7/22/2019 Pride of India2
1/39
Pride of IndiaA glimpse into Indias scientific heritage
Dr. Vinayachandra B.K.Centre for Indian Psychology
Jain University
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
2/39
Why ?
1. To get a deeper understanding of our nation.
2. To draw everything that is beautiful and
worthwhile.
3. Experience one-ness with the Soul of India
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
3/39
What they said
India has always been an object of yearning, a realmof wonder, a world of magic.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
A Hindu is only glad that what he has been cherishingin his bosom for thousands of years will be expressedin a more powerful and effective languagethelanguage of science.
Swami Vivekananda "India of the ages is not dead nor has she spoken her
last creative word; she lives and has still something todo for herself and the human peoples."
Sri Aurobindo
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
4/39
But Why Have We Forgotten..
We must at present do our best to form a classwho may be interpreters between us and the
millions whom we govern, --a class of persons
Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes,in opinions, in morals and in intellect.
- Lord Macaulayin his minutes, Feb 2, 1835.
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
5/39
MATHEMATICS
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
6/39
Mathematicians
Bodhayanah (800 BCE) Sulbasutram
Brahmaguptah (628 AD) Brahma-sputha-siddantah
Mahaviracharya (850 AD) Ganita-sarasangraha Mishrakavya-vyavaharah
Bhaskaracharya (1200 AD)
Lilavati Bijaganitam
Narayanah (1356 AD)
Ganita-kaumudi
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
7/39
Boudhayana Theorem
dI"RcturSya[ya ru> paRmanI ityGmanI c
yTp&wGUte ktSty< kraeit.
The areas (of the squares) produced
separately by the length and breadth of a
rectangle together equal the area (of the
square) produced by the diagonal.
From figure: a2 + b2 =c2
Ref: Sulbasutram chap 1 shloka 12 (Boudhayana 800 BCE)
Western reference
The theorem is generally attributed to Pythagoras.
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
8/39
Circum-radius of Cyclic-quadrilateral
dae:[a< yaeRyae"aRtyutIna< its[a< vxat!
@kEkaenetryEKyctu:kvxaijte.
The three sums of the product of the sides taken
two at a time are to be multiplied together and
divided by the product of the four sums of thesides taken three at a time and diminished by
the fourth.
lBxmUlen ym! iv:kMaxeRn inimRtm!,
svRm! ctuuRj]e
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
9/39
Circum-radius of Cyclic-quadrilateral
If a,b,c & d are lengths of the quadrilateral and
O is center of circumcircle, then circumradius
OA = r is,
(ab+cd) (ac+bd) (ad+bc)
(a+b+c-d) (b+c+d-a) (c+d+a-b) (d+a+b-c)
r =
Western reference
This result is known as Simon A.J Lhuiliers (1782 AD) theorem. However the result is expressed by using
2S = a+b+c.
Ref: Commentary on Lilavati, shlokah 191,192 (Parameshvara 1430)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
10/39
Value of pi
cturixk< ztmgu[< a;iStwa sh[am!,
Ayutyiv:k.
Circumference C = [ (100 + 4) * 8] + 62000
= 62832
Diameter d = 20000
& thus pi = C/d = 3.1416 (app.)
Ref: Aryabhatiyam, Ganitapadh, chapter 2, slokah 10. (499 AD)
When 100 plus 4 is multiplied by 8 and added to 62,000 (it gives) an approximate
value for the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 20,000.
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
11/39
Value of pi
Values of piIndian attempts1. Mahavira (850) :
2. Bhaskara II (1150) : 3927/1250 = 3.1416
3. Nilakanta Somayaji (1444) : 3.1415925814. Shankara Variyar (1500) : 3.14159265392
5. Putumana Somayaji (1732) : 3.1415926536
6. Shankar Varma (1823) : 3.14159265358979324
7. Ramanujan (1887) : quoted expressions up to
3,7,8,14,31 decimal places
10
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
12/39
PHYSICS
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
13/39
Astronomy
Aryabhata I (500 AD) Aryabhtiyam
Aryabhatasiddhanta
Brahmagupta (700 AD) Brahmaguptasiddhanta
Khandakhadyaka (in two volumes)
Bhaskaracharya (1200 AD) SiddhantashiromaniGola-adhyayah
Grahaganitah
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
14/39
Rotation of Earth
AnulaemgitnaESw> pZyTycl< ivlaemg< yt!,
Aclain ain tt! smpimgain l
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
15/39
Gravity of the Earth
twa p&iwVyamimainnI ya devta isa sE;a pu;Sy Apanv&imv_yak:y vzIkTy
Ax> @v Apk;eR[ Anuh< kvRtI vtRte #TywR>, ANywa ih zrIr< guTvat! ptet!
savkaze va %CDet!!.
