第1())リ|プロ・ナトウーラ・ファンド助成成采iili告書(2001)
PreliminaryResearchonRelcasingProgramofthe
Crestedlbis(Mppol1ial]jppol])
XIYongmeil),LUBaozhongl),FUWenkai2),SUYunshan3)
Summary
Tllepresentstudywasdesi8nedtotryapossiblereleasetothewildofthecaptive-bredCrestedlbis
(Nノノノノ)0"/(7〃ノノノノノOjl).Aspecialattenlionwaspaidonpreliminary1℃searchaboutreproductionbehaviorofthe
endangeredCrestedlbis・Inbreedingseason,theCrestedIbisincubatedeggsandfeedtheirchicksinturnby
malealldfemaleinthewild・Inthccaseo(captivaledbirds,(heylayeg8sandincubatetheminturninthe
earlyincubationperiod,butincaptivity,theparentstendedlokiⅡthechicksdurmghatchingnotposthatch-
in8Jnthepresentresea1℃hproject,therefore,welriedtoilllroducctllehand-rearedCrestedlbistoakindof
natureconditionusin8parentsandchickswhichwerel)1℃viouslyI・aisedbyhandrearin8iMheYangxian
center・Wideran8eo(fli8htcagewasusedforonepairtobevisuallyisolatedfromtheothers,leadingtothe
resultsofsuccessfulpal・entalcareoftheCrestedlbisinthccaptiviIy・Wecri(icallyevaluatetheusefulnessof
thispreliminaryresea1℃hon1℃productionaspartofreinIroductionofthisspecies,suggestingthepossible
propa8ationpost-releaseofthecaptive-bredCrestedlbis
Keywords:C1℃stedlbis,reproduction,release
1.Introduction
TheCrestedⅡ)iswasformerlyfoundfronltheRussianFarllastsoutMhrou8htheKoreasandIapan
tocentralChina、Ithasbeendecliningdl・amaticaⅡysincellleearly1)artof20lhcentury・Bythelatel970s,it
wasextinctinRussiaandKorea(Yamashina,1977ノArchibald,l98UThelastfivebirdsin]apanwerecap-
turedforpossiblecaptivebreedinginl981(Yamashina,1983/Ishii,1999).I-Iowever,asin81eJapaneseCrested
lbissurviveduntilonepairloanedfromChinasuccessfullybredattheSadolbisConservationCenterin
l999(Chikatsuii,1999/FuiiharaandXi,2000a,b).
InChina,theCrestedlbis(Nノノノ/)0ノノノロ〃i〃0")haddeclinedtoonlysevenbirds,includingtwobreeding
pairsandthreenestlingbyl981(Liu,1981).SincetheMconservationproiect,whichhasincludedmanage‐
mentofthefree-Iivin8ibispopulationandasortofbasicresearches,startedfromthesevenibises(Liu,1981ノ
Lu川M986&'999ノShi,1990&1992ノTan,1989ノXiandFuiihara,2000a,b).Someofthescientificresearches
havebeenconductedusin8accidentallydiedbirds(FallcMノ.,2000/LiueMl.,1995/Liuefp/、,1999ノXiefn/、,
1999ノYanefロノ.,1999).Withre8al・dtothisbird,thel副IntemationalSymposiumonthisspecieshasbeenheld
atHanzhong,Chinainl999・II1whichmostoftheresearchesontheCrestedlbisandsomeotherrelated
endangeredbirdswerediscussedfromthepointsoffutureprospectsofthiskindofwildlife(CaocM.,1999ノ
l)
2)
3)
Sh(MlnxiCreslc(l1bisCaI〕tivcBrcc(lingCcntcrChiIlaShaanxiWil(l1i化MallagcmcntDcI)arlmclltofForestryMillistry,Chin【lEIwirol]mentClll1ureInsIilutc,Japall
-59-
Coulter,1999/LieMノ.,1999ノWang,1992/XiclpL,1999ノZhen8,1999).Someofthescientificresearcheso、Iield
observationabouttheibis,includin8generalreviewsofibishavealsobeenreported(CaocM/、,1994/Fancノ
(L1990ノFujiharaandXi,2000a,b/Su('MM999/LucMい999ノLiu,1999ノMac/(71,1999/ToshioTorii,1999ノ
Wang,1999ノYu,1991ノYoshio,]999/ZhangCM.,1999ノZhai,〔Wl/、,1999).
