SEMINAR
ON
SOCIOMETRY
AND
ANECDOTAL
RECORD
SUBMITTED TO,
MRS,SATHYA
M.SC(N), LECTURER
SUBMITTED BY,
M.SHOBA
M.SC(N) I YEAR
MASTER PLAN
Name of the students Teacher : Ms . M . Shoba
Name of the evaluator : Mrs . Sathya M.sc(N) Lecturer.
Name of the Subject : NursingEducation
Unit : V
Topic : Sociometry , Anecdotal Record
Level of the students : M.Sc(N) I year
Number of students : 19
Method of Teaching : Lecture cum discussion
Audiovisual Aides : Black board, chart, OHP, Flannel, Handout Pamplet
Class room : M.sc (N) I year class room
S.No
Content Page No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
i)
ii)
iii)
Introduction
Terminology1. Sociometry.2. Anecdotal record.
Etymological meaning.
Definition - (JACOB MOREND).
Purposes
Branches of socio metry:
Research socio metry Applied sociometry
Moreno ‘s criteria for sociometric Test.
Other Approaches & Software
Pyschodrama
Psychological use
Group psychotherapy
Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors
Universality
Altruism
Institution of Hope
Imparting Information
Correction Recapitulation of the
primary family experience
Development of Socializing
Techniques
Initiative Behaviors
iv
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
1)
Cohesiveness
Existential Factor
Catharsis
Interpersonal Learning
self understanding
Gestalt Therapy
History
Objective
Notable Issues
Change
Play therapy
Indicate to whom?
Sanitary or sand box Therapy
Therapy – procedure
Play Back Theatre
Drama Therapy
Therapy History
Attachment Therapy
Criticism
ANECDOTAl RECORD
Definition
2) Meaning - Anecdotal Record
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Characteristics
Merits
Demerits
Principles
Descriptive Report
Format for Anecdotal
Anecdotal Notes
Illustration for use of anecdotal notes
Recommendation
Conclusion
Journal Abstract
Bibliography
AV . AIDS used Chalk board Over head projector Chart Pamplets Flannel board
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
B.T. Basavanthappa (2003), Nursing Education”, 1st
edition, New Delhi, Jaypee brothers, Pp: 359-384, 515-522.
Jean Barrette (2004), “Ward Management and
Education”, 14th edition, komark publishers Pp: 357-368.
K.P. Neeraj (2003) “Textbook of Nursing Education” 1st
edition, Newdelhi, Jaypee brothers, Pp: 315-317.
NET REFERENCE:
www.wikiepeida.co.in
SOCIO METRY
INTRODUCION :The realization of educational goals and objectives in the
educative process is based on the accuracy of the judgments
and in inferences made by at a good decision the test,
measurements and evaluations are being used in all
educational situations. The evaluation has become a part and
parcel of every system of education to determine the
achievement of goals by the students in a given period.
SOCIOMETRY :
Sociometry is a quantitative methods for
measuring social relationship.
ETIOLOGICAL MEANING :
The word derived from Latin word “Socious”
meaning companion “metrom” meaning measure .
JACOB MORENO DEFINES:
Sociometry as “The enquiry in to the evolution and
organization of groups and the position of individuals with in
them.
He goes on to write “ As the, science group organization
if attacks the problem not from the outer structure of the
group, the group surface, but from the inner structure.
Sociometric explorations reveals the hidden structures
that gives a group it forms; the alliances, the subgroups, the
hidden belief, the forbidden agendas the ideological
agreements, the stars of the show.
PURPOSE
It enables the teacher to get a comprehensive picture of
the structure of social relationship in the entire class by
means of certain instrument and methods of interpreting
and applying the results obtained
It is a special methods of obtaining the information
through oral questions written responses and analyzing
the records in studying.
It is a technique where by each member is asked to state
the kind of relationship. Which he holds towards other
members these responses have been recorded graphically
and represented in sociogram.
The sociometric status , his relationship with other
members in a group perception of other members, etc
will be revealed in sociometry.
It is a method used to determine the degree to which
individuals are accepted [or] rejected in a group and
group structure, sub divisions of the group / based on sex,
age caste, family procession culture affinity etc. group
positions [popular stars, leaders isolates, rejects etc and
so on ].
