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Kidney Functions
Filters 200 liters, 120ml/min blood/day
Urea, uric acid, creatinine, excess ions (Na+, K+,
Cl-, HC!-, H+" excreted in#
2 liters/day urine $e%ulates blood &olume, blood c'emicals
aintains balance#
)ater # *alts
cids # ases
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Other Renal Functions
luconeo%enesis- in .rolon%ed astin%
$enin re%ulates
ryt'ro.oietin - $C .roduction
cti&ation o &itamin 3
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Other Urinary System Organs
Urinary bladder tem.orary stora%e or urine
aired ureters trans.orts urine4 5idneys to bladder
Uret'ra trans.orts urine4 bladder out o t'e body
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Urinary System Organs
Figure 25.1a
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Kidney Location and External Anatomy
$etro.eritoneal .osition in su.erior lumbar re%ion
$i%'t 5idney- lo6er t'an t'e let
Ureters, renal blood &essels, lym.'atics, 7 ner&es enter 7
exit at t'e hilum
$enal ca.sule ibrous ca.sule4 .re&ents outside o
5idneys rom inection
di.ose ca.sule cus'ions, 'olds 5idnesy in .lace4 ra.id
6t loss 7 .tosis (dro..ed 5idney"
$enal ascia outer layer o dense ibrous connecti&e
tissue4 anc'ors 5idney 6it'in t'e body
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Kidney Location and External Anatomy
Figure 25.2a
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nternal Anatomy
Figure 25.!"
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Afferent arteriole7. glomerulus
8. Efferent arteriole9. Peritubular
capillaries !asa recta 1".
11.
12.
13.
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#lood and $er%e Su&&ly
bout 8 o systemic cardiac out.ut lo6s t'rou%'
5idneys/minute4 9 1200 ml
rterial lo6 into and &enous lo6 out o t'e
5idneys ollo6 similar .at's
:'e ner&e su..ly is &ia t'e renal .lexus
'LA('LA(InterActive Physiology ®:
Anatomy Re%ie)* &age 5
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Renal +ascular 'ath)ay
Figure 25.!c
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nternal Anatomy
Figure 25.!"
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Afferent arteriole7. glomerulus
8. Efferent arteriole9. Peritubular
capillaries# $asa recta 1".
11.
12.
13.
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,he $e&hron
*tructural 7 unctional units o 5idneys
; 106 ne.'rons/5idney
1< lomerulus a tut o ca.illaries
2< renal tubule
C:, decendin% loo. o Henle, loo.,ascendin% loo. o Henle, 3C:, collectin% duct
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,he $e&hron
o6man=s (%lomerular" ca.sule surrounds
%lomerulus
$enal cor.uscle t'e %lomerulus 7 o6man=s
ca.sule
o6man=s s.ace- s.ace bet6een %lomerulus 7
o6man=s ca.sule 6'ere iltrate is collected
'LA('LA( InterActive Physiology ®: Urinary- Anatomy Re%ie)* &ages /0
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,he $e&hron
Figure 25.a* "
1.
2.
Filtration slits allo6 iltrate to .ass into
o6man=s s.ace
:'in loo.- *im.le s>uamous- % &2"
permeable not solutes
C:- Cuboidal, micro&illi4 'eabsorbs
&2" ( solutes rom iltrate4 )rush
bor*er cells+?u@@yA
edullary Collectin% 3uct- Cuboidal,
permeable to ,ater ( urea
3C:- Cuboidal, scant micro&illi4secretion4 Bate 3C: 2 cell ty.es
:'ic5 loo., scendin% loo.- cuboidal, s'ortmicro&illi4 permeable to solutes esp -al, not to
6ater
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Late 3, 4 3ollecting ucts
2 Cell :y.es
1< ntercalated cells
Cuboidal cells, micro&illi
aintain acid-base balance by H+ secretion2< rinci.al cells- re%ulated by 'ormones
Cuboidal cells, no micro&illi
aintain 6ater- salt balance
edullary collectin% duct, re%ulate DureaE
'LA('LA( InterActive Physiology ®: Anatomy Re%ie)* &ages 1215* 110
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$e&hrons/ 2 ,y&es
1< Cortical ne.'rons- o6man=s ca.sule in cortex
a5e u. G o all ne.'rons
*urrounded by eritubular ca.illary beds
2< Iuxtamedullary ne.'rons- o6man=s J cortex-medulla
unction
Boo.s o Henle lie dee. in medulla
; t'in se%ments
Concentrate urine
*urrounded by Lasa $ecta
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3a&illary #eds
Figure 25.5a
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3a&illary #eds o6 the $e&hron
&ery ne.'ron 'as t6o ca.illary beds
lomerulus
eritubular ca.illaries or Lasa $ecta
ac' %lomerulus is#
Fed by an aerent arteriole
3rained by an eerent arteriole
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3a&illary #eds o6 the $e&hron
lomerulus is 'i%'#
rterioles are 'i%'-resistance &essels
erent arterioles ; diameters t'an eerent
arterioles
Fluids 7 solutes are orced out o blood 7 into
iltrate t'rou%'out entire len%t' o %lomerulus
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3a&illary #eds
Peritubular be*s/
Bo6-.ressure, .orous ca.illaries or absor.tion
rise rom eerent arterioles o cortical ne.'rons
m.ty into t'e renal &enous system
$asa recta / (a ty.e o .eritubular ca.illary bed"
rise rom eerent arterioles o uxtamedullary ne.'rons
Ca.illaries are lon%, strai%'t &essels
Concentrate urine
m.ty into t'e renal &enous system
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$e&hron Anatomy
Figure 25.5a
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+ascular Resistance in 7icrocirculation
lood .ressure M rom Gmm H% in renal arteries
to mm H% in renal &eins
$esistance in aerent arterioles#
rotects %lomeruli rom luctuations in systemic
blood .ressure
$esistance in eerent arterioles#
$einorces 'i%' %lomerular .ressure
$educes 'ydrostatic .ressure in .eritubularca.illaries
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8uxtaglomerular A&&aratus 98:A;
0aintains constant ' protects glomerulus from
changes in sstemic )P regulates sstemic )P
*ite 6'ere ascendin% loo. o Henle lies next to aerent
arteriole
Iuxta%lomerular (I" cells (or %ranular cells" in arteriole6alls
Bar%e, smoot' muscle cells
*ecrete renin
ec'anorece.tors
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8uxtaglomerular A&&aratus 98:A;
0acula *ensa cells
:all, .ac5ed ascendin% tubule cells
Bie adacent to I cells
C'emorece.tors/osmorece.tors4 ?NaCl sensorsA
esan%lial cells#
Functions .oorly understood
Ha&e .'a%ocytic and contractile .ro.erties
'LA('LA(InterActive Physiology ®:
Anatomy Re%ie)- &age 1<
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8uxtaglomerular A&&aratus 98:A;
Figure 25.<
cells or
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Filtration 7em"rane
et6een blood 7 o6man=s s.ace
:'ree layers
Fenestrated endot'elium o %lomerular ca.illaries
Lisceral membrane o %lomerular ca.sulepo*octes
asement membrane com.osed o used basallaminae o t'e ot'er layers
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Filtration 7em"rane ! layers
Figure 25.a
1.2.
