ( 022 . I tshouldberecogni edthatsuchvariations w hich
incata loguing maybearnore lationtomintorgani ation.
n . 6 p . 4 . F o r d i el i nk s a mo n g of f ic i na e s ee W . E . M et c al f " T h re e B y a n ti n e Go l d
2 5 ( 1 9 8 0 , p p . 87 - 10 8 e s pe c ia l ly h o ar d 2 n o s. 3 a n d 7 4 a n d 6 2 6 a nd 3 6 3 4 a nd 3 9 5 0
sofdif ferentw ork shops C . Morrisson " L etresorby antindeNik erta i " R B N118
esp. 40-43andf ig. 5.
6.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
26/168
onwards—sometimesgoldthatwouldonthe basisofitsmarkingshave
nopolitan—butno onetodatehashinted atthee istenceofanon-
riefj ointreign.12
a ly sisiscreditedandthethrone isstrippedof itspictoria ll itera lism and
ediscretenessofthelyre-backedgroup itispossible atleastfornow
eofamintat Thessalonica.F ornoneofthe lyre-backedsolididisplay
essor s uare-backedones whilewithinthosetwogroupsdielinkageis
gmaticinenumeratingstylisticdifferencesonthebasis ofasfewas
eobversediesbut forw hatit isw orth theobversesofgroupI I I
moreverticallyorientedfiguresseatedonthethrone whichisitself
ndconsistencythanthose shownonthecoinswithstraight backof
nthereversemainta insthesameposturethroughout andhisrightw rist
mpossiblylong.Thestar inthefieldis uniformlylarge whilesome
observedoncoinsofthe othertwogroups.Againsttheuse ofstyleasa
ertainfeatureswhich ifnotidentical atleastdisplaythesamekindof
tdingroupsI andI I : f o re ample onobversedieC theoutsidek nees
anced w hileona lltheotherdiestherightonesareforward C a lso
ichispresentona llo therdies. SimilarlyC isw ithouttheglobe w hich
ndithasshort formofobverselegendwhichischaracteristic ofgroupsI
beenabletoe aminetheco insstruck f romthisdie butj ustpossibly the
enrecutfroma rectilinearone.I fso thehypothesisofasecondmint
reof theco inageof J ustinI andJ ustinianI ismorecomplicated
nhadalreadypointedtothefairly fre uentlinkageamongofficinae
nthe e istenceofasystemfor theirnumerationwouldimply his
w ithitsimplicationse tendedintothesi thcentury . Similarlyminor
distributionofattributesandad unctscannotbeseenhere— asthey
here—asthe trademarksofengraversorassecretmarksthat somehow
datetheworkingroutineofthemetropolitanmint.
e forthe" hurry factor evenif " shortre ignsareonly shortin
he il lnessof J ustingavemorethantheusua lurgency toaproclamationco inage
inunusualstepstakentohasten itsproduction.Nonetheless the
singlydisorgani edaspectw hich if itmaybegenera li edtothesi th
reducesthereliabilityofsometime-honoredsimplesolutionsto
ndinvitesthepainstak ingana lysis diebydie o fa forbiddingmassof
eoftheCoinage
videstheopportunityto estimatethenumerofdiesusedfor this
epresentedinthesurvivingsample.Any numberofmethodshave
w hogenerouslymadeava ilabletomephotographsaccumulatedovermanyyears had
oupI I I k now ntohim andmarkedthemwith" A ntioch( ? ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
27/168
u s t i n I a n d J u s t i ni a n I
ation buttheformulaappliedhereis thatofCarter
f co insandd= thenumberofdiesobservedandn< 2dor
18 29-30 41 and43 havebeenomittedf romtheca lculationssinceno
leavingatotalof73 piecesfrom37reversesdies.F ortheobverses
adebecauseofuncertaintyregardingthe identityoftheobverseof
thatitis identicaltoanotherknownobverse thesecondassumesthat
ndd2= 33obverses. Carter sformulaey ieldthefo llow ingresults:
ateof47± 4obversedies 2 50± 5obversedies w hilebothy ieldan
sedies.Sincethesetwo calculationsembracethewholecoinage inclu-
a lthatare immiscible( groupsI andI I donotand inthecaseof the
ediesw ithgroupI I I it isperhapssoundermethodo logically toprov idea
roupsI andI I only: thusf rom65co insw ith1 27or2 28obversedies
eresultsareasfollow s: 1 38± 4 2 41± 4obverses and51±6
o ectionstotheactua lnumberofdiesobservedforgroupI I ( w hichis
thodmeaningfully producessatisfactoryconsistency.Anestimateof
tionat ca.50obversesand60 reverseswillnotbefar fromthetruth.
