REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE (Missing Case)Montemayor v. BermejoA.M. No. MTJ-04-1535 Ma!"# 1$ $004 % AbuFACT&' T#e ins(an( a)*inis(!a(i+e "ase (!a"es i(s !oo(s ,!o*an-n.a/,-. )e(aine! "ase 0.e) 12 3.ain(i4s Mon(e*a2o! agains( Ma!"o.T#e "ase /as !a5e) (o !es3on)en( J-)ge 6e!*e7o. P!e-(!ia."on,e!en"e /as #e.) on May 20, 2002. No se((.e*en( /as !ea"#e).J-)ge 6e!*e7o iss-e) a Pre-Trial Order on (#e sa*e )a(e an))i!e"(e) (#e 3a!(ies (o s-1*i( (#ei! !es3e"(i+e 3osi(ion 3a3e!s /i(#in10)a2s,!o*!e"ei3(o, (#e Order a,(e!/#i"# (#e"ases#a.. 1e)ee*e)s-1*i((e),o! )e"ision. P.ain(i4ss-1*i((e)(#ei! PositionPaper onJune13, 2002.Mo!e (#an a *on(# .a(e! (#e2 0.e)a Motionfor EarlyResolution )a(e)J-.230 $00$. T#e)e,en)an(s-1*i((e) #e! Position Paper on.2 on Au 1!, 2002.T#e 3.ain(i4s(#en 0.e) a $n) Motion for Early Resolution on &e3( 8 $00$. T#e "ase/as )e".a!e) s-1*i((e) ,o! )e"ision onSe"# 23. OnO$#10 Judgment /as!en)e!e)in,a+o! o, (#e3.ain(i4s. 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(#e (rgent Motion for Extension /as 0.e) on.2 on A3!i. $4$003 o!(#!ee)a2s a,(e! #e!a..ege).as()a2 (o 3os((#e1on) onA3!i. $1 $003 in+io.a(iono, (#e!-.e(#a( *o(ions,o!e>(ension*-s( 1e0.e)3!io! (o(#ee>3i!a(iono, (#e3e!io)so-g#( (o1ee>(en)e). Co*3o-n)ing (#e e!!oneo-s a)*ission o, sai) *o(ion ,o!e>(ension J-)ge 6e!*e7o on (#e sa*e )a2 iss-e)an Order a..o/ing (#e )e,en)an( an a))i(iona. e>(ension o, 15)a2s *o!e (#an (#e 10 )a2s s#e ini(ia..2 as@e) ,o!.J-)ge6e!*e7ois #e.)g-i.(2o, )e.a2in(#e!en)i(iono,7-)g*en( (0ne 5000) an) o, i*3!o3!ie(2 (0ne 10000).PLEA9INH& (Missing "ases)Solar Team Entertainment v. Ricafort$C3 &CRA 881 % AndresFACT&' Pe(i(ione! as3.ain(i4 0.e)1e,o!e(#eRTCinPa!ana:-ea"o*3.ain( ,o! !e"o+e!2 o, 3ossession an) )a*ages /i(# 3!a2e! ,o! a/!i(o, !e3.e+in agains( #e!ein3!i+a(e!es3on)en(s. T#e"ase/as)o"@e(e)as Ci+i. CaseNo. C=-0304an)/asassigne)(o3-1.i"!es3on)en( J-)geBe.en6a-(is(a-Ri"a,o!(. P!i+a(e!es3on)en(s as)e,en)an(s 0.e) (#ei! Ans/e! (/i(# Co-n(e!".ai*s). 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(o (#e *e!i(s o, (#is "ase in +ie/ o, (#e3!o>i*i(2 1e(/een (#e oA"es o, o33osing "o-nse. an) (#e a1sen"eo, an2a((en)an( e>3.ana(ionas (o/#23e!sona. se!+i"eo, (#eans/e!/as no( e4e"(e) in)-1i(a1.23!i+a(e !es3on)en(s"o-nse.+io.a(e) &e"(ion 11 o, R-.e 13 an) (#e *o(ion (o e>3-nge /as primafacie *e!i(o!io-s. Bo/e+e! (#e g!an( o! )enia. o, sai) *o(ionne+e!(#e.ess !e*aine) /i(#in (#e so-n) e>e!"ise o, (#e (!ia. "o-!(s)is"!e(ion. T#-s as g-i)e) 12 &e"(ion 8 R-.e 1 o, (#e 1CC= R-.es o,Ci+i. P!o"e)-!e /#i"# o!)ains (#a( (#e R-.es s#a.. 1e .i1e!a..2"ons(!-e)ino!)e! (o3!o*o(e(#ei! o17e"(i+eo, se"-!inga7-s(s3ee)2 an) ine>3ensi+e )is3osi(ion o, e+e!2 a"(ion o! 3!o"ee)ingas /e.. as 12 (#e )i"(-* .ai) )o/n in Alonso '+ ,illamor 18 P#i.. 315L1C10M (#e(!ia. "o-!( o3(e)(oe>e!"isei(s)is"!e(ionin,a+o! o,a)*i((ing (#e Ans/e! (/i(# Co-n(e!".ai*s) ins(ea) o, e>3-nging i(,!o* (#e !e"o!).To o-! *in) i, *o(ions (o e>3-nge o! s(!i@e o-( 3.ea)ings ,o!+io.a(ion o, &e"(ion 11 o, R-.e 13 /e!e (o 1e in)is"!i*ina(e.2!eso.+e) -n)e! &e"(ion 8 o, R-.e 1 o! Alon-o '+ ,illamor an) o(#e!ana.ogo-s "ases (#en &e"(ion 11 /o-.) 1e"o*e *eaning.ess an)i(s so-n) 3-!3ose nega(e). Ne+e!(#e.ess /e s-s(ain (#e "#a..enge)!-.ing o, (#e (!ia. "o-!( 1-( ,o! !easons o(#e! (#an (#ose 3!o+i)e) ,o!in(#e"#a..enge)o!)e! (T#e1CC=R-.eso, Ci+i. P!o"e)-!e(oo@e4e"( on.2 on 1 J-.2 1CC= /#i.e (#e :-es(ione) Ans/e! (/i(#Co-n(e!".ai*s) /as 0.e) on.2 on < A-g-s( 1CC= o! on (#e 3C(# )a2,o..o/ing (#e e4e"(i+i(2 o, (#e 1CC= R-.es).Musa v. AmorH. R. No. 1413C8 A3!i. C $00$ % AngFACT&'Rosa!io 9asig a)*inis(!a(!i> o, #e! sonKs .an)#o.)ings /#i.e(#e .a((e! *ig!a(e) (o (#e ?ni(e) &(a(es so.) (#e 3!o3e!