The technique is simple in use and speedy in
administrations.
The curricular and co- curricular formation of groups,
choosing companions, partners for specific activities [or]
occuasion can be drawn in sociometry.
BRANCHES OF SOCIOMETRY:
Research sociometry.
Applied sociometry.
RESEARCH SOCIOMETRY:
Research sociometry in actions research with groups
the socio emotional networks of relationships using specified
criteria [e.g ] . who in this group do you want to sit beside you
at work? who in the group do you go to for advice in a work
problem? who in the group do you se providing satisfying
leadership in the pending project? sometimes called network
explorations research sociometry is concerned with relational
patterns in small {individual and small groups} and larger
populations such as organization and neighbor hoods .
APPLIED SOCIOMETRY:
It utilize a range of methods to assist people and
groups review, expand of develop their existing psycho - social
network of relationship.
Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their
application greater spontaneity and creativity of both
individuals and groups .
MORENO’S CRITRIA FOR SOCIOMETRIA TEST :
In “sociometry”, experimental method and the
science of society .An approach to a new political orientation .
“ moreno describes the depth to which a group needs to go for
the method to be “sociometry “ the form for him had a
qualitative meaning and did not apply unless some group
process. Criteria were met one of there is that there is
acknowledgement if the differences between process dynamics
and the manifest content. To quote morena there is a deep
discrepancy between the official and the secret behavior of
members Moreno advocates that before any “ social program
can be proposed, the sociometrist has to take in to account the
actual constitution of the group .
OTHER APPROACHES AND SOFTWARE :
Other approaches were developed in last decades ,
such as social network analysis {or} socio mapping free ware
as well as commercial software was developed for analysis of
group and there structure such as pajek {or} in flow .All there
approaches shave lot of their basic principles with
sociometry .
Moreno’s criteria for a sociometric approach are not
easily adhered to using software methods that are divorced
from groups work .A sociogram is a graphic representation of
social links that a person has sociograms were developed by
Jacob . L moren to analysis choices[or} perferences with in a
group . They can diagram the structure and patterns of groups
interaction . A sociogram can be drawn on the basis of many
differences criteria social relations channels of influence lines
of communication etc.
Those points on a sociogram who have many choices are
called stars . Those with few or no choices are called
isolates .Individuals who choose each other are know to have
to have made a mutal choice one way choice refers to
individuals who choose some one but the choice is not
reciprocated . Cliques are groups of three {or} more people
within a large group who all choose each other .
Sociograms are the charts {or} tools used to find the
sociometry of a social space .
Under the social discipline model. Sociograms are
sometimes used to reduce misbehavior in a classroom
environment. A sociogram is constructed after students
answer a series of questions probing for social acceptance for
misbehaving, are known as a friendship chart, often the most
important person/ thing is in a bigger bubble most important
and the smallest representing the least important.
Different from their own role - playing also known as
RP to some , is being in an improvisational drama {or} free
form theater, in which the participate are the actors who are
playing parts and the audience .
People use the phase “role - playing” in atleast 3 distinct ways.
To refer to the playing of roles generally such as in a
theater{or} educational setting .
To refer to a wide range of games including computer
role - playing games , play by games and more .
To refer specifically to role playing games .
PSYCHODRAMA :
Psychodrama is a form of human development which
explors, through dramatic action , the problems , issues
concerns drams and highest aspiration of people , groups
systems and organizations. It is mostly used as a group work
method , in which each person in the group can become a
therapeutic agent for each others in the group developed by
Jacob L. Morenno.
In psychodrama has strong elements of theater often
conducted on a stage where props can be used the audience is
fully involved with the dramatic action. Audience involvement
is either through personal interest in the concerns of the
leading actor, called the protagonist {or} through playing
some roles of the drama which helps the protagonist {or}
taking the form of some of the other elements of the drama
which can give voice to the rest of our wide {or} through
active engagement as an audience member.
Psychodrama’s core functions is the raising of
spontaneity in an adequate and functional manner, It is
through the raising of spontaneity that a system, whether and
internal human system {or} an organizational system, can
begin to become creative life filled and develop new solutions
to old and tired problems {or} adequate solution to new
situations and concerns.
