Grammar BookAugusto Melnick
Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Stem Changers3. Para4. Object Pronoun Placement5. IOP’s6. Gustar7. Affirmative/Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement11. Negative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement12. Sequencing Events13. Preterite14. Trigger Words15. -Car, -Gar, -Zar16. Deber + Infinitive17. Modal Verbs18. Present Progressive19. Adverbs
Stem Changers
1. O > UEDormir: to sleepYo duermoTú duermesEl/Ella/Ud. duerme
Nosotros/as dormimosVosotros/as dormísEllos/Ellas/Uds duermen
2. E > IEPensar: to thinkYo piensoTú piensasEl/Ella/Ud. piensa
Nosotros/as pensamosVosotros/as pensáisEllos/Ellas/Uds piensan3. E > I
Servir: to serveYo sirvoTú sirvesEl/Ella/Ud. sirve
Nosotros/as servimosVosotros/as servísEllos/Ellas/Uds sirven
4. E > UEPeder: to be able toYo puedoTú puedesEl/Ella/Ud. puede
Nosotros/as pedemosVosotros/as pedéisEllos/Ellas/Uds pueden
Para Para means for or in order to. Ex: Ella compra frutas PARA cena. Ex: Yo necesito una taza PARA beber
bebidas.
Object Pronoun Placement1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
IOP’s Indirect object pronouns are used to avoid
repetition and answer “whom” or what.” The IOP’s are:
They replace or accompany indirect objects.
MeTeLe
NosOsLes
Gustar Gustar- to like When conjugating gustar, CONJUGATE
BACKWARDS. If the object is singular: me/te/le/nos/les gusta. If the object is plural: me/te/le/nos/les gustan.
Affirmative/Negative Words
Affirmative Negative
Algo (something) Nada (nothing)
Alguien (someone) Nadie (no one)
Algún/alguno(a) (some) Ningún/ninguno(a) (none)
Siempre (always) Nunca (never)
También (also) Tampoco (neither)
Superlatives Add –isimo, -isimos, -isima, or -isimas at the end
of an adjective. Equivalent of “extremely”. If the adjective ends in c>qu, g>gu, z>c. If it ends in –n or –r, add –cisimo/a at the end.
Reflexives In reflexive form, the subject is also the object.
The person does and receives the action. The subject, verb, and pronoun are all in the same form.
Ex: levantarse
Reflexives have 4 different positions: in front of a conjugated verb, attached to a gerund, attached to an infinitive, or attached to an affirmative command.
Yo me levantoTu te levantasEl/Ella/Ud. se levanta
Nosotros nos levantamos
Ellos/as/Uds. se levantan
Affirmative Tú Commands An affirmative command is commanding
someone to do something. To conjugate, simply put the verb in the
el/ella/Ud. form. Ex: caminar- to walk. ¡Camina! Irregulars: di-decir, haz-hacer, ve-ir, pon-poner,
sal-salir, sé-ser, ten-tener, ven-venir
Negative Tú Commands A negative command is telling someone NOT to
do something. To conjugate, first put verb in the “yo” form. Then,
drop the –o. If the verb ends in –ar, put an –es at the end. If the verb ends in –er or –ir, put an –as at the end.
Ex: Don’t speak! ¡No hables! Irregulars: no des-dar (doy in yo form), no estés-
estar (estoy), no vayas-ir (voy), no seas-ser (soy)
Sequencing Events First: primero Then: entonces Later: luego Finally: por fin Before: antes de After: después de In/during the..: por la.. On monday, tuesday..: los lunes, martes, etc.
Preterite Perfected action in the past tense.
-ar verbs
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
-er/-ir verbs
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
Trigger WordsEnglish Spanish
One day Un dia
Once Una vez
Yesterday Ayer
At night A noche
A year ago Hace un año
Already Ya
Last month El mes pasado
Before yesterday Ante ayer
For an hour Por una hora
Finally Por fin
At eight A las ocho
February 5th El cinco de febrero
Twice Dos veces
-car, -gar, -zar In the “yo” form preterite, -car > -qué, -gar > -
gué, & -zar > -cé. Tocar. Yo toqué. Jugar. Yo jugué. Comenzar: Yo comencé.
Deber + infinitive Deber- should
Deber is always followed by an infinitive. Ex: I should go. Yo debo ir.
Yo deboTú debesEl/Ella/Ud. debe
Nosotros debemos
Ellos/as/Uds. deben
Modal Verbs The second verb is never conjugated in a modal
verb combination. You wouldn’t say “yo puedo nado”, you would say “yo puedo nadar.”
Present Progressive Conjugated form of estar + “ing” -ar > -ando -er/-ir > -iendo 3 vowels > -yendo
Hablar > hablando
Escribir > escribiendo
Leer > leyendo
Adverbs For adjectives ending in –o or –a, add –mente to
the feminine form. Ex: lento > lentamente For adjectives ending in –e, -l, or –z, simply add –
mente to the end. Ex: feliz > felizmente.
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