Santrock essentials 3e_ppt_ch10

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SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

10

ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK

3e


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CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Identity• Families• Peers• Culture and adolescent development• Adolescent problems


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IDENTITY

• What is identity?• Erikson’s view• Developmental changes• Ethnic identity


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IDENTITY

• Self-portrait composed of many pieces• Vocational/career• Political• Religious• Relationship• Achievement, intellectual• Sexual• Cultural/ethnic• Interests


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IDENTITY

• Personality• Physical

• Erikson’s view • Identity versus identity confusion• Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security

and adult autonomy• Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities• Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a

new sense of self


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FIGURE 10.1 - MARCIA’S FOUR STATUSES OF IDENTITY


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IDENTITY

• Developmental changes• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in

emerging adulthood than in adolescence• Identity does not remain stable throughout life• “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement


10-8

IDENTITY

• Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that includes:• Sense of membership in an ethnic group • Attitudes and feelings related to that membership

• Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity• Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other

ways with the majority culture


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FAMILIES

• Parental management and monitoring• Autonomy and attachment• Parent-adolescent conflict


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FAMILIES

• Parental monitoring and information management• Supervising adolescents’ choice of:• Social settings• Activities• Friends• Academic efforts

• When parents engage in positive parenting practices:• Adolescents are more likely to disclose information


10-11

FAMILIES

• Autonomy and attachment• Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and control,

independence and connection• The push for autonomy• May puzzle and anger many parents• Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired through

appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control• Boys are given more independence


10-12

FAMILIES

• Role of attachment• Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional

difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors:• Juvenile delinquency and drug abuse

• Parent-adolescent conflict• Increases in early adolescence but does not reach the

tumultuous proportions• Remains somewhat stable during the high school years• Lessens as the adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age


10-13

FAMILIES

• Everyday conflicts serve a positive -developmental function

• Old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that: • As adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents

and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents

• New model emphasizes that:• Parents serve as important attachment figures and support

systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world


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FIGURE 10.2 - OLD AND NEW MODELS OF PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS


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PEERS

• Friendships• Peer groups• Dating and romantic relationships


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PEERS

• Friendships• Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are

more intense and more intimate• Friends become increasingly important in meeting social

needs


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FIGURE 10.3 - DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SELF-DISCLOSING CONVERSATIONS


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PEERS

• Peer groups• Peer pressure• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than

children do

• Cliques and crowds• Cliques: Small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that may form

among adolescents • Engage in similar activities

• Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal• Members are based on reputation• May not spend much time together


10-19

PEERS

• Dating and romantic relationships• Developmental changes in dating and romantic

relationships • Three stages

• Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age

• Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age

• Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age


10-20

PEERS

• Dating in gay and lesbian youth• Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual

orientation or disguise it from others

• Sociocultural contexts and dating• Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating

begins

• Dating and adjustment• Linked with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents are


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CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

• Cross-cultural comparisons• Ethnicity• The media


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• Cross-cultural comparisons• Traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe• Health• Gender• Family• Peers• Rites of passage: Ceremony that marks an individual’s transition

from one status to another


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• Ethnicity• Immigration• High rates of immigration are contributing to the growth of

ethnic minorities in the U.S.• Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to longtime

residents


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• Ethnicity and socioeconomic status• Interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of ethnicity• Ethnic minority adolescents experience:

• Prejudice, discrimination, and bias • Stressful effects of poverty


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• The media• Technology and digitally mediated communication• e-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites:

• Facebook, chat rooms, video sharing and photo sharing,

• Multiplayer online computer games and virtual worlds


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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Juvenile delinquency• Depression and suicide• The interrelation of problems and successful

prevention/intervention programs


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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Juvenile delinquency• Juvenile delinquent: Adolescent who breaks the law or

engages in behavior that is considered illegal• Delinquency rates• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are

especially high


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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Causes of delinquency• Lower class culture• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior• Siblings and delinquent peers


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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Depression and suicide• Depression• Factors contributing to depression

• Genes• Certain family factors • Poor peer relationships


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ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS

• Suicide• Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds• Adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than

actually commit it• Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more

likely to succeed


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THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION

PROGRAMS

• Four problems that affect the most adolescents:• Drug abuse• Juvenile delinquency• Sexual problems• School-related problems


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THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION

PROGRAMS

• Successful intervention programs include:• Intensive individualized attention• Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches• Early identification and intervention

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