A psychodrama is best conducted and produced by a
person trained in the method {or} learning the method called
a psychodrama director.
There are many psychodrama training institutes in
many countries around the world.
[Eg] Australian and New Zealand psychodrama association,
the American society of group psychotherapy and
psychodrama.
Psychological use:
Participants explore internal conflicts through acting out
their emotions and interpersonal interaction on stage .
A given psychodrama session {90min - 2 hrs} focuses
principally on a single participate known as the protagonist .
Protagonist examine their relationship by interacting with
the other actors and the leader , known as the director . This is
done using specific techniques including doubling role
reversals , mirrors ,soliloquy and sociometry .
Psychodrama attempts to create an internal restructuring
of dysfunctional mindset with other people, and it challenge
the participate to discover new answer to some situations.
Become more spontaneous and independent there are
over 10,000 practitioners internationally.
It is one form of group psychotherapy a method of
communication in which the communications express him/her
themselves in action.
Role playing is an important method in it widely used in
business and industry.
Psychodrama offers a powerful approach to teaching and
learning as well as to training interrelationship skills.
The action techniques of psychodrama also offers a
means of discovering and community information concerning
events and situations in which the communications has been
involved.
GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY :
Is a form of psychotherapy in which one {or} more
therapists treated a small group of clients together as a
group
The term can legitimately refer to any form of
psychotherapy when delivered in a group format
including
- Cognitive behavioral therapy.
- Interpersonal therapy.
But it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy
where the-group content and group process is explicitly
utilized as a mechanism of change by developing exploring
and examining interpersonal relationship with in the group.
The broader concepts of group therapy can be taken any
helping process that takes place in a group including support
group , skill training group {such as anger management,
mindfulness and psycho education {programme} groups.
Other specialized forms of group therapy would include
non verbal expressive therapy, dance therapy music.
group therapy would include non verbal expressive
therapy, dance therapy music.
YALOM’S THERAPEUTIC FACTORS :
UNIVERSALITY:
The recognition of shaved experiences and feelings
among group members and that there may be widespread
{or} universal human concerns , serves, to remove a group
members sense of isolation, validate their experiences and
raise self esteem .
AITRUSIM:
The groups is a place where members can help each
other and the experience of being able to give something to
another person can lift the members self esteem and help
developed more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal
skills.
INSTILLUTION OF HOPE :
In a mixed group has members of various stager of
development {or} recovery a member can be inspired and
encouraged by another member who less overcome the
problems that they are still struggling with .
IMPARTING INFORMATION :
While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic
process members often report that it has been very helpful to
learn factual information from others members in the group
for ex: Their treatment {or} about access to services.
PRIMARY CORRECTIVE RECAPITULATION OF THE FAMILY
EXPERIENCE :
Members often unconsciously identify the group
therapist and other groups members with their own parents
and sittings in a process which is a form of transference
specific to group psychotherapy , the therapist’s
interpretations can help group members gain understanding of
the impact of child experiences on their personality and they
may learn to avoid unconsciously repeating un helpful past
interactive parents in present day relationship .
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALIZING TECHNIQUES:
The group setting provides a safe and supportive
environment for members to take risks by extending their
repertoire of interpersonal behaviour and improving their
social skills.
IMITATIVE BEHAVIORS :
One way in which group members can develop social
skills is through a modeling process observing and imitating
the therapist and other group members for example sharing
personal feeling, showing concern, supporting others.
COHESIVENESS:
It has been suggested that their is a primary
therapeutic factor from which all other flow humans are hard
animals with an instinctive need to belong to groups, and
personal development can only take place in an interpersonal
context. A cohesive groups is one in which all members feel a
sense of belonging , acceptance validation.
EXISTENTIAL FACTOR:
Learning that one has to take responsibility for one’s
own life and the consequences of ones decisions.
CATHARSIS:
Catharsis is the experience of relief from emotional
distress through the free and uninhibited expression of
emotion. When members tell their strong to a supportive
audience, they can obtain relief from chronic feeling of shame
guilt.
INTERRPERSONAL LEARNING
Group members achieve a greater level of self awareness
through the process of interacting with other in the group who
give feel back on the members behaviors and impact on
others.
