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SIZE DOES MATTER, BUT SO DO OTHER THINGS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
2012 [email protected] | www.3E.eu
Jos Beurskens (SET Analysis), Flemming Rasmussen (DTU), Alex De Broe (3E)
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CONTENTS
What is the role wind can play in feeding the power-hungry developing world?
What are the major hurdles for wind power in the developing world?
What kind of wind turbine can make a difference?
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS 2
Questions raised
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Mainstream Wind PowerMainstream Wind
Power Offshore
HotClimate
RemoteRural
Islands
ColdClimate
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
VTT
OFF-MAINSTREAM APPLICATIONS
Questions raised
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THE ACTUAL WIND POWER GAP
4
Wind power in the developing world
Annual installed wind power capacity by region 2003-2010
Source: GWEC
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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THE WIND POTENTIAL
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Wind power in the developing world
Source: Renewable energies in Africa A. Belward et al., EU Joint Research Centre
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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THE ACTUAL POWER GAP
6
Wind power in the developing world
sub-Saharan Africa has the world’s lowest electricity access rate
Source: International Energy Agency
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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THE APPLICATIONS
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Wind power in the developing world
Beyond bulk generation of electricity : Rural Electrification, Water desalination …
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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MONEY
8
The hurdles
The financing gap...
Source: International Energy Agency
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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ROADS
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The hurdles
Or a lack thereof…
Source: Rex Parry, Wikipedia
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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CRANES
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The hurdles
Plenty of cranes in Africa …
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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GRIDS
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The hurdles
There is no grid where the wind blows
Similar to offshore and cold climate areas
Source: Renewable energies in Africa A. Belward et al., EU Joint Research Centre
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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IN CONCLUSION
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The solution
What Africa needs is a power generation technology that does not need a paved road to transport it, no crane to install it , no (large) grid to connect to, and a low investment cost. In addition, extreme reliability would come in handy as there is also a lack of technical skills to maintain the power generating equipment.
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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AND THE WINNER IS…
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The solution
Already in place
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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BUT DIESEL IS EXPENSIVE
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The solution
And won’t get cheaper
Source: Renewable energies in Africa A. Belward et al., EU Joint Research Centre
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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HYBRIDS BRING DOWN THE COST OF ENERGY
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The solution
on sites with good wind resources and high diesel prices or unreliable grids
With diesel @ $0.78 per liter, a wind-diesel hybrid investment would have a 10% IRR
With diesel @ $1.12 per liter, a wind-diesel hybrid investment would have a 20% IRR
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2012
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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WIND TURBINES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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The solution
Do we have the appropriate technology??And what should it look like??
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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Grid connected turbines; medium scale
Grid connected turbines; wind farms on land
Grid connected turbines; wind farms offshore
Autonomous & Hybrid (W-PV)
Hybrid systems (AWDS)
0 25 50 10075 125
0.01
0.1
1
10
Rotor diameter [m]
Rate
d po
wer
[MW
]
Grid connected turbines;small scale
Circle areas indicate maturity
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
The solution
MATURITY OF TECHNOLOGIES
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TOP TECHNICAL ISSUES
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The solution
Echo’s from the field…1. High cost2. Lack of robustness/reliability3. Heavy equipment required to install4. Poor operational characteristics:
a) High start-up wind speeds (especially in cold weather)b) High reactive power demand (induction machines)c) High power fluctuations difficult to integrate in off-grid systemsd) Inability to curtail output without shutting down (some machines)e) Pulsating power output (mostly 2-bladed machines)f) Sensitivity to phase voltage imbalance
Source: Sustainable Power Systems
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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CONCLUSIONS
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The solution
1. Wind can, and should play a role in eradicating energy poverty in developing countries
2. Project boundary conditions that are very different from Mainstream Wind demand for a specific product
3. The economics of Hybrid Power Systems are sound in a lot of places with reasonable resources and/or unreliable grids
4. Room for improvement in turbine technology for off-grid /mini-grid applications
EWEA 2012: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED A DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
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Acknowledgements: - Steve Drouilhet, Sustainable Power Systems- Sean Whittaker, International Finance Corporation World Bank Group - Irene Pinedo, JRC Ispra- Holger Thomson, WKN-AG
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THANK YOU
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