Libro de Gramática Español

Bianca Dominick

IndiceTema Página

1. El Presente 3• Stem-Changing Verbs 4• Irregular Yo Forms 5• Irregular Verbs 6

2. Ser y Estar 73. Verbos Como Gustar 84. Nouns, Articles, Adjectives 95. Preterito vs Imperfecto 10-116. El Subjunctivo 12

• In Noun Clauses 13-14• In Adjective Clauses 15

7. Mandatos 168. Object Pronouns 179. Possessive Adjectives 1810. Possessive Pronouns 1911. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns 2012. Reflexive Verbs 2113. Por y Para 22-2314. To Become 24

El Presente

• Regular –ar, -er, -ir verbs

• Used to express actions or situations that are going on at the present time and to express general truths

• Used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in the near future (acabar)

BailarBailo BailamosBailas BailáisBaila Bailan

ComerComo Comemos

Comes ComéisCome Comen

Batir

Bato Batimos

Bates Batís

Bate Baten

El presente:Stem-Changing Verbs

No Stem change in the nosotros or vosotros form.

Construir, destruir, incluir, and influir add a y before the personal endings (but not in the nosotros or vosotros forms)

Dormir (o-ue)Duermo Dormimos

Duermes Dormís

Duerme Duermen

Jugar (e-ue)

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugáis

Juega Juegan

Servir (e-i)

Sirvo Servimos

Sirves Servís

Sirve sirven

Hervir (e-ie)

Hiervo Hervimos

Hierves Hervís

Hierve Hierven

Incluir

Incluyo Incluimos

Incluyes Incluís

Incluye incluyen

El Presente:Irregular Yo Forms

Conocer Conozco

Conducir Conduzco

Escoger Escojo

Dirigir Dirijo

Seguir Sigo

Hacer Hago

Poner Pongo

Tener Tengo

Valer Valgo

Decir Digo

Salir Salgo

Venir Vengo

Oír Oigo

Caer Caigo

Traer Traigo

Caber Quepo

Saber Sé

Ver Veo

Dar Doy

Estar Estoy

Ir Voy

Ser Soy

El Presente:Irregular Verbs

• doy, das, da, damos, dais, danDar• Digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicenDecir (e-ie)• Estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, estánEstar• Voy, vas, va, vamos, váis, vanIr• Oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyenOír• Soy, eres, es, somos, sóis, sonSer• Tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienenTener (e-ie)• Vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienenVenir (e-ie)

Ser y Estar“To Be”

Ser: Permanence

• Nationality and place of origin

• Profession or occupation

• Characteristics of people, animals, and things

• Generalizations• Possession• Material of composition• Time, date or season• Where or when an

event takes place

Estar: Temporality

• Location or spatial relationships

• Health• Physical states and

conditions• Emotional states• Certain weather

expressions• Ongoing actions

(progressive tenses)• Results of actions (past

participles)• *use estar with

“muerto/a”*

Many times, either can be used, but he meaning of each statement is different. Some adjectives have different meanings depending on which verb you use.

Verbos Como GustarThe thing or person that

pleases is the subject, so gustar agrees in

person and number with it.

When followed by 1 or more infinitives, the

singular form is always used.

Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaría) to soften a

request.

A personal: a + [noun/prepositional

pronoun] can be used to emphasize who is

pleased, bothered, etc.

Gustar: to please

Aburrir: to bore

Caer bien/mal: to (not) get along with

Disgustar: to upset

Doler: to hurt, to ache

Encantar: to like very much

Faltar: to lack, to need

Fascinar: to fascinate

Hacer falta: to miss, to need

Importar: to be important to, to matter

Interesar: to be interesting to, to interest

Molestar: to bother, to annoy

Preocupar: to worry

Quedar: to be left over, to fit (clothing)

Sporender: to surprise

Apetecer: to crave, to long for

Nouns, Articles, AdjectivesNouns have gender and

number Masculine or feminine? Singular or plural? Articles must agree in gender and number

Singular/masculine: el, unSingular/feminine: la, unaPlural/masculine: los, unosPlural/feminine: las, unas

Adjectives must agree in gender and number Masuline: end in o Feminine: end in a

Some adjectives end in an e (triste, alegre, etc.) stays an e regardless of the gender of

the noun

Singular: no sPlural: end with an s

Some nouns are not clear about their gender because

they do not end in o or a (amistad, español, etc.) look

up their gender before describing them

Now have fun describing stuff! ^_^

Preterito vs Imperfecto

Preterito Imperfecto

-ar

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

-er/-ir

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

-er/-ir

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

-ar

-aba -ábamos

-abas -abais

-aba -aban

El P

asad

o

Acciones completos

Un evento soltero

Durante un período de tiempo específico

Acciones en una

cadena de eventos

El comienzo de un acción

El fin de un acción

Acciones incompletos

Acciones regulares

Acciones durante o

meintras otros acciones

Tiempo

Edad

Preterito vs ImperfectoPreterito

• Ayer• Anteayer• Anoche• Desde el primer momento• Durante dos siglos• El otro día• En ese momento• Entonces• Esta mañana• Esta tarde• La semana pasada• El mes pasado• El año pasado• Hace dos días• Hace tres años• Ayer por la mañana• Ayer por la tarde