!< Fused basementmembrane bet6een ot'er 2
layers
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Filtration 7em"rane
'LA('LA( InterActive Physiology ®: Anatomy Re%ie)* &age 11
Figure 25.c
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7echanisms o6 Urine Formation
lood &olume ilters t'rou%' 5idneys O0P/day
Filtrate#
ll plasma com.onents exce.t protein
Urine#
Filtrate ater losin% 6ater, 6astes, ions
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7echanisms o6 Urine Formation
Urine ormation#
! maor .rocesses
1< lomerular
iltration 2< :ubular
reabsor.tion
!< :ubular*ecretion
Figure 25.=
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:lomerular Filtration
; eicient t'an ot'er ca.illary beds because#
Filtration membrane ; .ermeable
lomerular blood .ressure is 'i%'er
; net iltration .ressure
lasma .roteins not iltered4 maintain oncotic
.ressure inside ca.illaries
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$et Filtration 'ressure 9$F';
NF Q net iltration .ressure
&Pg glomerular h*rostatic pressure
% Q oncotic .ressure o %lomerular blood
Hc Q ca.sular 'ydrostatic .ressure
NF Q H% (% + Hc"
GG (!0 + 1G"
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$et Filtration 'ressure
Figure 25.0
NF QGG (!0 + 1G"
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:lomerular Filtration Rate 9:FR;
$olume of filtrate forme* per minute
Factors#
1< :otal surace area a&ailable or iltration
2< Filtration membrane .ermeability
3. -et filtration pressure
F$ directly .ro.ortional to t'e NF
C'an%es usually rom c'an%es in %lomerular blood
.ressure (%lomerular 'ydrostatic .ressure"
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Regulation o6 :lomerular Filtration
:'ree mec'anisms control t'e F$
ntrinsic system
1< $enal autore%ulation
xtrinsic system
2< Neural controls
!< Hormonal mec'anism (renin-an%iotensin system"
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Regulation o6 :lomerular Filtration- ntrinsic 3ontrols
utore%ulation#
yo%enic
; , constricts aerent arteriole
M , dilates aerent arteriole
Flo6-de.endent tubulo%lomerular eedbac5
acula densa o uxta%lomerular a..aratus
res.onds to DNaClE in iltrate
$esults rom too ast or too slo6 F$
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Regulation o6 :lomerular Filtration
t'e F$ is too 'i%'#
Needed substances not reabsorbed
Nutrients, electrolytes, etc< lost in t'e urine
t'e F$ is too lo6#
&eryt'in% is reabsorbed
)aste is 5e.t in blood, not excreted in urine
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Regulation o6 :FR- Extrinsic 3ontrols- $eural
utore%ulation mec'anisms .re&ail UNB**# Fi%'t or Fli%'t res.onse, lood loss, sytemic
c'an%es, etc< 7 t'en *N* o&errides autore%<
Catec'olamines released, constrict aerentarterioles, M F$4 blood s'unted to ot'er or%ans
)'en luid &olume restored, autore% restored,
normal F$
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Regulation o6 :FR- Extrinsic- >ormonal-
Renin/ Angiotensin
M , M DNaClE in 3C:, *N* stimulation induces I cells to
release renin
I cells release renin an%iotensin an%iotensin
1< ; (&asoconstriction"
2< ldosterone release (; Na++, ; H20, ;"
!< 3H release, t'irst acti&ation, ; H20, ;
R< Constriction o eerent arteriole, M .eritubular ca.illary
'ydrostatic .ressure, ; luid bac5 in blood, ;
G< esan%ial cells contract, M F$
For systemic re%ulation o 7 luid &olume
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Other Factors A66ecting :FR
rosta%landins (2 and 2"- roduced in
5idneys4 Lasodilators .roduced in res.onse tosym.at'etic stimulation and an%iotensin 4 .rotect
5idneys
N- by 'eart 6it' ; , ; blood &olume4 M luid&olume by ; Na+ secretion
Nitric oxide &asodilator .roduced by t'e &ascular
endot'elium
denosine &asoconstrictor o renal &asculature
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Regulation o6 :FR
Figure 25.1?
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