(2 (o!es3on)en( &2.+ia A*o!.T#is 3!o*3(e) 3e(i(ione!s ".ai*ing (o 1e(enan(so,(#e.an)#o.)ing (o 0.e a "ase,o!!e)e*3(ion/i(#(#e9e3a!(*en( o, Ag!a!ian Re,o!*Regiona. A)7-)i"a(o!. Pe(i(ione!ss-1se:-en(.2 0.e) a "o*3.ain( ,o! ann-.*en( o, sa.e agains(!es3on)en(.T#e Regiona.A)7-)i"a(o! o, (#e 9AR !-.e) in ,a+o! o,3e(i(ione!s an) )e".a!e) (#e* as (enan(s o, (#e s-17e"( .an)#o.)ingan) n-..i0e) (#e )ee) o, a1so.-(e sa.e 1e(/een Rosa!io 9asig an)!es3on)en(. T#e 9ARA6 *o)i0e) (#e !-.ing a 1i( sa2ing (#a( (#e2/e!e bona *de (enan(s. T#e Co-!( o, A33ea.s #o/e+e! !e+e!se) (#e9ARA6. T#e 3e(i(ione!s a!g-e) (#a( (#e CA s#o-.) #a+e )is*isse)!es3on)en(;s 3e(i(ion ,o! ,ai.-!e (o "i(e an e>3.ana(ion ,o! (#e *o)eo, se!+i"e.A(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 4REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)I&&?E'EJN (#e Co-!( o, A33ea.s s#o-.) no( #a+e gi+en )-e "o-!se (o (#e3e(i(ion 1e"a-se(#e !es3on)en( ,ai.e)(o a((a"# (#e!e(o a/!i((ene>3.ana(ion /#2 3e!sona. se!+i"e /as no( )oneBEL9'T#e ,ai.-!e (o e>3.ain /#2 3e!sona. se!+i"e /as no( )one isno( "a-se ,o! )is*issa..T#e se!+i"e an) 0.ing o, 3.ea)ings *-s( 1e )one 3e!sona..2/#ene+e! 3!a"(i"a1.e. In (#e 3!esen( "ase 3e!sona.se!+i"e /o-.)no( 1e 3!a"(i"a1.e. Consi)e!ing (#e )is(an"e 1e(/een (#e Co-!( o,A33ea.s an) 9onso. &o!sogon /#e!e (#e 3e(i(ion /as 3os(e)".ea!.2 se!+i"e 12 !egis(e!e) *ai. /o-.) #a+e en(ai.e) "onsi)e!a1.e(i*e e4o!( an) e>3ense. A /!i((en e>3.ana(ion /#2 se!+i"e /as no()one 3e!sona..2 *ig#( #a+e 1een *u"e&/u.u*. In an2 "ase as (#e !-.e is so /o!)e) /i(# (#e -se o, F*a2Fsigni,2ing 3e!*issi+eness a +io.a(ion (#e!eo, gi+es (#e "o-!(-'*$&e#'.n /#e(#e! o! no( (o "onsi)e! (#e 3a3e! as no( 0.e). E#i.ei( is (!-e (#a( 3!o"e)-!a.!-.es a!e ne"essa!2 (o se"-!e an o!)e!.2an) s3ee)2 a)*inis(!a(ion o, 7-s(i"e !igi) a33.i"a(ion o, &e"(ion 11R-.e13*a21e!e.a>e)in(#is"asein (#ein(e!es(o,s-1s(an(ia.7-s(i"e.Lapid v. LaureaH. R. No. 13C80= O"(o1e! $< $00$ % AngliongtoFACT&'&3o-ses La3i) a!e (#e 3a!en(s o, C#!is(o3#e! 6. La3i) /#o/asaH!a)e13-3i. o, &(. T#e!eseo, (#eC#i.)Jes-s. Be/ass-s3en)e) ,o! 0+e )a2s e4e"(i+e on 8 No+e*1e! 1CC=.T#e La3i)s0.e) a .e((e!-"o*3.ain( /i(# (#e 9EC&. 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(#e a"(s @no/.e)ge a)*ission an) o*issions o, Ha!"ia. T#e CAaA!*e) #o.)ing(#a( (#ea*en)*en( iss-1s(an(ia. an)#as(#ee4e"( o, "#anging (#e (#eo!2 o, (#e "ase an) (#a( Ha!"ia is no( anin)is3ensa1.e 3a!(2.MR /as )enie). Pe(i(ione!s 0.e) a 3e(i(ion ,o!!e+ie/ on "e!(io!a!i.I&&?E'E#e(#e! (#e a*en)e) "o*3.ain( /#i"# see@s (o in".-)e (#e )-**2o, !es3on)en(s "o-.) no( 1e a)*i((e) 1e"a-se 3e(i(ione!s; (#eo!2 o,(#e "ase /i.. "#ange an) (#a( (#e )-**2 is no( an in)is3ensa1.e3a!(2.BEL9'?n)e! &e"(ions$an)3o, R-.e10o, (#eR-.eso, Co-!(,o!*a. an) s-1s(an(ia. a*en)*en(s (o a 3.ea)ing *a2 1e *a)e a(an2(i*e 1e,o!e a !es3onsi+e 3.ea)ing #as 1een 0.e). &-"#a*en)*en( is a *a((e! o, !ig#(. T#e!ea,(e! an) )-!ing (!ia.a*en)*en(s*a2on.21e)one/i(#(#e3e!*issiono, (#e"o-!(.A*en)*en(s a!e no( 3!o3e! an)s#o-.)1e)enie)/#en)e.a2A(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 3.i"i(.2s(a(es (#a( a 3.ea)ing *a2 1e a*en)e) as a *a((e! o, !ig#( 1e,o!e a!es3onsi+e3.ea)ingisse!+e).T#ison.2*eans(#a( 3!io! (o(#e0.ing o, an ans/e! (#e 3.ain(i4 #as (#e a1so.-(e !ig#( (o a*en) (#e"o*3.ain( /#e(#e! ane/"a-seo, a"(iono! "#angein(#eo!2isin(!o)-"e).I( "anno( 1esai)(#a( (#e)e,en)an(;s !ig#(s #a+e1een+io.a(e) 12 "#anges *a)e in (#e "o*3.ain( i, #e #as 2e( (o 0.e anans/e! (#e!e(o.In s-"# an e+en( (#e )e,en)an( #as no( 3!esen(e)an2 )e,ense (#a( "an 1e a.