ly17 weeks andthereisno reasontosupposethatthecoinage began
t. E veninthisperiod whichmightwellhavebeenoneof heavy
perialaccession somewhatlessthananobverseadaywas usedifthe
edays.
A Simplif iedMethodforC a lculatingtheO riginalNumberofD iesf romDieL ink
8( 1983 , pp. 195-206 esp. 201-2. Theattractionof theC artermethodisthesimplicity
ciallywherehighprecisiondoesnotyet seemattainable.F orevaluationofthisand
mployedinestimatingsi eofco inage seeW. W . E sty " E stimationof theSi eofa
omparisonofMethods " NC 146( 1986 , pp. 185-215.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
28/168
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
29/168
D I CAH O AR D AND TH E S C L I AN
U ND E R J U S T N AN I A ND J U ST N I I
adandWolfgangH ahn
onte J udica intheprov inceC atania Sicily ahoardofsi th-century
oardis essentialforunderstandingtheactivitiesofthesmaller
nthe westernhalfoftheempireand iscomparableonlytothe1948
aterialsformintattributionsin theE ast.Thecoinshadbeenc oncealed
tapotw hich regrettably hassincebeenlost. Thehoardw asimmedi-
meof theco insw eredispersedintradev iaSw it erland. 1Weareare
ndH .B erkforcertaininformationaboutthecoins whichhasledto the
fthehoard.
8
7 5 0 7- 1 8 s o li d us
ed . F P L 4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 1 9
5
5 5 2 7- 3 7 s o li d us
P L 434 J une1981 conta inedsomeco insof thishoard( asindicatedinthecata logue
reditanstalt2 A pril1984 includedothers. Thereferencesgiveninthe latterw eretak en
s articleandinthe courseofrefinement thenumberswerechanged.Thediscovery
medtobe1981bysomeinformants couldnotbeverif ied.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
30/168
K A D AND W O L F GA NG I I aH N
s ol id us
r. Kredit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 740
s ol id us
4. 45
t r e m is s is
23 562-65 solidus
4.46
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
31/168
5 4 7/ 8 s o li d us
1 . I A
2 5 40 -4 2 s ol id us
s ol i du s
ming-Z
1 2 09 0
7 5 49 -6 5 s ol id us
. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 1
edit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 742
. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 3
edit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 744
27-28A pr. 1984 745
27-28A pr. 1984 746
a v en na , 5 54 /5 , s ol id us
n , 5 4 2 - 65 t r em i ss i s
8
5 5 6 7- 7 8 s o li d us
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
32/168
gangHahn
a ve nn a , 5 68 /9 s ol id us
n c a . 57 0 s e mi s si s
24
gl.
ictory
. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 8
4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 2 0
27-28A pr. 1984 749
27-28A pr. 1984 750
. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 5 1
L 4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 2 2
. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 5 2
hehoard hasbeenreconstructedasfullyas possible.The98coinsare
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
33/168
control andfortheseventhcenturythere isevidenceforbothprac-
how ever the identif icationofSicil iancoinshasbeenslow untilnow .
tylistic comparisonsandprovenances sincethegoldcoinsin q uestion
nstantinopolitanoriginbyanykindof signature.E ventheSicilian
ownmintmarksuntilthe580s.B eforetheMonteJ udicahoard
ointofthe Sicilianserieswasthepartlymint markedcoppercoinageof
ontributionstothe sub ectsoughttoestablishSicilian goldattribu-
iusI I . 3Now w ecanmoveback thedatingintothere ignsof thetw o
ustinianI andJ ustinI I , by referencetoanumberofunusualco insin
abricpreviouslyunrecogni edormisattributed.Therecognitionof
if ficultby itssim ilarity toco insofR avennafabrico f the latersi th
icahoard then providesw elcomecorrectionstothedistinctions
vennago ldco inage. I thasimplicationsa lso forthecopper forw hich
sin theearlierpartofthe periodofB y antinedomination.
