Org. Chem I Handout #5
Copyright © Doug E. Frantz The University of Texas at San Antonio
STEREOCHEMISTRY
There are two major classes of isomers you should be intimately familiar with:
1) Constitutional isomers (or structural isomers) – compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in the way atoms are bonded to each other. • different IUPAC names • same or different functional groups • different physical properties • different chemical properties
2) Stereoisomers – compounds with the same molecular formula AND atom connectivity but differ in the 3D spatial arrangement of atoms. • differ only in the way the atoms are oriented in space • have identical IUPAC names (except for a prefix like cis or trans) • always have the same functional group(s) • differ in configuration (its particular three‐dimensional arrangement)
EXAMPLES:
CHIRALITY A molecule (or anything for that matter) that is not superimposable on its mirror image is CHIRAL. A molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image is said to be ACHIRAL. The most common and simple example is to look at your hands. Your hands are mirror images of each other. But, when you try to lay them on top of each other (palms up), they do not overlap (non‐superimposable). What about your whole body? Think about it and see if you can rationalize if your entire body is chiral or achiral.
both have the same molecular formula and the IUPAC names except for the prefix (cis vs. trans).
Thus, they are stereoisomers since the only thing that is different is the spatial arrangement of the ethyl groups.
H3CCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
(1R,3S)-1,3-dimethylcyclohexaneChemical Formula: C8H16
Molecular Weight: 112.21
(E)-3,4-dimethylhex-3-eneChemical Formula: C8H16
Molecular Weight: 112.21
both have the same molecular formula but...........very different IUPAC names.
Thus, they are constitutional isomers.
H3CH2C CH2CH3 H3CH2C CH2CH3
trans-1,2-diethylcyclobutanecis-1,2-diethylcyclobutane
Chemical Formula: C8H16
Molecular Weight: 112.21Chemical Formula: C8H16
Molecular Weight: 112.21
Org. Chem I Handout #5
Copyright © Doug E. Frantz The University of Texas at San Antonio
Let’s look at some molecules……..
Practice problems. Draw the mirror image of each compound and label them as chiral or achiral.
Mirror plane
Mirror images that do not overlap when laid on top of each other
Thus, your hands are chiral
H
H F
ClH
HF
Cl
mirror plane
H
H F
Cl
CH3
H F
ClCH3
HF
Cl
rotate to align the bonds to each atom
rotate to try to align the bonds to each atom
CH3
H Cl
F
You can't do it no matter how you rotate!!These are non-superimposable mirror images. Thus, this molecule is chiral.
These are exactly the same molecules. All of the atoms line up perfectly and can be superimposed on each other. Thus, this molecule is
achiral.
Ex. CH2FCl Ex. CH3CHClF
Br
H Cl
H
CH3
HO Cl
H
H2N H
OH
OH
H
CH3
H3C
H
HO2CCO2H