(e!e) o! a4e"(e) 12 (#e a*en)*en( o,(#e "o*3.ain( in a""o!)an"e /i(# &e"(ion $ o, R-.e 10. T#e !ig#( (o a*en) (#e "o*3.ain( 1e,o!e an ans/e! #as 1eense!+e) is no( 3!e".-)e) 12 (#e 0.ing o, a *o(ion (o )is*isso! an2o(#e! 3!o"ee)ing "on(es(ing i(s s-A"ien"2. O(#e!/ise (#e !ig#( (oa*en) a 3.ea)ing -n)e! &e"(ion $ R-.e 10 /i.. 1e !en)e!e)n-ga(o!2an)ine4e"(-a. sin"ea.. (#a( a)e,en)an( #as(o)o(o,o!e".ose(#is!e*e)ia. !ig#( is(o"#a..enge(#ea)e:-a"2o, (#e"o*3.ain( 1e,o!e #e 0.es an ans/e!.Mo!eo+e! a*en)*en( o, 3.ea)ings is ,a+o!e) an) s#o-.) 1e.i1e!a..2 a..o/e) in (#e ,-!(#e!an"e o, 7-s(i"e in o!)e! (o )e(e!*inee+e!2 "ase as ,a! as 3ossi1.e on i(s *e!i(s /i(#o-( !ega!) (o(e"#ni"a.i(ies.T#e,a"( (#a( (#eo(#e!)e,en)an(s 1e.o/#as 0.e)(#ei!ans/e!s (o (#e "o*3.ain( )oes no(1a! 3e(i(ione!;s !ig#( (o a*en)(#e "o*3.ain( as agains( !es3on)en( 6!i(is# &(ee.. In a "ase /#e!eso*e 1-( no( a.. (#e )e,en)an(s #a+e ans/e!e) (#e 3.ain(i4 *a2s(i.. a*en)i(s "o*3.ain(on"eas a *a((e! o, !ig#(in !es3e"((o".ai*s asse!(e) so.e.2 agains( (#e non-ans/e!ing )e,en)an( 1-( no(as (o ".ai*s asse!(e) agains( (#e o(#e! )e,en)an(s.A(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 CREMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)#hilippine E$port and %orei!n Loan &uarantee Corporation v.#hilippine "nfrastructures' "nc.H.R. No. 1$033.ana(ion /#2 se!+i"e/as no( )one 3e!sona..2.BEL9'T#e 3e(i(ion /#i"# /as 0.e)12 !egis(e!e) *ai. /as no(a""o*3anie)12a/!i((ene>3.ana(ion/#2s-"#se!+i"e/asno()one 3e!sona..2 in "on(!a+en(ion o, &e"(ion 11 R-.e 13 o, (#e R-.esA(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 10REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)o, Co-!(.T#a( 3!o+ision !e:-i!es 3e!sona. se!+i"e o, 3.ea)ings an)3a3e!s/#ene+e!3!a"(i"a1.e. I, *a)e(#!o-g#o(#e!*o)es (#e3a!(2 "on"e!ne) *-s( 3!o+i)e a /!i((en e>3.ana(ion /#2 i( /as no()one 3e!sona..2. T#e 3!o+ision is *an)a(o!2 in na(-!e an) i( e+engi+es (#e "o-!( (#e )is"!e(ion (o "onsi)e! a 3.ea)ing o! 3a3e! as no(0.e) i, no s-"# e>3.ana(ion is *a)e. &(!i"(es( "o*3.ian"e is*an)a(e) .es( (#is 3!o+ision 1e !en)e!e) *eaning.ess an) i(sso-n) 3-!3ose nega(e).(nited #ulp and #aper Co. v. (nited #ulp and #aper Chapter)%%*H.R. No. 14111= Ma!"# 15 $004 % #asuelaFACT&'Teo)o!i"o &i*1-.an /as 3!o*o(e) /i(# a "o!!es3on)ingsa.a!2 in"!ease. Res3on)en( -nion on 1e#a., o, &i*1-.an:-es(ione) (#e sa.a!2 in"!ease *ain(aining (#a( &i*1-.an /asen(i(.e) (o a #ig#e!sa.a!2 in"!ease 1ase)on (#ei!C6A.T#e "ase/as s-1*i((e)(o(#eg!ie+an"e*a"#ine!2 1-( ,ai.e)(ose((.e.T#-s(#e*a((e! /as e.e+a(e) (o (#e No.-n(a!2 A!1i(!a(o!s /#i"#!en)e!e) a )e"ision ,a+o-!a1.e (o &i*1-.an. 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"on(ingen(I (3) /#en (#e !e.ie, )e*an)e)"onsis(s /#o..2o! in3a!( ine>".-)ing(#e)e,en)an( ,!o*an2in(e!es( in3!o3e!(2 .o"a(e)in(#e P#i.i33inesI o! (4) /#en(#e3!o3e!(2 o, (#e )e,en)an( #as 1een a((a"#e) /i(#in (#e P#i.i33ines.In (#ese ins(an"es e>(!a(e!!i(o!ia.se!+i"e o, s-**ons *a21e e4e"(e) -n)e! an2 o, (#!ee *o)es' (1) 12 3e!sona. se!+i"e o-( o,(#e "o-n(!2/i(# .ea+e o, "o-!(I($) 12 3-1.i"a(ion an) sen)ing a"o32 o, (#e s-**ons an) o!)e! o, (#e "o-!( 12 !egis(e!e) *ai. (o(#e )e,en)an(Ks .as( @no/n a))!ess a.so /i(# .ea+e o, "o-!(I o! (3)12 an2 o(#e! *eans (#e 7-)ge *a2 "onsi)e! s-A"ien(.A33.2ing (#e,o!egoing!-.e (#e(!ia. "o-!( !e:-i!e) e>(!a(e!!i(o!ia. se!+i"eo,s-**ons(o 1e e4e"(e) onMa!ga!i(a.T#e(!ia."o-!(Ks 3!es"!i1e)*o)e o, e>(!a(e!!i(o!ia. se!+i"e )oes no( ,a.. -n)e! (#e0!s( o!se"on) *o)e s3e"i0e) in &e"(ion 15 o, R-.e 14 1-( -n)e! (#e (#i!)*o)e.T#is !e,e!s (o Kan2 o(#e! *eans (#a( (#e 7-)ge *a2 "onsi)e!s-A"ien(.FT#e Co-!