nteJ udicahoardischaracteristicof anaccumulationinaregion
hlimitedoutput wasoperating.O nlyamongthecoinsof thelast
wascompleteddothe localissuesoutnumberthoseofConstantinople 4
mongtheprovincialissuesofthe localmint.Thechronologicalpattern
intheyearsnot longbeforethedateofdepositare representedin
d.I nadditiontoConstantinopolitancoinsthehoardcontainse am-
ovincialmints.Theirnumbersreflecttheirpro imitytoSicily:
earerepresentedbyonlytwocoinseach whereastheI talianmints
avenna arerepresentedby12pieces.
Sicilianprovincialgold ofJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I hasbeenfirmly
mismaticresearch.Neverthelessonee pectsnewmaterialtobring
omansolidus63isremarkableforits lackofastar intherightreverse
morethananengraver serror butthesameomissiononatremissiso f
mdate M B 2 pi. 38 N36 isperhapsnoco incidence.
butionoftheMonteJ udicahoardisthegroup of19unusualcoins
75 andJ ustinI I , 85-98. Toshow theSicil ianoriginof thegrouponehasto
f thehoard wherethelocalcoinshavetheir strongestrepresenta-
o f J ustinI I 85-93 hav ingafabricnotk nownbeforeandvariously
ves.Certainfeatures especiallythebulgingrim recalltheR avenna
e amination theemperor sbustissomew hatdif ferentf romthatof thew ell
comparew ith83and84 . Moreovertheterminalle ttero f thereverse
e uenceofB , T A and€ onthenew coins isnototherw iseattestedon
u s t i n I I a p ar t f ro m t he p r ob l em a ti c al M B 3 V 2 0 wi t h A d i sc u ss e d
oubt thattheselettersstandfordates forthelocalmintwas
st offiveofficinae.F urthermorethepreponderanceofAcoins the
pica lo fachrono logica lse uence w hilethe lastyear € , islessheav ily
amongsolidi85-93indicatea highsurvivalratefromalmostcer-
of diesandanobversedieis carriedfromoneyeartothe ne tintwo
ipsyearthree.
a b ou t t he M i no r B y a n ti n e Go l d Mi n ts f r om T i be r iu s I t o H e r a cl i us N C ir c 8 7 ( 1 9 7 9 ,
3 p . 7 1.
oardof1948asrev isedbyW. H ahn " New LightontheThessa lonicanMoneta
f theSi thC entury " NC 141( 1981 , pp. 178-82.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
34/168
gangHahn
93
dofdates areconcernediseasilyresolvedin favorofindictional
dio f thef irsttw oregna lyearsof J ustinI shouldhavehadthestaro f the
n567. Thisstarredf irstemissionof J ustinI I k nownf romC onstanti-
isnotfoundinthehoard andtheConstantinopleportiondropsduringthe later
veso lidio f J ustinI f romthemetropo litanmint . U singindictiona l
i85-93canbeassignedtoyears568-72 the latestco ininthehoard
re1September572.Theappearenceofdatedsolidi intheearlyyears
aspara lle ls incidenta lly atC arthage andtherew erea lsoe periments
onstantinople.5
thehoarda lsohasf ractiona lco insof J ustinI I be longingtothe loca l
msses( 95-98 andonesemissis( 94 o f J ustinI I asw ellasonetremissis
, o fa fabricthatw asa lreadyknow nandthathadbeenattributedtoR avenna
B 4 0 .1 a n d 41 . 1 a n d J u s ti n I I , M B 2 4 , w h e re t w o st y li s ti c g r ou p s we r e
plainedbypostulatingtwoengravers.Nowtheproblemisresolvedby
erentmints R avennaandSicily ( See" C omparativeMateria l " P la tes
ationbetweenthemis similartothatseenin thesolidi:theysharethe
versebusthassomedifferencesinits appearence especiallyinthe
paludamentumontheemperor schest.F urthermoretheR avenna
f tensi - rayed onthesemissesit ism issinga ltogether. A sw ellasthe
cahoardthereareseveralother specimenswhichalsobelongtothis
nfabric: therearefourmoresemissesandonetremissiso f J ustinI I .