Similarly the deity that is earth exists by favouring, attracting, controlling by
pulling down the vital function called apana of the human. Else the body
would fall due to its weight or would fly into the sky if let free.
Ref : Shankarascommentary (8th century AD) on prasnopanisad (Vedic period), chapter 3, mantra 8.
Western reference
Newtonapple falling from the tree.
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
16/39
The Heliocentric TheorynEvaStmnmkRSy svRda st>,
%dyaStmnaOy< ih dzRnadzRn< rve>.
There is, in truth, neither rising nor setting for he sun, for it is always there, and
these terms (of rising a setting) merely imply his presence and disappearance.
daxwR p&iwvImitae myUoE>.
(The sun) holds the earth from all sides with (his) rays.
imae daxar p&iwvImut*a ki>,The sun holds t earth and the celestial region. The sun is the attracting power.
Ref:1. visnu-puranam, book2, chapter 8, slokah 15 vyasah (post-vedic period)
2. yajur-aranyakam prasnah 1, anuvakah 8, vargah 3 (Vedic period)
3. yajur veda, taittiriya-samhita, kandah 3, prapatakah 4, anuvakah 10, mantra 34 (vedic period)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
17/39
The Speed of Lighttri[ivRdzRtae JyaeitZkdis sUyR,
ivmaais raecnm!.
Oh sun! (You) overwhelm all in speed, visible to all, source of light. (you) shine
pervading the universe.
twa c SmyRte yaejnana< sh< e e zte e c yaejne @ken inim;axeRn mma[ nmaeStute.
It is remembered (that) Salutations to Thee (sun), the traveler of 2,202 yojanas in
half a nimisha.
Ref:
1. Rg-veda-samhita, mandalam-1, suktam-50, mantrah-4 (6000 BCE)
2. Sayanacaryascommentary (14th century)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
18/39
The Speed of Light
Distance travalled = 2202 yojanas
= 21,144.705 miles
Time Taken = nimesha = 1/8.75
= 0.114286 secs
Speed of light = 185,016.169 miles/sec
Modern Value = 186,282.397
Western reference
In 1676 by Danish Astronomer Olaus Roemer
In 1887 by Michealson and Morley establised the velocity to be 1,86,300 miles/sec
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
19/39
MachineDefinition
dNfEE dNtE sri[m[aidi>,
zeTpadn< ik< va cln< ymuCyte.
The generation of energy or motion, through the continuousmovement or rotation of shafts, wheels or wedges is called a machine.
Ref : yantrarnavah (14th century)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
20/39
MachineAttributesywvIhs saEiZq(< [taip c, AlytainvRh[< l"uTv< zBdhInta.
zBde saXye tdaixKymzEiwLymgaFta, vhI;u smStasu saEiZq(< caslit>.
yweawRkairTv< lytalanugaimta>, #kalewRdizRTv< pun> sMyvs.
AnuLb[Tv< taPy< daF(Rms&[ta twa, icrkal shTv.
These are the great attributes of machine-proper union of effort and result, good
contact, smoothness, requiring no attention, sustaining, lightness and
noiselessness, when sound is required its predominance, not loosening or
clogging, good contact in all moving parts, no break in action, attainment of
results as desired, adherence to rhythm and timing, showing results at themoment desired, retuning to normalcy at other times, not bulging and staying in
shape, strength, softness and durability.
Ref : Samarangana-sutradharah, chapter 31, raja bhoja (11th century ad)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
21/39
Some Interesting Facts..
Werner Heisenberg meets Rabindranath Tagore
(1929) before publishing the Uncertainty
principle.
Robert Oppenheimer quoting from Bhagavad
Gita immediately after the explosion of first
nuclear bomb on 16thJuly 1945.
http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/shiva/explo.htmlhttp://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/shiva/explo.htmlhttp://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/shiva/explo.html7/22/2019 Pride of India2
22/39
CHEMISTRY
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
23/39
Metallurgy
"The Hindus excel in the manufacture of iron, and in the preparations of thoseingredients along with which it is fused to obtain that kind of soft iron which is
usually styled Indian steel (Hindiah). They also have workshops wherein are forged
the most famous sabres in the world.
- Arab Edrizi, Arab Traveller.
The wootz, crucible and stainless steels
were invented in India, and were widely
exported, resulting in "Damascus steel
by the year 1000.