( ,-!(#e! !-.e) (#a( i( is 1o-n) 12 (#e ,a"(-a. 0n)ingso, (#e (!ia. an) a33e..a(e "o-!(s (#a( (#e 3a!(ies ,!ee.2 an)+o.-n(a!i.2 e>e"-(e) (#e 3e(i(ion ,o! )isso.-(ion o, (#e "on7-ga.3a!(ne!s#i3 o, gains an) (#e ag!ee*en( o, se3a!a(ion o, 3!o3e!(iesan) (#a( (#e!e /as no s#o/ing o, "oe!"ion o! ,!a-). T#e Co-!( /i..A(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 14REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)no( e>a*ine (#e e+i)en"e in(!o)-"e) 12 (#e 3a!(ies 1e.o/(o)e(e!*inei, (#e(!ia. an)a33e..a(e"o-!(s"o!!e"(.2assesse)an)e+a.-a(e)(#ee+i)en"eon!e"o!). T#e)e"isiono, (#eCo-!( o,A33ea.s /as aA!*e).Ancheta v. AnchetaH.R. No. 1453=0 Ma!"# 4 $004 % !inaFACT&'Ro)o.,o-Res3on)en( an) Ma!ie((a-Pe(i(ione! go( *a!!ie) an)#a) < "#i.)!en. A,(e! 33 2ea!s !es3on)en( .e,( an) a1an)one) (#e3e(i(ione! an) (#ei! "#i.)!enI #en"e 3e(i(ione! 0.e) /i(# (#e RTC o,Ma@a(i agains( (#e !es3on)en( ,o! (#e )isso.-(ion o, (#ei! "on7-ga.3a!(ne!s#i3an)7-)i"ia. se3a!a(iono, 3!o3e!(2. A( (#a( (i*e (#e3e(i(ione!/as!en(inga#o-sein6FBo*es A.*anDa LasPiWasMe(!o Mani.a. E#i.e (#e "ase /as 3en)ing (#e 3a!(ies e>e"-(e) a"o*3!o*iseag!ee*en( a)7-)i"a(ing(o(#e3e(i(ione! a3a!"e. o,.an).o"a(e)a(6an"a. Ca!*ona Ca+i(e. T#e3e(i(ione! /i(#(#e@no/.e)ge o, (#e !es3on)en( #en"e,o!(# !esi)e) in (#e sai)3!o3e!(2. A 2ea! a,(e! (#e !es3on)en( /an(e) (o !e*a!!2 (#-s #e0.e) a "ase (o )e".a!e (#e n-..i(2 o, #is *a!!iage /i(# (#e 3e(i(ione!on (#e g!o-n) o, PI. A.(#o-g# (#e !es3on)en( @ne/(#a( (#e3e(i(ione!/asa.!ea)2!esi)inga( (#e!eso!( in6an"a. Ca!*onaCa+i(e #e ne+e!(#e.ess a..ege) in #is 3e(i(ion (#a( (#e 3e(i(ione!/as !esi)ing a( 6F Bo*es A.*anDa Las PiWas Me(!o Mani.a F/#e!es#e *a2 1e se!+e) /i(# s-**ons.R T#e ".e!@ o, "o-!( iss-e)s-**ons (o (#e 3e(i(ione! a( (#e a))!ess s(a(e) in (#e 3e(i(ion. T#es#e!i4 se!+e) (#e s-**ons an) a "o32 o, (#e 3e(i(ion 12s-1s(i(-(e) se!+i"e on (#e 3e(i(ione!;s son Nenan"io a( #is!esi)en"e in 6an"a. Ca!*ona Ca+i(e. T#e 3e(i(ione! ,ai.e) (o 0.e anans/e! an) /as )e".a!e) in )e,a-.( /#i"# !es-.(e) in (#e3!esen(a(ion o, (#e !es3on)en(;s e+i)en"e e> 3a!(e. T#e RTC)e".a!e)(#e*a!!iage+oi)a1ini(io. T#en (#e3e(i(ione! 0.e)a+e!i0e) 3e(i(ion agains( (#e !es3on)en( /i(# (#e CA -n)e! R-.e 4=,o! (#e ann-.*en( o, (#e o!)e! o, (#e RTC a..eging .a"@ o, 7-!is)i"(iono+e!#e!3e!sonan)3e!3e(!a(iono,e>(!insi",!a-). CA)is*isse)(#e 3e(i(ion. I&&?E' EJN (#e!e is a +a.i) se!+i"e o, s-**ons O In+a.i)EJN (#e CA e!!e) in )is*issing (#e 3e(i(ion o, (#e 3e(i(ione! O YesBEL9'An o!igina. a"(ion in (#e CA-n)e! R-.e 4= (o ann-. a7-)g*en( o! 0na. o!)e! o! !eso.-(ion in "i+i. a"(ions o, (#e RTC *a21e 1ase) on (/o g!o-n)s' (a) e>(!insi" ,!a-)I o! (1) .a"@ o,7-!is)i"(ion. T#e &C !-.e) (#a( (#e CA e!!e) in )is*issing (#e 3e(i(ion1e"a-se i( ,ai.e) (o (a@e no(e ,!o* (#e *a(e!ia.a..ega(ions o, (#e3e(i(ion (#a( (#e 3e(i(ion /as 1ase) no( on.2 on e>(!insi" ,!a-) 1-(a.so on .a"@ o, 7-!is)i"(ion o+e! (#e 3e!son o, (#e 3e(i(ione! on #e!".ai*(#a((#es-**onsan)(#e"o32o, (#e"o*3.ain(/e!eno(se!+e) on #e!. InPa!a*o-n( Ins-!an"eCo!3o!a(ion+. Ja3Don i( /assai)(#a( 7-!is)i"(ion is a":-i!e) 12 a (!ia. "o-!( o+e! (#e 3e!son o, (#e)e,en)an( ei(#e! 12 #is +o.-n(a!2 a33ea!an"e in"o-!( an) #iss-1*ission (o i(s a-(#o!i(2 o! 12 se!+i"e o, s-**ons. T#e se!+i"e o,s-**ons an) (#e "o*3.ain( on (#e )e,en)an( is (o in,o!* #i* (#a(a "ase #as 1een 0.e) agains( #i* an) (#-s ena1.e #i* (o )e,en)#i*se.,. Be is (#-s 3-( on g-a!) as (o (#e )e*an)s o, (#e 3.ain(i4o! (#e3e(i(ione!. Ei(#o-( s-"#se!+i"ein(#ea1sen"eo, a+a.i)/ai+e! !en)e!s (#e 7-)g*en( o, (#e "o-!( n-.. an) +oi). J-!is)i"(ion"anno( 1ea":-i!e)12(#e"o-!