p i . 56 2 4 b = G l en d in i ng 9 M a r. 1 9 31 4 1 9
unicipalcoll.
cuseArchaeologicalMuseum
M C 29 0 2 .2 0
Ap r . 19 8 0 1 3 20 = H e s s 24 9 1 3 N ov . 19 7 9 4 6 1 2 . 22
fspecialinterest becausetheyhavetheletterA attheendof the
bea datecorrespondingwiththatonsolidi 88-92 butonewonders
semissesoftheotheryearswerein factnotmarkedwithadate and
p . 4 1 C o n s ta n ti n op l e M B 2 p . 3 8.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
35/168
sarenotinthehoard. I t istemptingtodismissthe interpretationofA as
onnectthesemisses128-29withanotherproblematiccoin thesolidus
2 0 w h ic h i s re c or d ed t h er e t og e th e r wi t h se mi s si s 1 28 ( M B 2 4 b u n de r
sthereare twospecimens.
e u s 31 1 O c t . / No v . 19 8 4 8 3 3 = L a n 1 6 A p r. 1 9 79 6 9 2 4 . 3 4
neseprivatecoll. 4. 47
oldindictioninthe leftofthereversefieldand canthereforebedated
sapparentlymeaningless itmayhavebeencopied( immobili ed f rom
see72-74of J ustinianI . Sty list ically126and127standbetw eentheseand
tinI I 88-92. A furthercluetotheSicil ianattributionof thestarissue is
etremissis130whichhasthestara lsotothe le f t asaconse uenceof
hownwiththeglobus crucigerandwreathreversed.Thisseemsnot
or becausetheheadlook slef tasontremissis95intheMonte J udica
0 isverysimilarto thatoftheA semisses128-29 itprobably
nominationsingoldfor 565-67.
V 20toSicilymakesthe recentsuggestionsastothe meaningofthe
ontheR avennaso lidi6untenable especia lly sincethepresenceofboth
datesthechangefromZ toP before572. Theearliere planationof these
e7remainspreferableforR avenna.
nI theSicil iangroupw ithinthehoardisrepresentedby fourso lidiand
6offersnoproblems beingcloselyrelatedinstyle toitssuccessors
oreof J ustinian stremissesandsemissesof thisfabricarek now nf romsevera l
movedf romtheR avennaseriesM B 39 40. 1 and41.1leav ingonly
na.
e 55 2 . M B 3 9 = B M C V a n da ls 4 2 p i. 1 6 1 3 2 .1 2
4 5 2 . 25
5 52 . B a s e l M un h d lg . 6 1 8 M ar c h 19 3 6 2 1 32 2 . 24
alcoll.
40. 1= B ucharestA k ademycoll.
5 O c t . 1 98 2 3 4 0 = D o r ot h eu m 2 28 2 6 -2 9 J a n .1 9 60 3 1 . 40
M C V a n d al s 4 3 p i . 16 1 4 1 . 47
u n e 19 5 6 ( Z e n o , 2 4 63 1 . 45
u n e 19 5 6 ( Z e n o , 2 4 62 1 . 45
A pr. 1960 683
eMunicipa lco ll.
