© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN LATE ADULTHOOD
15
ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK
3e
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-2
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Longevity, biological aging, and physical development• Health• Cognitive functioning• Work and retirement
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-3
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Longevity• Biological theories of aging• The aging brain• Physical development• Sexuality
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-4
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Longevity• Life span and life expectancy• Life span: Maximum number of years an individual can live
• Between 120–125 years
• Life expectancy: Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live• Average is 78.3 years
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-5
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Differences in life expectancy• Female life expectancy 80.8 years, males 75.7 years• Beginning in the mid-thirties, women outnumber men because
of:• Social factors such as:• Health attitudes• Habits• Lifestyles• Occupation
• Biological factors
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-6
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Centenarians• Genes play an important role in surviving to an extreme old age
along with:• Family history• Health (weight, diet, smoking, and exercise)• Education• Personality• Lifestyle
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-7
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Biological theories of aging• Evolutionary theory: Natural selection has not eliminated
many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
• Cellular clock theory: Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times• Age makes cells less capable of dividing• Telomeres – Tips of chromosomes; DNA sequences that cap
chromosomes
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-8
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Free-radical theory: People age because:• When cells metabolize energy
• By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals
• Emphasis on a decay of mitochrondria–tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair
• Hormonal stress theory: Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-9
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The aging brain • The shrinking, slowing brain• Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20
and 90 years • Volume decreases due to:• Shrinkage of neurons• Lower numbers of synapses • Reduced length of axon
• Slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood • Affecting physical coordination and intellectual performance
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-10
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Aging - Linked to a reduction in the production of certain neurotransmitters
• The adapting brain• Neurogenesis - Generation of new neurons• Dendritic growth • Decrease in lateralization
• Improve cognitive functioning
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-11
FIGURE 15.2 - THE DECREASE IN BRAIN LATERALIZATION IN OLDER ADULTS
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-12
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Nun Study• Intriguing ongoing investigation of aging in 678 nuns• Research provide hope that scientists will discover ways to tap
into the brain’s capacity to adapt in order to prevent and treat brain diseases
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-13
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Physical appearance and movement • Most noticeable changes - Wrinkles and age spots • Shorter with aging due to bone loss in their vertebrae• Weight drops after age 60• Muscle loss
• Older adults move more slowly
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-14
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Sensory development • Vision• Sensory decline in older adults is linked to a decline in cognitive
functioning• Color vision• Depth perception
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-15
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Diseases of the eye• Cataracts: Thickening of the lens of the eye
• Causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
• Glaucoma: Damage to the optic nerve because of:• Pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
• Macular degeneration: Deterioration of the macula of the retina• Corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-16
FIGURE 15.3 - MACULAR DEGENERATION
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-17
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Hearing• Impairments becomes an impediment • Some, but not all, hearing problems can be corrected by
hearing aids
• Smell and taste• Smell and taste losses typically begin about age 60
• Touch and pain• Decline in touch sensitivity is not problematic for most• Decreased sensitivity to pain can help adults cope with disease
and injury • Mask injuries and illnesses that need to be treated
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-18
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The circulatory system and lungs • Cardiovascular disorders increase in late adulthood• Lung capacity drops 40 percent between the age of 20
and 80, even without disease• Can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening exercises
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-19
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Sleep• 50 % of older adults complain of having difficulty sleeping• Result in earlier death and is linked to a lower level of cognitive
functioning
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-20
LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Sexuality• Orgasm becomes less frequent in males with age• Many are sexually active as long as they are healthy
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-21
HEALTH
• Health problems• Exercise, nutrition, and weight• Health treatment
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-22
HEALTH
• Health problems• Probability of having some disease or illness increases with
age• Arthritis is the most common followed by hypertension
• Causes of death in older adults• Nearly 60% of 65–74-year-olds die of cancer or cerebrovascular
disease • 75–84 and 85+ age groups
• Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death
• Ethnicity is linked with death rates of older adults
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-23
HEALTH
• Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
• Osteoporosis: Extensive loss of bone tissue• Accidents - 6th leading cause of death in older adults• Falls are the leading cause
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-24
FIGURE 15.4 - PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MORTALITY
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-25
HEALTH
• Exercise, nutrition, and weight • Exercise• Linked to prevention of common chronic diseases and