(on(#e3e!sono, (#e)e,en)an(e+en i, #e @no/s o, (#e "ase agains( #i* -n.ess #e is +a.i).2 se!+e)/i(# s-**ons.&-**onsan)"o*3.ain( *a21ese!+e)on(#e)e,en)an(ei(#e! 12 #an)ing a "o32 (#e!eo, (o #i* in 3e!son o! i, #e !e,-ses(o !e"ei+e an) sign ,o! i( 12 (en)e!ing i( (o #e!. Bo/e+e! i, (#e!e isi*3ossi1i.i(2o,3!o*3( se!+i"e o,(#e s-**ons3e!sona..2 on(#e)e,en)an( )es3i(e )i.igen( e4o!(s (o 0n) #i* se!+i"e o, (#es-**ons*a21ee4e"(e)12s-1s(i(-(e)se!+i"eas3!o+i)e)in&e"(ion = R-.e 14.In Mi!an)a +. CA i( /as #e.) (#a( (#e *o)es o, se!+i"e s#o-.)1e s(!i"(.2 ,o..o/e) in o!)e! (#a( (#e "o-!( *a2 a":-i!e 7-!is)i"(iono+e! (#e 3e!son o, (#e )e,en)an(. T#-s i( is on.2 /#en a )e,en)an("anno( 1e se!+e) 3e!sona..2 /i(#in a !easona1.e (i*e (#a(s-1s(i(-(e) se!+i"e *a2 1e *a)e 12 s(a(ing (#e e4o!(s *a)e (o 0n)#i* an) 3e!sona..2 se!+e on #i* (#e s-**ons an) "o*3.ain( an)(#e ,a"( (#a( s-"# e4o!( ,ai.e). T#is s(a(e*en( s#o-.) 1e *a)e in(#e3!oo, o,se!+i"e(o1ea""o*3.is#e)an)0.e)in"o-!(12(#es#e!i4. T#is is ne"essa!2 1e"a-se s-1s(i(-(e) se!+i"e is a )e!oga(ionA(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 15REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)o, (#e-s-a. *e(#o)o, se!+i"e. I(#as1een#e.)(#a(s-1s(i(-(e)se!+i"e o, s-**ons is a *e(#o) e>(!ao!)ina!2 in "#a!a"(e!I #en"e*a2 1e -se) on.2 as 3!es"!i1e) an) in (#e "i!"-*s(an"es"a(ego!iDe) 12 s(a(-(es.&omez v. Court of AppealsH.R. No. 1$=8C$ Ma!"# 10 $004 % !i-onFACT&'T#e Ho*eD s3o-ses 0.e) an a"(ion ,o! s3e"i0" 3e!,o!*an"ean)Jo! !es"ission agains( (#e #ei!s o, Jes-s T!o"ino an) #is s-!+i+ings3o-se Ca!i)a)T!o"ino.T#es3o-ses T!o"ino !e,-se)(o"on+e2o/ne!s#i3 o, (/o 3a!"e.s o, .an) (o 3e(i(ione!s #en"e (#e"o*3.ain(.On Jan-a!2 10 1CC$ (#e Ce1- RTC;s P!o"ess &e!+e! se!+e)s-**ons on !es3on)en(s in (#e *anne! )es"!i1e) in #is FRe(-!n o,&e!+i"eFs(a(ing(#a(s-**onsan)"o3ieso,(#e"o*3.ain(/e!ese!+e) (o (#e )e,en)an(s Ja"o1 Jes-s J!. A)o.,o Ma!ianoConso.a"ion A.i"e Ra"#ea. (#!- )e,en)an( Ca!i)a) T!o"ino a( (#ei!gi+en a))!ess a( Ce1- Ci(2.On Jan-a!2 $= 1CC$ (#e )e,en)an(s(#!o-g# (#ei! "o-nse.A((2.E>3e)i(o P.6-ga!in0.e) (#ei! Ans/e!.9e,en)an( Ca!i)a)A. T!o"ino !es3on)en(s; *o(#e! +e!i0e)sai)3.ea)ing. T#e RTC !en)e!e) 7-)g*en( in ,a+o! o, (#e Ho*eDs3o-ses. Res3on)en(s A)o.,oan)Ma!ianoT!o"ino 0.e)/i(#(#eCo-!( o, A33ea.s a3e(i(ion,o! (#eann-.*en( o, (#e7-)g*en(!en)e!e) 12 (#e RTC-Ce1- a..eging (#a( (#e (!ia. "o-!(;s )e"ision isn-.. an) +oi) on (#e g!o-n) (#a( i( )i) no( a":-i!e 7-!is)i"(ion o+e!(#ei!3e!sonsas(#e2/e!eno(+a.i).2se!+e)/i(#a"o32o, (#es-**ons an) (#e "o*3.ain(. A""o!)ing (o (#e* a( (#e (i*es-**ons /as se!+e) on (#e* A)o.,o T!o"ino /as a.!ea)2 in O#io?.&.A./#i.eMa!ianoT!o"ino/as in Ta.i1on 6o#o. an)#as1een!esi)ing(#e!esin"e1C".-sion o, (#e )e,en)an( ,!o* an2 in(e!es(in (#e 3!o3e!(2 .o"a(e) in (#e P#i.i33inesI o! (4) (#e 3!o3e!(2 o, (#e)e,en)an( #as 1een a((a"#e) in (#e P#i.i33ines s-**ons *a2 1ese!+e) e>(!a(e!!i(o!ia..2 12 (a) 3e!sona.se!+i"e o-( o, (#e "o-n(!2A(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 18REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)/i(# .ea+e o, "o-!(I (1) 3-1.i"a(ion a.so /i(# .ea+e o, "o-!(I o! (")an2 o(#e! *anne! 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(#eCo-!( *a)e (#e ,o..o/ing )is(in"(ion' In a 3e!sona. a"(ion (#e3.ain(i4 see@s (#e !e"o+e!2 o, 3e!sona. 3!o3e!(2 (#e en,o!"e*en( o,a "on(!a"( o! (#e !e"o+e!2 o, )a*ages. In a !ea. a"(ion (#e 3.ain(i4see@s (#e !e"o+e!2 o, !ea. 3!o3e!(2 o! as in)i"a(e) in se"(ion $(a)o, R-.e 4 a !ea. a"(ion is an a"(ion a4e"(ing (i(.e (o !ea. 3!o3e!(2 o!,o! (#e !e"o+e!2 o, 3ossession o! ,o! 3a!(i(ion o! "on)e*na(ion o,o! ,o!e".os-!e o, a *o!