Ontheolherhand,cal)tive-breedinghasbeendifficultaI1dfil・stsuccessfullyachievedilll989,with
twochickssurvivedtooneweekinBeijin8Zoo(Li,1991).Anothercaptivepopulationbe8alltobeestab‐
lishedinYangxianlbisBrecdillgCenterinl990byrescuingfewsickandilljuredchicksandaboundede8gs
iMhewild(Xicm/、,1993/Xi(?/(『/、,]997).Thebirdssuccess(ullybredsincel995,theloea(tersomepro8ellyalso
joinedbreeding(XicM/、,1999).
Hitherto,captiverearin8ofspecieswithreleaseIothewildhasbeenbein8animportalltlnanage-
menttechniqueusedinattemptstosavespeciesfromextinctioll(SccottcM/、,1987).Someo(endall8ered
bil・dsbavesucceeded,suchasWhoopingCraneG'WSロノ"cr/c(J"(}(Bender,1992),CaliforniaCondorGl/""101M)S
aiノ(/M1/(!"11s(Kuehler,1988/Bender,1993),HawaiianCoose〃(ms1"1〔/ひ/Ce"s/s(Black,1994)alldBaldEagle
Mlノノ"MノノsノCl/coccノノノノロルs(Simolls,1988)inUnitedStatesノBaldlbisCc()/lljcノイscrc'"/f〃inTurkey(Akcakaya,
1990/Cade,1994),andespeciallyMauritiusKestrellMcoノブl"ノcMllsinMauritius,havebeenincreasedfrom
fourknownbirdsinl974tomorethan331individualsbyl994(jones,1994),suggestingthepossibilityof
rearin8theendangeredbirdsbyhumallbein8inthecaptivity,thougllhardtaskhasneededtobesuccessful
evensomefailedand/orarestilltryillgtohelpthreatenedspecies(CloutcMノ.,1994/CadeeM.,1994/Holt,(?ノ
ロノ.,1996ノRichandeM/、,1999/Brownell,2000).
Therefor,toestablishcaptivepopulationwithanintentionofreilltroductionhasbeenalongterm
considerableattemptsforsavingtheCrestedlbisinJapanandChina・TI1reecaptivepopulationshavebeen
builtrespectivelywithallumberof7individualsinSadolbisConservatiollCellterinJapan,21individuals
inBeijingZooandlO6individualsinYangxianlbisBreedin8Center,1℃sultingofl34individualsintotaL
However,ofll2individualswereraisedbyhandrearin8sincetheabnormalityofparentalcareoccurredin
captivebreedin8oftheCrestedlbis・Itshowedthattheparentsattelldtokillthechicksdurin8hatchi、8.It
seemedasignofdisadvallta8esforreintroductioninthefuture、
Inthepresentresearchproject,weconductedthereasollsofthisabnormality,focusin8onthepri‐
marystudyofreintroduction・Itwasachievedbyreestablishedanewca8eforonepairtobevisuallyisolated
fromtheothers・Fortunately,onecllickwassuccessfullyproducedbyparentalincubationandcare,has
fledged、Astheresult,thattheprobabilityoftheparentalbirdsloosin8Il1eabilityofparentalcareillcaptiv‐
itywasreiectedJheoccul・rencesofabnormalitywerebecauseofenvirollmentpressuremrelativelysmaller
avial・ies・ItisindicatorofthefirsIstepforhope{ullyreintroducIiolloflhebirdsinthellearfuture.