increased longevity• Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases• Improves older adults’ cellular functioning and immune system
functioning
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-26
HEALTH
• Nutrition and weight• Getting adequate nutrition• Avoiding overweight and obesity• Role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-27
HEALTH
• Health treatment • Quality of nursing homes and other extended-care facilities
for older adults varies enormously • Source of continuing national concern
• Factor related to health and survival in a nursing home:• Patient’s feelings of control and self-determination
• Geriatric nurses - Helpful in treating the health care problems
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-28
FIGURE 15.6 - PERCEIVED CONTROL AND MORTALITY
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-29
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Multidimensionality and multidirectionality• Use it or lose it• Training cognitive skills• Cognitive neuroscience and aging
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-30
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Multidimensionality and multidirectionality• Attention• Selective attention• Divided attention• Sustained attention
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-31
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Memory• Episodic memory: Retention of information about the where
and when of life’s happenings• Younger adults have better episodic memory
• Semantic memory: Person’s knowledge about the world• Older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information, but usually
they can ultimately retrieve it
• Working memory and perceptual speed - Decline during the late adulthood years
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-32
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Explicit memory: Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
• Implicit memory: Memory without conscious recollection
• Noncognitive factors - Health, education, and socioeconomic status can influence an older adult’s performance on memory tasks
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-33
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Executive functioning• Involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-
directed behavior and self control:• General aspects of executive functioning decline in late
adulthood• Considerable variability in executive functioning among older
adults
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-34
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Wisdom: Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters• High levels of wisdom are rare• Factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop to
a high level• Personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom
than cognitive factors
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-35
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Use it or lose it• Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of
cognitive skills• Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and
concerts
• Research suggests that: • Mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-36
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Training cognitive skills• Improve the cognitive skills of many older adults• Some loss in plasticity in late adulthood, especially in the
oldest-old• Cognitive vitality of older adults can be improved through
cognitive and physical fitness training
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-37
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
• Cognitive neuroscience and aging• Cognitive neuroscience - Discipline that studies links
between the brain and cognitive functioning• Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning,
and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-38
WORK AND RETIREMENT
• Work• Adjustment to retirement
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-39
WORK AND RETIREMENT
• Work• Older workers have lower rates of absenteeism, fewer
accidents, and higher job satisfaction than their younger counterparts
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-40
WORK AND RETIREMENT
• Retirement in the U.S.• When people reach their sixties, the life path they follow is
less clear• Some individuals don’t retire, continuing in their career jobs• Some retire from their career work and then take up a new and
different job• Some retire from career jobs but do volunteer work• Some retire from a post-retirement job and go on to yet another
job• Some move in and out of the workforce, so they never really
have a “career” job from which they retire• Some individuals who are in poor health move to a disability
status and eventually into retirement• Some who are laid off define it as “retirement”
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-41
WORK AND RETIREMENT
• Older adults who adjust best to retirement:• Are healthy• Have adequate income• Are active• Are educated• Have an extended social network including both friends and
family• Usually were satisfied with their lives before they retired
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-42
MENTAL HEALTH
• Depression• Dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-43
MENTAL HEALTH
• Major depression: Mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored• Less common among older adults than younger adults• Common predictors• Earlier depressive symptoms• Poor health or disability• Loss events • Low social support
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-44
MENTAL HEALTH
• Dementia: Involve a deterioration of mental functioning• 23 percent of women and 17 percent of men 85 years and
older are at risk for developing dementia
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-45
MENTAL HEALTH
• Alzheimer disease: Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function• Women are likely to develop Alzheimer disease because
they live longer than men• Alzheimer involves a deficiency in the brain messenger
chemical acetylcholine• Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-46
FIGURE 15.9 - TWO BRAINS: NORMAL AGING AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-47
MENTAL HEALTH
• Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) • Represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes
of normal aging and very early disease• fMRI shows smaller brain regions involved in memory for
individuals with MCI
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-48
MENTAL HEALTH
• Drug treatment of Alzheimer disease• Cholinerase inhibitors and other drugs slow the downward
progression of the disease
• Caring for individuals with Alzheimer disease• Support is often emotionally and physically draining for the
family• Respite care services
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
15-49
MENTAL HEALTH
• Parkinson disease: A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis• Triggered by the degeneration of dopamine-producing
neurons in the brain• Several treatments are available