4/ C p/ A/ / 31 1. 46
V a n d al s 4 5 p i . 16 1 5 1 . 47
gicalMuseum.
inghamUniversity
ining D ec. 1974 331
nanI , To lsto i536 1. 45 122a. DO C 19. 2 1. 49 122b. C ambridge=
l E u r o pe a n Co i na g e ( C a mb r id g e E n g . 1 9 86 , 2 9 4 1 . 41
67 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
36/168
gangHahn
ereverseof 104-5( M B 39 enablesustodatethe beginningofthis
h en i t w as r e ve r se d t o % ( M B 4 0 . 1 a nd J u s ti n I I , M B 2 4 b . 8
tinianI intheMonteJ udicahoard( 71-74 arenotassimilaras isthe
pieces w ecannotfo llow thestylist icdeve lopmentsoclose ly e ither
solidiwasnot continuousorbecausewemerelydonotknowthe
rencesfromtheR avennasolidi( see67-70 arelikewisetobefoundin
sbust theheadsbeingsomewhatsmallerandneaterin Sicily.The
dif ferentforms: ) inSicily >M inR avenna. A partf romtheMonte
fonlytwo othersolidiinthe Sicilianfabric.
e s tl e p i . 5 B e y e r A k. P a l . 4 0 3 4 . 27 9
2 p i . 38 N 3 7 ( a t t ri b ut e d to R a v e nn a
doubtedlyofthe samefabricas67-70ofthe MonteJ udicahoard butit
thereverse legend A 0 w heretheothershaveT( 67 orA ( 68-70 , and
sefieldinsteadof itsnormalpositionontheright. These uenceand
varietiesdependontheinterpretationoftheletters T A andA0.The
27of J ustinI I , hastheA asw ellasthestarlef to f theA 0issue. The
omthe coppercoins.
henewly identif iedSicil iango ldco inageof J ustinianI andJ ustinI I
thertoveryuncertainattributionsofSiciliancopper.Thereare some
X X X A andC ON butinadif ferentsty le f romthatofC onstanti-
proposedbyH ahn.10We cannowcomparethemwiththeSicilian
samebustandtrif o lium. Threespecimensof J ustinian sA NNO X X X A
der.NaplesNationalMuseum( Santangelocoll.
ngrad510 14. 17
Leningrad511 16. 91
ne( w hichdoesnotseemimprobable theA couldbeanindictiona lyear
hofficinawouldbeonlyapseudo-officinaletterto fillthespace.A
edon31 August556 andthethirteenthregnalyearbeganon 1April
uldrefertothesameindictiona lyear theV w ouldthenbetheyear
tw hatisA 0 I t isevenuncerta inw hetherw eshouldread0oravertica lO;
ense 11w hile0couldbethedate e lucidatedbyA asyear9 orperhaps
y theA e ua ll ing1 andthe0isaseparateadministrative( secret mark
venthcentury.12Thefirstyear ofthisindictionwas552/3 andthe
otharepossibleandtheq uestioncannotberesolvedonthe basisof
ehoarddisplayingtwolettersatthe endofthereverseinscription
w ellk now nf romanumberofotherspecimensandprev iously thoughttobeaproduct
Constantinoplemint.13Thise planationwasbasedontheassumption
rthaginiangoldmintinabout540was donebytwonewlycreated
anmintwhichappliedthemarks I AandI B .Thesesolidistylistically
of t h e us e o f th e s ec r et m ar k s e e M B 1 p . 1 7 a n d 3 p . 2 5.
u n s t u nd B y a n ti n is c he M u n p r dg u ng v o n J u s t i ni a n I ( A t he n s 1 9 64 .