SELF UNDERSTANDING
This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but
refers to the achievement of greater levels of insight into the
genesis of one’s problems and the unconsciousness
motivations which underlie one’s behaviors.
GESTALT THERAPY
HISTORY
Rose from its beginning in the middle of the 20th
century to rapid and widespread popularity during the deduce
of the 1960’s and early 1970’s.
During the 70’s and 80’s gestalt therapy training centers
spread globally, but they were, for the most part, not aligned
with formal academic settings. As the cognitive revolution
eclipsed gestalt therapy in psychology, many came to belief
gestalt was an anachronism. In the hands of gestalt
practitioners, gestalt therapy became an applied discipline in
the fields of psychotherapy, organizations, development, and
social action and eventually coaching until the concern of
research to and so, largely ignored the need to utilize research
to further developed.
Gestalt therapy is methods of awareness by which
perceiving feeling and acting are understand to be separate
from interpreting explaining and judging using old attitudes.
Gestalt therapy focuses more an process {what is
happening} than content {what is being discussed}, the
emphasis is on what is being done, thought felt at the moment
rather than on what was, might be, could be {or} should be.
This distinction between direct experience and indirect
{or} secondary interpretations is developed in the process of
therapy the client learns to become aware of what they are
doing psychologically and how they can change it.
By becoming aware of and transforming their process
they develop sell acceptances and the ability to experience
more in the “now” without so much interference from baggage
of the past.
OBJECTIVE:
Helping the client overcome symptoms.
Enable him / her become more fully and creatively alive
and unfinished issues that may diminish,“ optimum satisfaction
fulfillment and growth , thus it falls in the
Category of humanistic psychotherapies.
NOTABLE ISSUES :
Field theory, self is a phenomenological concepts and is a
comparison with “other”, without other there is no self and
how I experience self.
The continuity of selfhood {personality functions } is
some thing achieved rather then something inherent “ inside “
the person, and has own advantage & disadvantage.
At one end of spectrum, there is not enough self
continuity to be able to make meaningful relationship {or} to
have a workable sense of who I am.
The approach is not the self of the client being helped {or}
healed by the fixed self of therapist, but the exploration of the
here and now of the theory.
There is not the assumption that the client act in al other
circumstances as her {or} she does in the therapy.
Rigid self definition in some area of functioning that
denies spontaneity and makes deal with situation impossible
experience of the therapist.
Change:
Has now become a “classic“ of gestalt therapy literature
Arnold beisscr {1970} describe paradoxical the same.
PLAY THERAPY :
Generally employed with children 3toll play provides a
way for children to express their experience and feeling
through a natural self guided.
As children experience and knowledge are often
communicated through play it becomes on important vehicle
for them to know and accept themselves and others.
Play therapy is the systematic use of a theoretical model
to establish on interpersonal process where on play therapists
use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent {or}
resole psycho social
Challenges and achieve optional growth and
development. A working definition might be a form of
counseling {or} psychotherapy that therapeutically engages
the power of play to communicate with and help people,
especially children, to engender optimal integration and
individuations.
Play therapy is often used as tool of diagnose, a play
therapist observes a client playing with toys { play houses,
pets dolls etc } to determine the cause of the disturbed
behaviors the objects and pattern of play a well as the
willingness to interred with therapist can be used to
understand the underlying rationale for behaviors both inside
and outside the session according to the psychodynamic view,
people {especially} children will engage in play behaviors in
order to work through their interior obfuscation and anxieties
an this way play therapy can be used as a self help
mechanism, as long as children are allowed time for “free
play“ {or} “unstructured play“ from a developmental point of
view, play has been determined to be an essential component
of healthy child development play has been directly linked to
cognitive development.
Indicate to whom ?
one approach to treatment is for play therapists use a
type of systematic desensitization {or} relearning therapy to
changes the distributing behavior either systematically {or} in
less formal social settings.
These processes are normally used with children but also
applied to ,
Preverbal
Non verbal {or] verbally impaired
persons .
Slow learners.
Brain injured
Drug affected
Mature adults usually need much, “group permissions“
before indulging in the relaxed spontaneity of play therapy so
a very skilled group workers is needed to deal with such
guarded individuals.