2.MaterialsandtheMethod
lnordertoleadinglheparenlaliI1cubationandrearin8,alar8eavialywithfacilityforreProductionwas
builtinthewoodsinsidethebreedin8centerinNovemberl999(Fig.1,Fig.2)Thisaviarywasabout80square
meters,locatedinthemiddleofthehiⅡJtis50metersfarfromtheotherbreedingca8esofthecentersoasto
prevelltthebirdscontactin8wiIhotherbl・eedin8birds、Theslol)eofthehiⅡwasllsedtobethe8roundofthe
ca8einsteadoftheflat8round、OuIsidethesurroundin8oflllecagehavemanypinetrees,oakandcypress・Tllis
circumstanceaccessthella(uraⅡyhabiIatofthewildCrestedlbis、Weusedthenylonnettobethefenceof
-60‐
蕊〕WJW:トノ
FiglSllaanxiCrestedlbisCapIivebreedin8Center Fi82Newbreedingca8e
theca8einsteadofironlletwhichwereusedforthebreedingcagesbefore(Fig.3)inordertoavoidcrashin8
andaccidenthappening、Somebrancheswerearran8edollthetopofapinetreeinsidetheca8etobesup‐
})osedthesiteoftllenestinsteadoftheman-madebasket(Fig.4),whichwereusedtobethenestbefore、A
smallconcretepondwasalsoprovidedintheca8efordrinkingwater,eatill81oachandbatllin8、AsetofTV
monitorysystem,whichwasfacin8thenest,wassetupatthecornerofca8eforobservin8anykindsof
breedin8activitiesandreproducIivebehavior・
AfterpreparationthefaciliIyforreproducIion,firstbreedillgl)airwasintroducedtothisnewca8eon
3Ialluary,2000.Themalewasborllinl996bycaptive-bred,withredringontheleftle8andblackringonthe
ri8htleg、ThefemalewasalsoborninIhecenterinl996,withblueringoMI1eleftlegandblackringonthe
ri8htlegThe(reshloachandarti(icialdietswereprovidedforthem(Tablel).Somebranchesanddried
grasswerepIacedonthegroundtohelplllebirdsbuildingnest・TI1epairwaskeptinthisconditiononlyfor
onemollthwithoutgettinganysortofbreedin8actingandreproductivebehavior・Therefor,wemovedout
thispair,andanothernewpairwasintroduceda8ainon3February2000.Themaleofthispairwastwo
yearsoldandthefemalewasthreeyearsold・Theyarealsocaptive-bredinYan8xiancenterinl998andl997,
respectively.
3.Results
AfterhalfalnonIhofsettingthesecondI)airinlhenewcage,thepairstarteddispIayingfIyingto‐
gether(Fig.5),nackin8eachotherand(inallycopulatin8onl7Ma1℃h2000(Fig.6).
Tostimulatethebehaviorofnesling,someofnestingmaterialswasputinthenestsiteofthepine
iWllllllIilHll11l Fig.4Formerbreedingnest Fig.3Formerbreedin8cage
-61‐
TableLBasaldietfortheadultCrestedlbisbreedin8season.
ArtllMa]
lbod*(9m)
Loach
に、)
Mealworln
(gm)
Totalamount**
(9m)
Stage
5555
7777
0
0000
5317
5555
4191
3334
Laying
lncubation
Rearing(l-20days)
Rearing(20-42days)
0000
0027
2222
*TY1ecomponentofdietfbradultbirdsare:75%beef10%boiledegg,
89'6starch(269'6corn,349'6wheat,409'6bean),59'6carrot,Ⅲmilk,
1%yeast,calciumtabletsanddigestlveenzymetablets.
**AmounMbronebirdperday
。騒母.‘回
Fig.5Flyill8inthenewca8e Fig6Copulation
tree・However,thebirdstllrewthebranclles,whichwereintroducedilltllenest,away・Afterthattheystarted
pickingupthematerialsfromthegroundtobuiIdthenestbythemselveson22ndofMarch・Inthiscase,
usuaⅡy,themaletookparticipatiollillbringthematerialstonestalldthefemaleprepareandarrangedⅡ1e
nestSometimes,thefemaletriedtosittin8onthenesIforashorttime,Approximatelytwodaysafterthis
appearanceofIhebehavior,thefemalestartedlayin8eg8s、Thefirstc8gwaslaidon29lhofMarch・Sincethell
freshmealwormsweregiventothebirdsonthebasisof1008ramperday・Until3rdofApril3e8gswerelaid,
theyincubatedtheeggsthemselvesillturn・Durin8incubationperiod,olleeggaccidentallywasbrokellill
theneston25IhofApril,andanothere88on30IhofApril、Thelastonewastakenoutforcheckin8thefertility
bccausethat,jud8ingbytheincubationperiod,thisoneshouldbehaIching4lhofApriLItwasfoundthiseg8
wasinfertile
Followingthistreahnent,another化rtileegg,whichwaslaidbytheotherbreedingpairandiustduringpipin8
stage,wasintroducedinthenesttotestfurlherincubationbytheparentalbirds・UnfOrtunately,H1epairtIuCwH1isegg
awaydurmgitshatching、ThisseriesofreproductionwasfinishedforlhefirsIclutch、Followingthishappenin8,
newnestlhlgmaterialswerepreparedforthesecondclutch、Thenonl6l11ofMay,theystartedrelayingandtwo
e8gswerelaid(Fig.7).Theparentalbirdsincubatedintur、,durin8thisincubationperiod,oneeg8wasdam‐
agedagainon26IhofMay,butfinally,Ihelastegghatchedonl3lhof]une、Thisseriesofeventswasmonitored
byTVset/unfortunately,thelastchanceoftllecllickhatchingwasmissedbyTVmonitoryduethatthelrouble
happenedtothefaci1ities、However,thevoiceofthechickwasheardbyourstuff(Fig.8).