semblancetothee ceptiona lC arthaginiansolidusM 26w ithA OP insteadof
29. Theformof the9w ithapro longedhori onta lbaroccursa lsoonR omancoinsof
B 3 4 .8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
37/168
dentifiableCarthaginianissuessimilartothe standardtypestruck
nstantinople.Aftera whilethetwelfthofficinawasthoughttohave
inopleandtohavebeenactive strikingsolidiofthetype introducedin
mewhatlater.This hypothesisisapparentlyinvalid asC.Morrisson
attheI AandI B oftheCarthaginiansolidiareindictionalyears.14The
M B 7arecertainlyofC onstantinopo litanfabric andif theybelongtoa
enosignof aneleventhwhichmayhavebeenthesilver officinanot
devenmoreby therecentappearanceofasinglesolidus markedl
egendandofundeniablyConstantinopolitanstyle.O nthiscointhe € was
dyfinisheddie ofthetenthofficinabecausetherewas nospaceleftafterthe I
hadtobecutoverthee erguall ine . I t isdif f iculttoe pla inthecombina-
hemetropolitanmint. J . P . C . K enthassuggestedcooperationbetweentw o
tsimilarcaseof the22carat l ightw eightso lidiw ith0S 15butthe
w hyorunderw hichconditionsw ouldtheyhavecooperated. A nearlye peri-
aldatingon theregularConstantinopolitansolidiisimprobable
ntheyears 12and15.Theassumptionofindictional yearswould
ifthecoinswerestruck inConstantinoplebutintendedforawestern
ily. I nthiscasethe I B w ouldstandfor548/ 9 because l canonlybe551/ 2
hene tindictionbeinglaterthantheendof J ustinian sre ign . A lthough
ceforaSicilianconnectionforthese coinsapartfromthesingle
udicahoard 16it istemptingtoseethemasapre lim inarystage inthe
o ldcoinage. Theyears12( 548/9 and15( 551/2 w ouldhavebeen
pe w hereasthe lateryears3( 554/5 , 4( 555/6 , and9( 560/1 or1
eenstruckin Sicilyitself.Theuseof indictionaldatingsoncoinswhich
dinthe ConstantinoplemintforcirculationintheW estisalsonotable
/ 4 ( M B 9 8 .
everseof follis101leadsusto theq uestionofthehithertovery
erouswestern10-and 5-nummipieceswiththeL atinvaluemarkX
( M B 2 4 6 . H a h n p r op o se d a S ic i li a n mi n t fo r t he m 17 d e sp i te t h e ab s en c e of
rawingoftheemperor sprofilebustis oftensomewhatcrude but
5 whicharestylisticallycomparabletothefractionalgold coins.The
ngthentheSicilianattributionof thecoppers especiallythedelineation
udicahoardthusoffersmoreevidencefor theproductionofcopper
stinianI . I nitsla terdeve lopment i. e . inthe lateryearsof J ustinianI
furthersty list iccomparisionsdonothe lp becausethediesof thecopper
rudeforsimilaritiestobe detected.Morehoardsprovidingsuch
vetheremainingproblems.
lume.
r e v i ew o f Ad e ls o n N C 1 9 ( 1 9 5 9 , p . 2 3 9.
sk now nareA lbania( D O C 278w ithincorrectattributiontoCarthage andPelopon-
ow p. 46 prefersatentativeattributionof theseco instoaprov isiona lmintinthe
b ut se eM B 2 p .4 9.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Studies in early Byzantine gold coinage / ed. by Wolfgang Hahn and William E. Metcalf
38/168
gangHahn
atesontheSicil ianso lidio f J ustinI I theconcea lmentof theMonte
beenin 572orshortlyafterward.W eknowofnothreat toSicilyin
sionhad beenmade20yearsearlierbythe TotilasGoths whilethe
achedthestraits ofMessina.
untsto 93 /6solidi i.e.aboutl /apoundsofgold almoste actly
essalonikihoardof1948 whichamountedto93 /3solidi.Compared
entsmentionedinthe lettersofP opeGregory I ( 590-604 re ferringto
ortune.I sitpossiblethat therewasaJ ewishcommunitythereasthere
ncities ofthistime 19Suchcommunitieswereoftenharrassedby
addit ion 572 theprobableyearthehoardw asclosed w astheendofa
ata ationperiod.
onte J udicaHoard
earsof I ssue
567572
oardshowsarangeofabout 45years omittingtheisolatedspecimen
edintoapplicableperiods21andconvertedintoyearlyindices thecompo-
ghtanomalyduetotheoverrepresentationof J ustinianI ' slustral
6 C onstantinople . Thismightbee pla inedby thecourseofevents
Thenew lyappo intedpraefecluspraetorioperI ta liam Ma imus coming
2w asstuck inSy racuseforaw hile( P rocop. Goth. 7.7. 1-3 andit is
hedR omeatall.
taryunderstandingofthehistoryoftheSiciliangold mintageinthe
ia lo f theMonte J udicahoard i. e . a f