World Famous Iron pillar, Delhi stands rust-free
even after some 1500 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Iron-pillar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Iron-pillar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Iron-pillar.jpg7/22/2019 Pride of India2
24/39
Pictures Speak A Thousand Words
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
25/39
Generation of Electricity in a Cell
s
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
26/39
HEALTH & MEDICATION
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
27/39
Physicians Par-Excellence
First sources in Atharvaveda (5000 BCE)
Renowned Teachers of later years Charaka (I BCE)Attreya School
Sushrutha (6thBCE)Dhanvantari School Vagbhata (6thAD)Kashyapa School
Three original Teachers Atreya (Internal Medicine)
Dhanvantri (Surgery) Kashyapa (Gynaecology & Paediatrics)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
28/39
MedicineTest of Cure
kay xatusaMy< tSy l][< ivkaraepzm>, prI]aTvSy gupzmn< Svrv[Ryaeg> zrIraepcy> blv&i>
A_yvhayaRila;> icrrahkale sMyGjr[< inalaae ywakal< suoen c itbaexn svaRkarEmRnaebuIiNya[a< caVypiirit.
The task is the equilibrium of the primary fluids (humors). Its characteristic
feature is the pacification of the aberration. The test of the cure is the abatingof the disease, normalcy of voice and colour (of the skin), non-decay of the
body, increase in strength, desire for eating, interest in eating, timely digestion
of the food that is eaten, getting sleep at the proper time, not having
nightmare, waking up happily, the release of the wind, urine, excrement and
semen, non impairment of the mind, intellect and sense organs in all aspects.
Ref : Caraka-samhita, vimanasthanam, chapter 8, paragraph 89. (I century B.C)
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
29/39
Surgery
Intestinal Surgery
Bladder Stone Removal
Plastic Surgery of the Nose Absorbable Ligatures
Suturing
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
30/39
Birth of Plastic Surgery
Tipu Sultans battle with the British ( 1793 AD)
Reported in Madras Gazette
Oct 1794Reported in Gentlemans Magazine London
Indian nose surgery or Rhinoplasty enters Europe
SOME O F I T O R I G I N A T E D H E R E I N INDIA
Dr. J. C. Carpue, UK.
Dr. Graefe, Germany
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
31/39
Cardiology
AaharSy sMykpir[tSy yStejae Utsar> prmsUm> s rs> #TyuCyte, tSy dy< Swan< s dyat!
ctuivztIxRmnIrnuivZy kT< zrIrmhrh> tpRyit vxRyit xaryit yapyit cAhetukenkmR[a.
"The blood issues forth from the heart and there from goes everywhere; through
the veins, it reaches the heart. Therefore the veins are born of the heart.
Ref: susruta-samhita,sutra-stanam, adhyayah 14, paragraph 3 (6thcentury BCE).
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
32/39
LIFE SCEINCES
Lif i Pl t
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
33/39
Life in Plantssuo>oyae h[aiCDSy c ivraeh[at!, jIv< pZyaim v]a[amcEtNy< n iv*te.
ten tlmad< jryTyimtaE, Aaharpir[ama ehae v&i jayte.
ve[aeTplnalen ywaeXv jlmaddet!, twa pvns padE> ipbit padp>.
From the grasping of happiness and unhappiness, from the healing of wounds I see
life. Plants are sentient.
Heat and light digest the water that is drawn by the plant. From the transformation
of what is bought in (the digested water) fluids comes into being; growth occurs.
Just as one draws water up by the mouth and lotus stalk, plant endowed with air,drinks water with its feet.
Ref : Mahabharata, shanti-parva, chapter 184, slokah 16-18
d l f l
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
34/39
Traditional Life cycle
ConsciousIncompetence
Conscious
Competence
Unconscious
Incompetence
Unconscious
Competence
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
35/39
Traditional Life cycle
Conscious Incompetence
RevivalDisuse
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
36/39
Where is Science ?
Science in Secular Texts
Science in Sacred Texts
Science in Tradition
Science in Mythology
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
37/39
They Felt So..
India was the motherland of our race, andSanskrit the mother of Europes languages; shewas the mother of our philosophy; mother,through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics;mother, through Buddha, of the ideals embodiedin Christianity; mother through villagecommunity, of self-government and democracy.
Mother India is in many ways the mother of usall.
-Will Durant(1885-1981)Renowned American Historian
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
38/39
March Forward
This is the ancient land , where wisdom made itshome before it went into any other country.
Here is the same India whose soil has been
trodden by the feet of the greatest sages that
ever lived . Look back , therefore, as far as you
can, drink deep of the eternal fountains that are
behind and after that look forward, march
forward, and make India brighter, greater, muchhigher, than she ever was
Swami Vivekananda
7/22/2019 Pride of India2
39/39