l4IhofJune,itwasfoundthattheparentalbirdstakecareofthechicktofeedthefirsttimeThemale
-62-
鱸■ロ
ー雛蝋’ 11薑li11llil灘I
鋼6噸.、腿v蝋
灘
篝篝讓議iilWII鶏j§iiiI蕊蕊鰻』鱒i鰯鍵iii霧I!
Fig7Twoe8gsofthenewpair Fig8Theparentstakecareofchick
andfemalefedthechicksinturn,withabout20timesintotaladay、
21s'of]une,atday8thechick'sbillwasfoundtogrowaslightlylong,andthebehaviorofbugging
foodfromtheparentalbirdswasobserved、
22i1doflune,parentalbirdprotectedthechickbymakingashedderwiththeirbodyandfeathersince
sunshinewasexceptionallyhotatthattime、
23rdofIune,whenitwasraining,theparentalbirddisplayedthesamebehaviorasmentionedfor
strongsunshinepreviously、
Asthechickgrewup,graduallyincreasedamountofmealwormswere8iven,togetherwithsome
kindsofvitaminsandartificialdiet、
27lhofJune,thechickwasobservedgrowlluptoabout8008ramofbodyweight,displayedlnoving
andstandin8upforashorttime,Since41hof]uly,tllemaleandfemaleofparentalbirdstriedtoleavefor
takin8foodtogether,Ievin8thechickaloneinthenest・Afterspelldingseveralminutesoutsidethenest,the
maleorfemalereturnedtothenesttofeedthechick
l7'hofluly,thechickwithpIumedfeathercouldstandontheed8eofthenest,showingthepracticeof
flyin9.
25IhofIuly,thechicktriedtoflydownon-tothe8rolmdtofollowtheparentalbirdsforfeedmg(Fig.9).
Sometimes,thechickcouldn'teattllefreshloach,thustheparentsfedthechickagain・About3daysaflerlhis
behavior,thechickcouldgoandbackbetweenthenestandgroundtogetfoodfreely(Fig.10).
iiiii蕊蕊iiiiillll
FiglOThechickfeedbyitself Fig9Thechickfledged
-63‐
4.Discussion
ThisexperimentisthefirsttoindicatethepossibiliIyofparentalincubationandrearing,sofarthelO
chickshadbeenkilledbylheparentsduringllatchinginthepreviousexperiments、
TheparentalbirdskilledthehatchlingswasoccurredinYangxiancenter(XieM.,1999)alsoinBeijing
Zoo(Li,1992).WehadeveranalyzedthereasonforiLTwoaspectfactorprobabilitypresentedfortheCrested
lbises・Oneisbecauseofincompleteabilityofparentalcaresincetheywerealltakencaredbyhandrearin8,
Ifsoitwouldbefailwithlhereintroductionpro8ram,becausethattherewouldnotbepresentpropa8ation
whenthecaptiveindividualsarereleasedtothellatureAnotherreasonisbecauseIllatlimiIationofcages
sizeandcrowdin8ofvicinityclosedbreedin8cagescausedtheenvironmentpressure(orbirdsButcarryin8
outthepresentexperimentreiectedtlleformerreason・
Aswementionedthesizeo{cagetheformerbreedingca8eswereverysmaⅡinsizeandverycloseto
eachother,thiSprobablyinduceakindofstressforthebreedin8birds・Inthisexperimelltswildrangeof
flightcagewasused、Andthispaircouldn'tseetheotherbreedin8pairsinthecenter・Thisexperimelltwas
informativeforsuccessfulparentalcareincaptivityduetoenvirollmelltchanges、Itsu88estedthatwehave
tobuiIdthebreedin8cagesseparatelyinthefutureinorderlDtraiMheoffsprin8forpreparin8thefurther
reintroductionprograln
AsW・Conwaynoted,propa8atingbirdsillcaptivityhasthepotentialtoaccomplishthreemain8oals:
(1)providingagenebank''topreservetheulliquegeneticillformationofspeciestbathavebecomegreatly lD
reducedinllumberorhavedisappearedinthewildノ(2)providingasourceofilldividualsforuseiMhe
managementandrestorationofrarebirdsinnaturea、d(3)providin8ameansofpubliceducation,afourth
goalwouldincludescientificresearch(Cade,1994).