Many mature adults fined the “Child’s play” is so different
and taboo, that most experienced group workers need
specially tailored “play” strategies to reach them.
Competent adults group workers will use there play
strategies to enable more unguarded spontaneity to develop in
the non - children student.
SANITARY {OR} SAND BOX THERAPY:
Is a form of experimental workshop which allows greater
exploration of deep emotional issues sand play therapy is
suitable for children and adults and allows them to reach a
deeper insight into and resolution of a range of issues in their
lives such as deep anger, depression, abuse {or} grief.
Through a safe their world using a sand tray and a
collection of miniatures. Accessing hidden previously
unexplored arras is often possible using this expressive and
creative way of working which does not rely on “lack“ therapy.
THERAPY -PROCEDURE:
Sand tray participants are invited to create a diorama {a
story {or} miniature world by arranging toy people, animals,
and other items in the sand tray. The therapist evaluates the
participant’s choice and use of objects to draw various
conclusions choice the subject psychological health.
This non invasive method works especially well with those
individuals who are young {or} have trouble comprehending
and talking about difficult issues, such as domestic {or} child
abuse, incest {or} death of a family member.
PLAY BACK THEATRE:
Is an original forms of improvisational theatre in which
audience {or} group members tell stories from their lives and
watch them enacted on the spot play back theatre is
sometimes considered a modality drama therapy improvisation
theatre in which the actors use improvisational acting
techniques to perform spontaneously actors typically use
audience suggestions to guide the performance as they, create
dialogue setting and plot extend courageously, improvisational
theatre, performances tend to be comedy, although some
forms including play back theatre & theatre of the oppressed
are not necessarily intended to be comedy.
Many improvisational actors also work as scripted
actors , and “improve” techniques are often taught in standard
acting classes the basic skills of listening, clarity, confidence
and performance instinctively and spontaneously are
considered important skill for actors to develop.
DRAMA THERAPY :
Is an expressive therapy modality used in a wide variety
of selling , including, hospital, schools, mental health centers,
Prisons and business Drama therapy exist in many forms and
can be applicable to individuals, couples, families and various
groups.
The use of dramatic process and theater as a
therapeutic intervention began with psychodrama the field has
expanded to allow many forms of theatrical interventions as
therapy including role play theater games group, dynamic
games mime, pupperty and other improvisational techniques
often drama therapy is utilized to help a client.
o Solve a problem.
o Achieve a catharsis.
o Delve into truths about self.
o Understand the meaning of personally images.
o Explore and transcend unhealthy patterns of
interaction.
Drama therapy is extremely varied in its use based
on the practioner, the setting and the client from fully fledged.
Performance to empty chair role play, the sessions may involve
many variables including the use of a troupe of actors
THERAPLAY :
Is a therapeutic approach that uses elements of play
therapy with the intention of helping parents and children build
better attachment relationship through attachment based play.
Therapy is a therapeutic approach was developed in
1967 in Chicago by Ann. M .Jernburg.
History:
Ann Jernburg, PhD become 1967 the director pf
psychological services for the new Chicago heed start program
with one of her assistants Phyllis booth. She and her team
were asked to identify children in need of psychological
services and refer them to existing centre .
However they were very few resources for children
mental health’s at the time , and the exiting ones could not
possibly handle the hundreds of children identified as needing
help. From that staring point Ann. Jernburg started to create
her own program that would treat children at the head start
centers rather than at outlying clinics and could use para -
professionals supervised by mental health professional to do
the actual work the result was a model based on healthy
parent infant attachment and interaction that borrowed
elements from the attachments theory, developed by john
bowl by, is the theoretical basis of there play.
ATTACHMENT THERAPY :
Is originating in the work of john browl by, is a
psychological, evolutionary and etiological theory that provides
a descriptive & explanatory frame work for understanding
interpersonal relational between human beings attachment
theorist consider the humans infant to have a need for a
secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal
social & emotional development will not occur, however
different relationship experience can lead to different
developmental outcomes.