(gage on !ea. 3!o3e!(2. An a"(ion in3e!sona* is an a"(ion agains( a 3e!son on (#e 1asis o, #is 3e!sona..ia1i.i(2 /#i.e an a"(ion in !e* is an a"(ion agains( (#e (#ing i(se.,ins(ea) o, agains( (#e 3e!son. Ben"e a !ea. a"(ion *a2 a( (#e sa*e(i*e 1e an a"(ion in 3e!sona* an) no( ne"essa!i.2 an a"(ion in !e*.T#e o17e"(i+e so-g#( in 3e(i(ione!s; "o*3.ain( /as (oes(a1.is#a".ai*agains( !es3on)en(s,o! (#ei! a..ege)!e,-sa. (o"on+e2 (o (#e*(#e (i(.e (o (#e (/o 3a!"e.s o, .an) (#a( (#e2in#e!i(e) ,!o* (#ei! ,a(#e! 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Fai.-!e (o )o so/o-.) in+a.i)a(e a.. s-1se:-en( 3!o"ee)ings on 7-!is)i"(iona.g!o-n)s.In (#e 3!esen( "ase (#e 3!o"ess se!+e! se!+e) (#e s-**onsan) "o3ies o, (#e "o*3.ain( on !es3on)en(s Ja"o1 Jes-s J!. A)o.,oMa!iano Conso.a"ion A.i"e an) Ra"#ea. (#!o-g# (#ei! *o(#e!Ca!i)a) T!o"ino. T#e !e(-!n )i) no( "on(ain an2 3a!(i"-.a!s as (o (#ei*3ossi1i.i(2 o, 3e!sona. se!+i"e on Ma!iano T!o"ino /i(#in a!easona1.e (i*e. &-"# i*3!o3e! se!+i"e !en)e!s (#e sa*eine4e"(i+e. Mo!eo+e! inas*-"# as (#e s#e!i4;s !e(-!n ,ai.e) (o s(a(e(#e,a"(san)"i!"-*s(an"es s#o/ing(#ei*3ossi1i.i(2o,3e!sona.se!+i"eo, s-**ons-3on!es3on)en(s/i(#ina!easona1.e(i*e3e(i(ione!ss#o-.)#a+eso-g#((#eiss-an"eo, analiass-**ons.?n)e! &e"(ion 5 R-.e 14 o, (#e R-.es o, Co-!( a.ias s-**ons *a21eiss-e)/#en(#eo!igina. s-**ons is!e(-!ne)/i(#o-( 1eingse!+e) on an2 o! a.. o, (#e )e,en)an(s. Pe(i(ione!s #o/e+e! )i) no()o so an) (#e2 s#o-.) no/ 1ea! (#e "onse:-en"es o, (#ei! .a"@ o,)i.igen"e.T#e ,a"( (#a( A((2. E>3e)i(o 6-ga!in !e3!esen(e) a.. (#e!es3on)en(s /i(#o-( an2 e>"e3(ion )oes no( (!ans,o!* (#eine4e"(i+e se!+i"e o, s-**ons in(o a +a.i) one. I( )oes no("ons(i(-(e a +a.i) /ai+e! o! e+en a +o.-n(a!2 s-1*ission (o (#e (!ia."o-!(;s 7-!is)i"(ion.T#e!e /as no( e+en (#e s.ig#(es( 3!oo, s#o/ing(#a(!es3on)en(s a-(#o!iDe) A((2.6-ga!in;s a33ea!an"e ,o! an) in(#ei! 1e#a.,. T#e !e"o!)s s#o/(#a( in a.. (#e 3.ea)ings /#i"#!e:-i!e)+e!i0"a(ion on.2Ca!i)a)T!o"ino signe)(#esa*e.T#e!e/as ne+e! a sing.e ins(an"e /#e!e )e,en)an( #ei!s signe) (#e3.ea)ing. T#e ,a"( (#a( a 3.ea)ing is signe) 12 one )e,en)an( )oesno( ne"essa!i.2 *ean (#a( i( is 1in)ing on a "o-)e,en)an(. &in"e (#e )e,en)an( #ei!s a!e "o-)e,en)an(s (#e (!ia. "o-!(s#o-.)#a+e+e!i0e)(#ee>(en( o, A((2. 6-ga!in;sa-(#o!i(2/#enA(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 1=REMEDIAL LAW REVIEW (ATTY. TRANQUIL SALVADOR III)3e(i(ione!s ,ai.e) (o a33ea! as ea!.2 as (#e 3!e-(!ia. s(age /#e!e (#e3a!(ies a!e !e:-i!e) (o a33ea!. T#e a1sen"e o, (#e )e,en)an( #ei!ss#o-.)#a+e3!o*3(e)(#e(!ia. "o-!( (oin:-i!e,!o*(#e.a/2e!/#e(#e! #e/as a.so !e3!esen(ing (#e o(#e! 3e(i(ione!s. As "o-)e,en)an( an) "o-#ei!s o+e! (#e )is3-(e) 3!o3e!(ies (#e )e,en)an(#ei!s#a)e+e!2!ig#((o1e3!esen()-!ing(#e(!ia.. On.2Ca!i)a)T!o"ino a33ea!e) an) (es(i0e) on #e! o/n 1e#a.,. A.. (#e )e,enses!aise) /e!e #e! o/n no( (#e )e,en)an( #ei!s.Conse:-en(.2(#e 7-)g*en( so-g#( (o 1e e>e"-(e) agains(!es3on)en(s /e!e !en)e!e) /i(#o-( 7-!is)i"(ion as (#e!e /as nei(#e!a 3!o3e! se!+i"e o, s-**ons no! /as (#e!e an2 /ai+e! o! +o.-n(a!2s-1*ission (o (#e (!ia. "o-!(;s 7-!is)i"(ion.Ben"e (#e sa*e is +oi)/i(# !ega!) (o 3!i+a(e !es3on)en(s e>"e3( Ca!i)a) T!o"ino. I( *-s(1e3oin(e)o-( (#a( /#i.ei( /as(#es3o-sesJes-san)Ca!i)a)T!o"ino /#o so.) (#e 3!o3e!(ies (o 3e(i(ione!s (#ei! !ig#( (o 3!o"ee)agains( Jes-s T!o"ino /#en #e )ie) /as 3asse) on (o #is #ei!s /#i"#in".-)es !es3on)en(s an) Ca!i)a) T!o"ino. E#en (#e 3!o"ess se!+e!3e!sona..2 se!+e) (#e s-**ons on Ca!i)a) T!o"ino(#e (!ia. "o-!(+a.i).2 a":-i!e) 7-!is)i"(ion o+e! #e! 3e!son a.one. Ben"e (#e (!ia."o-!