Imperfecto

• A menudo• A veces• Cada día• Cada semana• Cada mes• Cada año• Con frecuencia• De vez en cuando• En aquella época• Frecuentemente• Generalmente• Muchas veces• Mucho• Nunca• Por un rato• Siempre• Tantas veces• Todas las semanas• Todos los días• Todo el tiempo• Varias veces

El SubjunctivoAttitudes, Uncertain,

HypotheticalSubjunctive Mood

Main Clause + Connector + Subordinate

Clause

Structure

e, es, e, emos, en -ar conjugation

a, as, a, amos, an-er conjugation

Dar (Dé), Estar (Esté), Ir

(Vaya), Saber (Sepa), Haber

(Haya), Ser (Sea)

Irregulars

• Wishing/wantingW• EmotionsE• DoubtD• DisbeliefD• Impersonal ExpressionsI• NegationN• God/griefG

El Subjunctivo:In noun clauses

Verbs of will and

Influence

Importar : be important, to

matterInistir (en):

to insist (on)

Mandar: to order

Prohibir: to prohibit

Recomendar (e-ie): to

recommend

Rogar (o-ue): to beg, to

plead

Sugerir (e-ie): to

suggest

Aconsejar: to advise

Expressions of Emotion

Alegrarse (de): to be

happyEsperar: to

hope, to wish

Sentir (e-ie): to be sorry, to regret

Soprender: to surprise

Temer: to be afraid, to

fear

Es triste: it’s sad

Ojála (que): I hope (that), I

wish (that)

Expressions of doubt, disbelief,

and denial

Dudar: to doubt

Negar (e-ie): to deny

Es imposible:

it’s impossible

Es improbable:

it’s improbable

No es cierto: it’s not true,

it’s not certain

No es seguro: it’s not certain

No es verdad: it’s

not true

El Subjunctivo:In noun clauses

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que…

Es mejor que…

Es malo que…

Es importante que…

Es necesario que…

Es urgente que…

El Subjunctivo:In adjective clauses

Antecedent of the subordinate clause is unknown• subjunctive

Antecedent is a negative pronoun (nadie, ninguno/a)• subjunctive

Direct object represents a hypothetical person•do not use personal “a”

Direct object is “nadie” or “alguien”•use personal “a” (even if

existence is uncertain)

Question with adjective clause – speaker is trying to find out something he/she is uncertain of• subjunctive

Mandatos

Tú: drop the sIrregulares: ten, ven,

ve, di, sal, sé, haz

Usted/Ustedes: put in yo form and change to opposite vowel

Irregulares: TVDISHES

Tú: put in yo form, change to opposite

vowel, ad an sIrregulares: TVDISHES

Usted/Ustedes: same as above

Irregulares: TVDISHES

DOP + IOP + se can attach to an affirmative

--------------------------------------DOP + IOP + se must go

before the negative

Affirm

ativo

sN

egati

vos

Nosotros:same as Usted and UstedesIrregulars: TVDISHES and monos verbs

Object Pronouns• To whom?• For Whom?• Me, te, le, nos, os, les• Come before the conjugated verb• Can be attached to an infinitive, a

gerund (ando/iendo), or an affirmative command (probably have to add an accent)

• Receive the action of the verb• What?• Me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las• Come before the conjugated verb• Can be attached to an infinitive, a

gerund (ando/iendo), or an affirmative command (probably have to add an accent

• “lo” is used for an abstract idea or something with no gender

• Indirect object pronoun comes before the Direct object pronoun when they are used together

• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las

• Le lo se lo• Les la se la• Les los se los• Le las se las

• A + [prepositional pronoun] is used for clarity or emphasis

• Mí: me, myself Ti: you, yourself Usted: you, yourself Él: him, it Ella: her, it Sí: himself, herself, itself Nosotros/as: us, ourselves Vosotros/as: you, yourselves Ustedes: you, yourselves Ellos: them Ellas: them Sí: themselves

• [mí, tí, sí ]+ con [conmigo, contigo, consigo]

• Entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según are used with tú and yo

Indirect Object Pronouns

Direct Object Pronouns

Double Object Pronouns

Prepositional Pronouns

Possessive AdjectivesBelongs to yo

Singular

miBelo

ngs to yo

Plural

mis

Belongs

to tú

Singular

tuBelongs

to tú

Plural

tus

Belongs to él, ellos,

ella(s), usted(e

s)

Singular

suBelongs to

él, ellos,

ella(s), usted(

es)