With in attachments theory infant behaviors associated
with attachment is primarily a process of proximity seeking to
an identified attachments figure in stressful situation, for the
purpose of survival infants become attached to adults to are
sensitive and responsive in social interaction with the infant,
and who remain as consistent care givers for some months
during the period from about 6 months - 2 yrs age. During the
later part of this period, children beg in to are attachment
figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and
return to parental responses lead to the development of
patterns of attachments which in turn lead to internal looking
models which will guide the individuals feelings, thoughts &
expectations in later relationships separation anxiety {or} grief
following serious loss are normal and natural responses in an
attachments infant.
An extreme deficit in appropriate parenting can lead to a
lack of attachment behaviour in a child and may result in the
rare disorder known as reactive attachment disorders.
Developmental psychologist many Farnsworth an
important figure in the formulation and development of
attachments theory, developed a theory of a number of
attachment pattern (or) styles in infants in which distinct
characteristics were identified :b these were,
Secure Attachment
Avoidant attachment
Anxious attachment
Disorganized attachment
Other theorist subsequently extended attachments
theory to adults methods axist for measurement of attachment
in middle childhood is problematic, in addition to care seeking
by children. One may construe other interaction as including
some components of attachments behaviors these include
peer relationship of all ages romantic and sexial attraction and
response to the cave needs of infants (or) sick (or) elderly
adults.
In order to formulate a comprehensive theory of early
attachments, bowl by explored a range of fields. Including
evolution, by natural selection object relations theory
(psychoanalysis) control systems theory evolutionary biology &
the fields of ethnology and cognitive psychology. In early days
academic psychologist
Criticized bowl by and the psychoanalytic community
ostracized him, attachment theory has become the dominant
approach to understanding early social development and given
rise to a great surge of empirical research into the information
of children’s close relationship these have been significant
modification as a result of empirical research but attachments
concepts have become generally accepted .
CRITICISM :
Theory has been sporadic
Some of it relating to an early precursor hypothesis called
(maternal deprivation)
More recent criticism relates to the complexity of social
relationship within family setting & limitation of discrete
pattern for classification.
There are current efforts to evaluate a number of
intertextures and treatment approaches that are based on
applications of attachments theory.
ANECDOTAL DECORD :
Anecdotal record is a record of some significant item of
conduct a record of an episode in the life of student, a word
picture of the students in action a word snaps hot at the
moment of the incident, any narration of events in which may
be signified about his personality.
Randall.
Anecdotal record, as the name implies, involves setting
down an anecdote concerning some aspects of students
behaviors which seems significant to the observer.
-Tandler.
MEANING :
An anecdotal record is a running description of actual
examples of behaviors of a students as observed by teacher
and the counselor it is followed by his comments these are
descriptive accounts of episodes (or) occurrences in the daily
life of the student.
CHARACTERISTICS :
These are records of specific incidents, factual
description of import ant and meaningful event (or) behaviors
of students on informal occasions each event (or) behaviors is
described shortly after it occurs.
They should contain a factual description of what
happened, when it happened and under what circumstances
that behaviors occurred. The interpretations and
recommended actions should be noted separately from the
description each anecdotal record should contain a record of a
single incident.
The incident recorded should be that is considered to be
significant to the students growth and development of
example.
MERITS:
These records help in clinical service practices if
properly used they provide a factual record of our observations
of a simple, significant incident in the student behaviors.
They stimulate teacher to use the records and
contribute in them.
They record critical incident of spontaneous behaviors
in natural setting.
They provide the teacher with objective description.
They are very good for young children, who are unable
to use paper pencil test.
They direct the teacher’s attention to single student.
They provide cumulative record of growth &
developments
They can be used by the counselor as a source of
information for giving evidence.
They provide specific and exact description of
personality and minimizes generalization.
They provide more complete description of behaviors
better suited to understanding and guiding student than the
other observational stools available can be used as a
supplement to quantitative tool.
They new members may use these records and
acquaint themselves with the students.
DEMERITS :
They tend to be less reliable than other observational
tool as they tend to be les formal & systematic.
They are time consuming to write
It is difficulty for the observes to maintain objectively
when he / she record the incident observer.
When incidents are noted and read out of context they
may lose their meaning.
The observer tends to record only undesirable incidents
and neglect the positive incidents
They present only a verbal description of the incident
they do not reveal causes.