(;s )e"ision is +a.i) an) 1in)ing /i(# !ega!) (o #e! 1-( on.2 in3!o3o!(ion (o Ca!i)a) T!o"ino;s s#a!e.MOTION&ational Commercial Ban, of Saudi Ara+ia v. Court ofAppealsH. R. No. 1$4$8= Jan-a!2 31 $003 % Enriue-FACT&'Na(iona. Co**e!"ia. 6an@o, &a-)i A!a1ia(NC6&A) 0.e)a"aseagains(P#i.i33ine6an@ingCo!3o!a(ion(P6C)in(#eRegiona.T!ia. Co-!( (RTC) o, Ma@a(i (o !e"o+e! F(#e )-3.i"a(ion in (#e 3a2*en(o, (#e 3!o"ee)s o, a .e((e! o, "!e)i( LNC6&AM #as iss-e) . . . 1!o-g#(a1o-( 12 (#e ,a"( (#a( 1o(# (#e #ea) oA"e an) (#e Ma@a(i 1!an"# o,LP6C (#e nego(ia(ing 1an@M "o..e"(e) (#e 3!o"ee)s o, (#e .e((e! o,"!e)i(.FT#e RTC o, Ma@a(i !en)e!e) a )e"ision in ,a+o! o, NC6&A. P6C!e"ei+e) a "o32 o, (#e )e"ision. I( 0.e) a Mo(ion ,o! Re"onsi)e!a(ion.T#e*o(ion #o/e+e! )i) no("on(ainano(i"eo,#ea!ing. NC6&A0.e) a Mani,es(a(ion 3oin(ing o-( (#a( P6CKs Mo(ion ,o!Re"onsi)e!a(ion )i) no( "on(ain an2 no(i"e o, #ea!ing. NC6&A 0.e) aMo(ion,o!E!i(o, E>e"-(iono, (#e)e"isiono, (#e(!ia. "o-!(. One+en )a(e P6C 0.e) a Mo(ion (o &e( FMo(ion ,o! Re"onsi)e!a(ionF ,o!Bea!ing a..eging as ,o..o/s'$. T#eMo(ion,o!Re"onsi)e!a(ion!aise)1o(#:-es(ionso,,a"(s an).a/a!ising,!o*(#ee!!oneo-s0n)ings*a)e 12(#e Bono!a1.e Co-!( in (#e sai) 9e"isionI3. In o!)e! (#a( )e,en)an( "an ,-..2 a*3.i,2 an) e>3o-n) on(#e iss-es !aise) on (#e sai) *o(ions (#e!e is a nee) (o se((#e Mo(ion ,o! Bea!ing.T#e(!ia. "o-!( s(!-"@,!o*(#e!e"o!)s o, (#e"aseP6CKsMo(ion ,o! Re"onsi)e!a(ion o, i(s )e"isionan)g!an(e) NC6&AKsMo(ion ,o! E!i( o, E>e"-(ion.P6Cassai.e)1e,o!e(#eCo-!( o, A33ea.s +iaPe(i(ion,o!Ce!(io!a!i (#e (!ia. "o-!(Ks O!)e!.T#e Co-!( o, A33ea.s )is*isse) P6CKs Pe(i(ion ,o! Ce!(io!a!i.6-( .a(e! se( asi)ei(s )e"ision(#eCo-!( o, A33ea.s #e.)ini(sA*en)e) 9e"ision'. . . LTMo )en2 3e(i(ione!Ks *o(ion ,o! !e"onsi)e!a(ion on (#eg!o-n) o, ,ai.-!e (o "on(ain a no(i"e o, #ea!ing is (oo #a!s#an a33.i"a(ion o, 3!o"e)-!a. !-.es es3e"ia..2 so /#en3e(i(ione! #as 0.e) a *o(ion (o se( (#e *o(ion ,o!!e"onsi)e!a(ion ,o! #ea!ing an) #a) ,-!nis#e) 3!i+a(e!es3on)en( a "o32 o, (#e *o(ion a ,a"( /#i"# is no( )enie)12 (#e .a((e!.1CNC6&A (#-s "o*es (o (#is Co-!( assai.ing (#e Co-!( o,A33ea.s A*en)e) 9e"ision.Iss-e' EJN(#e!-.e(#a( a*o(ion0.e)/i(#o-( (#e!e:-isi(eno(i"eo,#ea!ing is a -se.ess 3ie"e o, 3a3e! /i(# no .ega. e4e"( 1e !e.a>e).BEL9'No. T#e !e:-i!e*en( o, no(i"e -n)e! &e"(ions 4 an) 5 R-.e15in"onne"(ion/i(#&e"(ion$ R-.e3=o, (#eRe+ise)R-.eso,Co-!( i* ,an-a#.&y. T#e a1sen"e o, a no(i"e o, #ea!ing is ,a(a. an)in"aseso, *o(ions(o!e"onsi)e! a)e"ision (#e!-nningo, (#e3e!io) (o a33ea. is no( (o..e) 12 (#ei! 0.ing o! 3en)en"2. In (#e "asea( 1a! i( is no( )is3-(e) (#a( P6CKs Mo(ion ,o! Re"onsi)e!a(ion o, (#eA(eneo La/ 4A $011 % AY 2010)2011 13i!e).T#e *o(ion ,o! !e"onsi)e!a(ion #o/e+e! 1eing ,a(a..2)e,e"(i+e ,o! .a"@ o, no(i"e o, #ea!ing "anno( 1e "-!e) 12 a 1e.a(e)0.ing o, a no(i"e o, #ea!ing. Mo!e so in (#e "ase a( 1a! /#e!e (#eMo(ion(o&e((#eFMo(ion ,o!Re"onsi)e!a(ionF/as 0.e) a,(e!(#ee>3i!a(ion o, (#e 3e!io) ,o! 0.ing an a33ea..-n! .on! v. TiuH. R. No. 14444=8 A3!i. < $003 % EscosiaFACT&'In 1CC4 (#e "ons(!-"(ion o, (#e Masagana Ci(i*a.. in Pasa2Ci(2 /as (#!ea(ene) /i(# s(o33age an) in"o*3.e(ion /#en i(so/ne! (#eFi!s( Lan).in@Asia9e+e.o3*en( Co!3o!a(ion(FLA9C)/#i"# /as o/ne) 12 (#e Ti-s en"o-n(e!e) )i!e 0nan"ia. )iA"-.(ies.I( /as #ea+i.2 in)e1(e)(o(PN6) ,o! P1C0*i..ion. Tos(a+eo4,o!e".os-!eo, (#e*o!(gageon(#e(/o.o(s/#e!e(#e*a.. /as1eing 1-i.( (#e Ti-s in+i(e) (#e Ongs (o in+es( in FLA9C. ?n)e! (#eP!e-&-1s"!i3(ionAg!ee*en( (#e2en(e!e)in(o (#eOngsan)(#eTi-sag!ee)(o*ain(aine:-a. s#a!e#o.)ingsinFLA9C' (#eOngs/e!e (o s-1s"!i1e (o 1M s#a!es a( a 3a! +a.