Breedill8thebirdsincaptivilytosuppIybirdsforreintroductionemergedasagoalformanyendan‐
geredspecies・Atleast83speciesoffalconiformbirdshadbeenbredincaptivitybyl984(Cade,1986),and
self-sustainingcaptivepopulationsnowexistforseveralspecies、ThereiseveryreasontoexpecMhataself-
sustainin8captivepopulationcanbeachievedforthisspecies,alldprospeclsforsuccessfulreintroduction
alsolookgood、PopulationsofthePeregrineFalconhavebeenre-establishedorsi8nificantlyincreasedby
fostering,cross-fosterin8andhackingcaptive-producedorcaptive-rearedyoun8illCermay(c30pairsre‐
introducedtovacatedrange,Husson81993),SouthwesternSwedenandadfacentNorway(c、16-17pairs
reintroduced),easternandlnidwesternNorthAmerican(c、150pairsreturnedtoanunoccupiedran8e)and
theGreaterYeⅡowEcosystem(53pairsinformerlyvacantrange).TheMauritiusKestrelincreasedfrom
whatwasbelievedtobetwosurvivingpairsinnaturetomorethan60pairsbycaptivebreeding,harvesting
wildeg8s,fosterin8alldhacking(Cade&Jones,1993).TheBaldEaglehasbeenreintroducedintoNewYork
Statebyhackingwildea81elsmostlyfromAlaska(Nye,1988).
RegardIotheproposaloftheproiectfortheCrestedlbis,weplanedtohopefullyreleasesomeof
youn8birdsthatwouldberearedbytheparentalbirds,butitdidll'tachievedIhe8oalduetosmallpopula‐
tionsizeofcapIivebirdsatthepresent・
However,theCrestedlbispopulationhasincreasedsufficientlybothinthewildandincaptivity、A
totalof98birdswereproducedinYan8xianlbisBreedingCenterduring6years(1995-2000)Inthewild,
aboutlOObirdswereproliferatedduringaround20years(Lu,1999ノShi,1991ノZhai,1999)Itwaslikelyit
wouldexpandintothesuitablehabitatbyreintroductioninthefuture.
-64-
5.Acknowledgements
ThisprojectwasfinanciallysupportedbyPRONATURAFoundationthatwouldbegreatlyappreci‐
ated、TheauthorswishtothankthestaffofYangxianCrestedlbisBreedingCenterinChinafortheirkind
helpthroughoutthepresentexperiments.
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第10期プロ・ナトウーラ・ファンド助成成果報告書(2001ノ
要旨
トキ(MpponiMjpponノの野生復帰プログラムに関する予備研究
席味梅・路宝忠・傳文凱・蘇雲'11
験を行った。繁殖ペアを他のトキから見えない、飛
翔可能な大きさのケージに入れて飼育した結果、
飼育下に満かれたこのペアのトキは十分な抱卵と
育雛行動を行ったのである。
トキ種の生息に適した地域への再導入の一部と
しての繁殖行動に関するこの予備研究は、飼育下
繁殖によるトキのl1F生復帰後の繁殖の可能性を示
している。我々は、注意深く本研究の有効性を評価
していかねばならない。
(推薦者:河合明宣訳)
本研究の目的は、飼育下繁殖によるトキを野生
復帰させる道を探ることにある。絶滅に瀕するト
キの繁殖行動についての予備研究を特に求祝した。
野生の状態では、繁殖期にはトキは雌雄交代で抱
卵し、雛に餌を与えている。飼育下の場合、産卵
後、抱卵初期には交代で抱卵するが、孵化後ではな
く孵化の過程において雛を殺してしまう傾向のあ
ることが観察されている。
本研究では、それ故、洋県トキ救謹飼育センター
で人工飼育された親鳥と雛を用いて、人工飼育で
育てたトキを自然に近い状態に置いて観察する実
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