PRINCIPLES :
Restrict observation to those aspects of behavior which
can’t be evaluated by other means.
Concentrate on only one - 2 behaviors observation should
be selective.
An observation blue print (or) guide should be prepared in
advance. Record should be complete.
They should be kept by all teachers and not only by the
students teachers.
Record the incident (or) action as soon as possible after it
has happened.
They should be complied and filed.
They should have an interpretative value they must be
available to specified school (or) college personnel.
They should be emphasized as an educational resources.
They should not be confined to recording negative
behavior pattern.
They should be regardless of the directions of behaviors.
They teacher’s should have practice and training in main
observation & writing anecdotal records.
Anecdotal record is a brief account of a critical incident.
Anecdotal records of critical incidents that occur during a
clinical experience quite useful provided focus is an incidents
that reflect effective behavior and in effective behaviors both
incident recorded clearly.
1) The first part of an anecdotal record should be
factual, simple and clear name of student unite /
ward / department date and time brief report of
what happened.
2) Second part include additional comments, analytic
and conclusion based on interpretations and
judgments. The first part answer who was involved
where did it take place when did occurred what
happened 2nd part how and why the behaviors
occurred follow “ABC rule“ in writing anecdotal
record.
A - ACCURACY
B - BREVITY
C - CLARITY.
DESCRIIPTIVE REPORTS :
The instructor writes a brief report on students nurses
performance over a given period.
There reports are quite useful it instructor highlights
student’s strengths & weakness in a systematic way.
Instructor decides what to include in a report and she
may quite in consistent unless she is guided by some kind of a
structure otherwise these types of reports than out to be
subjective assessment.
FORMAT FOR ANECDOTAL RECORD
Name of the school/ college :
Name of the student observed class subject :
Name of the observer :
Date and place :
Objective Description :
Comments of the observer :
Signature of the observer :
ANECDOTAL NOTES :
Mostly used in inuring education about students practice
and Reliability .
The concerns expressed relate to the format of the note,
the system of collecting the notes, and the use made of the
information collected.
Perhaps some teacher’s expect too much from anecdotal
notes simply because they don’t understand fully their
function.
Learner’s activities & behaviors during a particular
performance of short duration it is a vignette of the learner’s
practical experience.
Written informally without modifying expressions &
contains only data that clarity the image of the event.
Some individuals enlarge the scope of the anecdotal
note by including an interpretations of it (or) by making
inferences from the event this approach detracts from the
principles functions of anecdotal notes.
When behavioral objective has identified for clinical
practice teacher should take decision how to be evaluated.
Some behaviors should selected & should followed for
all the students.
Illustration for use of anecdotal notes :
Uses auscultation in there cut of 4 observation technique
accurately recorded on anecdotal notes, the students use
auscultation note accurately criteria for evaluation
o Identify the proper landmark.
o Use stereoscope properly.
o Distinguish should properly.
Carryout the procedure in time based on it teacher &
learner evaluate recorded behavior according to stated criteria
this process is most effective in formative evaluation.
Recommendation:
These supplement other records and should not be
considered as substitutes.
The objective descriptions of the behaviors should not
mixed up with the subjective comments.
Any significant behaviors of the students should be
recorded, inferences, guesses (or) assumptions must be
avoided unless it signifies.
The facts presented in all the anecdotes must be shifted
and arranges so that they may be studied in relations to one
another.
The record should be regarded as confidential it should
not fall into irresponsible hands words and phrases are
employed that are definable in terms of things rather than
other words concrete statements are preferred to abstract
ones.
CONCLUSION:
From this I understand about socio metric evaluation. Its
importance how to apply to the students. Assure that will help
us to impale the interpersonal relationship between students.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
B.T Basavanthappa (2003), “Nursing Education“ Ist
edition, published by Jaypee brothers, New Delhi. Pp No:
515 - 522.
Jean Barrette (2004), “Ward Management and
Education”, 14th edition, komark publishers Pp: 357-368.
K.P. Neeraja , ( 2003 ) “ vText book of Nsg education “ Ist
edition , by Jaypee brothers , New Delhi , Pp No : 315 -
317 .
NET REFERENCE:
www.wikiepeida.co.in