Plural

sus

Belongs to nosot

ros

Singular

Masculine

nuestroBelon

gs to nosot

ros

Singular

Feminine

nuestraBelon

gs to nosot

ros

Plural

Masculine

nuestros

Belongs to nosot

ros

Plural

Feminine

nuestras

Belongs to vosot

ros

Singular

Masculine

vuestroBelon

gs to vosot

ros

Singular

Feminine

vuestra

Belongs to vosot

ros

Plural

Masculine

vuestros

Belongs to vosot

ros

Plural

Feminine

vuestra

s

Possessive Pronouns

Mine (Yo)

El mío

La mía

Los míos

Las mías

Yours (Tú)

El tuyo

La tuya

Los tuyos

Las tuyas

Yours (Usted), His (Él),

Hers (Ella)

El suyo

La suya

Los suyos

Las suyas

Ours (Nosotros)

El nuestro

La nuestra

Los nuestros

Las nuestras

Yours (Vosot

ros)El vuestro

La vuestra

Los vuestros

Las vuestras

Yours (Ustedes),

Theirs (Ellos, Ellas)

El suyo

La suya

El suyos

Las suyas

Agree in number and gender with the thing they are referring to

Subject keep the article adjective

After the verb ser (like a Predicate Nominative) get rid

of the article adjective

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Near, This

Ese

Esa

Esos

Esas

Far, That

Este

Esta

Estos

Estas

way over there, that over there

Aquel

Aquella

Aquellos

Aquellas

To make it a pronoun, put an accent on the first e

Esto is neutral

Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive Pronouns

mete

se

nosos

se

Daily

Routi

nes an

d Perso

nal Car

e

Acostarse (to go to bed)Afeitarse (to shave)Bañarse (to take a bath)Cepillarse (to brush [one’s hair/teeth])Despertarse (to wake up)Dormirse (to go to sleep)Ducharse (to take a shower)Lavarse (to wash [oneself])Maquillarse (to put on makeup)Peinarse (to comb [one’s hair])Ponerse (to put on [clothing])Secarse (to dry off)Quitarse (to take off [clothing])Vestirse (to get dressed)

Verbs

that chan

ge meaning whe

n they

are used with

a reflexive

pronoun

Aburrir (to bore) aburrirse (to be bored)Acordar (to agree) acordarse [de] (to remember)Comer (to eat) comerse (to eat up)Dormir (to sleep) dormirse (to fall asleep)Ir (to go) irse [de] (to go away [from])Llevar (to carry) llevarse (to carry away)Mudar (to change) mudarse (to move [change residence])Parecer (to seem) parecerse [a] (to resemble, to look like)Poner (to put) ponerse (to put on [clothing])Quitar (to take away) quitarse (to take off [clothing])

Alway

s R

eflexi

ve

Acercarse [a] (to approach)Arrepentirse [de] (to repent [of])Atreverse [a] (to dare [to])Convertirse [en] (to become)Darse cuenta [de] (to realize)Enterarse [de] (to find out [about])Fijarse [en] (to take notice [of])Morirse [de] (to die [of])Olvidarse [de] (to forget [about])Preocuparse [por] (to worry [about])Quejarse [de] (to complain [about])Soprenderse [de] (to be surprised [about])

Subject of the verb both

performs and receives the

action

Plural reciprocal

actions done to one

another

Reflexive pronoun

comes before the direct

object pronoun

Por y Para

Por

Motion or general location (along, through, around, by) Duration of an action (for, during, in)Reason or motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)Object of a search (for, in search of)Means by which (by, by way of, by means of) [por teléfono, por tren]Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for)Unit of measure (per, by)Passive voice (by)

Para

Destination (toward, in the direction of)Deadline/specific time in the future (by, for)Purpose or goal + [infinitive] (in order to)Purpose + [noun] (for, used for)Recipient (for)Comparison with others or opinion (for, considering)Employment (for)

Por y Para

Por

Por allí/aquí (around there/here)Por casualidad (by chance/accident)Por ejemplo (For example)Por eso (therefore, for that reason)Por fin (finally)Por lo general (in general)Por lo menos (at least)Por lo tanto (therefore)Por lo visto (apparently)Por más/mucho que (no matter how much)Por otro lado/otra parte (on the other hand)Por primera vez (for the first time)Por si acaso (just in case)Por supesto (of course)

Para

No estar para bromas (to be in no mood for jokes)No ser para tanto (to not be so important)Para colmo (to top I all off)Para que sepas (just so you know)Para siempre (forever)

To Become

Hacerse• Followed by a

noun or adjective• Indicate a change

brought about by effort

• (became a doctor, be came a lawyer, got rich, became popular)

Ponerse• Followed by an

adjective• Indicates an

involuntary physical or emotional change

• (turned red from embarrassment, got sick)

Volverse• Followed by an

adjective• Indicates a

sudden, profound change

• (went crazy, became imposible)

Llegar a ser• Followed by a

noun or adjective• Indicate a change

brought about by effort

• (became a doctor, be came a lawyer, got rich, became popular)