-e o, P100.00 ea"# /#i.e(#e Ti-s /e!e (o s-1s"!i1e (o an a))i(iona. 54Ce"-(o!2 as ea!.2 as &e3(e*1e! 11 1CC< 3-!s-an( (o &e"(ions 1an) 1$ R-.e 43 o, (#e R-.es o, Co-!(I (1) an2 ,-!(#e! )e.a2 /o-.) 1ein7-!io-s (o (#e !ig#(s o, (#e Ti-s sin"e (#e "ase #a) 1een 3en)ing,o! *o!e (#an si> 2ea!sI an) (") (#e &EC no .onge! #a) :-asi-7-)i"ia.7-!is)i"(ion -n)e! RA e"-(o!2I (#a( no goo) !eason e>is(e)(o iss-e a /a!!an( o, e>e"-(ionI an) (#a( 3-!s-an( (o &e"(ion 5.$ o,RA a*ina(ion o, (#e "ase (#e Co-!(,o-n) (#a( i(s 9e"ision o, Fe1!-a!2 1 $00$ o+e!.oo@e) "e!(ainas3e"(s /#i"# i, no( "o!!e"(e) /i.. "a-se e>(!e*e an) i!!e3a!a1.e)a*age an) 3!e7-)i"e (o (#e Ongs FLA9C an) i(s "!e)i(o!s. T#e 3!o"e)-!a. !-.e on 3!o-,o!*a *o(ions 3oin(e) o-( 12 (#eTi-s s#o-.) no( 1e 1.in).2 a33.ie) (o *e!i(o!io-s *o(ions ,o!!e"onsi)e!a(ion. As .ongas (#e sa*e a)e:-a(e.2 !aises a+a.i)g!o-n) (i.e. (#e )e"ision o! 0na.o!)e! is "on(!a!2(o .a/) (#e &C#as (o e+a.-a(e (#e *e!i(s o, (#e a!g-*en(s (o 3!e+en( an -n7-s()e"ision ,!o* a((aining 0na.i(2. In &e"-!i(2 6an@ an) T!-s( Co*3an2+s. C-en"a (#e &C !-.e) (#a( a *o(ion ,o! !e"onsi)e!a(ion is no( 3!o-,o!*a ,o! (#e !eason a.one (#a( i( !ei(e!a(es (#e a!g-*en(s ea!.ie!3asse)-3onan)!e7e"(e)12(#ea33e..a(e"o-!(.A*o+an( *a2!aise (#e sa*e a!g-*en(s i, on.2 (o "on+in"e (#e &C (#a( i(s !-.ing/ase!!oneo-s.Mo!eo+e!(#e !-.e ((#a( a *o(ion is 3!o-,o!*a i, i(on.2 !e3ea(s (#e a!g-*en(s in (#e 3!e+io-s 3.ea)ings) /i.. no( a33.2i, sai) a!g-*en(s /e!e no( s:-a!e.2 3asse) -3on an) ans/e!e) in(#e )e"ision so-g#( (o 1e !e"onsi)e!e). In (#e "ase a( 1a! no !-.ing/as *a)e on so*e o, (#e 3e(i(ione! Ongs; a!g-*en(s. Fo! ins(an"eno".ea!!-.ing/as*a)eon/#2ano!)e!)is(!i1-(ing"o!3o!a(easse(s an) 3!o3e!(2 (o (#e s(o"@#o.)e!s /o-.) no( +io.a(e (#es(a(-(o!2 3!e"on)i(ions ,o! "o!3o!a(e )isso.-(ion o! )e"!ease o,a-(#o!iDe) "a3i(a. s(o"@. T#-s i( /o-.) se!+e (#e en)s o, 7-s(i"e (oen(e!(ain (#e s-17e"( *o(ion ,o! !e"onsi)e!a(ion sin"e so*ei*3o!(an( iss-es (#e!ein a.(#o-g# *e!e !e3e(i(ions /e!e no("onsi)e!e) o! ".ea!.2 !eso.+e) 12 (#e &C."n the of the #etition for /a+eas Corpus of Benjamin 0er!arav. &edorioH. R. No. 15403= A3!i. 30 $003 % EstorninosFACT&'T#e3e(i(ione!sa!ese+e!a. .esseeso, a3ie"eo, 3!o3e!(21eing.ease)12a"e!(ainM!. Ta!i3e. Inase3a!a(e*a((e! (#ea)*inis(!a(o! o, (#e es(a(e o, a )e"ease) 3e!son in".-)e) (#is sa*e3ie"e o, 3!o3e!(2 in (#e in+en(o!2 o, (#e es(a(e. A,(e! )-e #ea!ing12 (#e 3!o1a(e "o-!( (#e RTC 7-)ge iss-e) an o!)e! (o (#e .essees (o3a2 *on(#.2 !en(a.s (o (#e&3e"ia. A)*inis(!a(o! o, (#ees(a(e!a(#e! (#an M!. Ta!i3e. Con,-se) (#e2 !e,-se) (o 3a2 (#eA)*inis(!a(o! an) /e!e a!!es(e) ,o! In)i!e"( Con(e*3(.T#e a!g-*en( o, (#e .essees is (#a( (#e2 /e!e no( no(i0e) o,(#e *o(ion s-1*i((e) 12 (#e a)*inis(!a(o! s-1*i((ing an in+en(o!2o, (#e es(a(e.T#-s (#e2 ".ai* (#a( (#e2 "o-.) no( 1e 1o-n) 12 (#e7-)g*en( on (#e in+en(o!2 )-e (o .a"@ o, no(i"e a*o-n(ing (o .a"@ o,)-e 3!o"ess. On (#e "on(!a!2 (#e &3e"ia. A)*inis(!a(o! 3!esen(e)an aA)a+i( 12 "o-nse. "e!(i,2ing (#a( (#e!e /as se!+i"e 12!egis(e!e) *ai..Be a.so 3!esen(e) !egis(!2 !e"ei3(s.I&&?E'Eas (#e!e 3!o3e! no(i0"a(ion o, (#e *o(ion (o (#e .esseesSBEL9'No no(i0"a(ion /as i*3!o3e!.T#eonea..egingse!+i"eo, no(i"e*-s( 3!o+e(#e,a"( o,se!+i"e. E#i.e(#eaA)a+i(an)!egis(!2!e"ei3(s3!o+e)(#a((#e.essees/e!ese!+e)"o3ieso, (#e*o(ion i()oesno(,o..o/(#a((#e2 in ,a"( !e"ei+e) (#e *o(ion.T#e A)*inis(!a(o! ,ai.e) (o 3!esen((#e !egis(!2 !e(-!n "a!)s s#o/ing (#a( (#e .essees a"(-a..2 !e"ei+e)(#e *o(ion.A.so !egis(!2 !e"ei3(s an) !e(-!n !e"ei3(s )o no( 3!o+e(#e*se.+esI (#e2*-s(1e3!o3e!.2a-(#en(i"a(e). 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