Transcript

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โ€œTwo Jews, Three Opinions: Reconciling Divine Revelation with

Halachic Debateโ€

based on an article by Mrs. Rivka Kahan

Source 1a) Shemot 24:12

ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœ ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื”, -ื•ื™-ื•ื”ื™ื”--ื”ืจื”ืขืœื” ืืœื™ ื”

ืœื—ืช -ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืืชืฉื; ืฆื•ื”, ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืž

ื™, ืœื”ื•ืจืชื .ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืช

12 And the LORD said unto Moses: 'Come up to Me into the mount and be there; and I will give thee the tables of stone, and the law and the commandment, which I have written, that thou mayest teach them.'

1b) Rashi

ื›ืœ ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช - ืœื”ื•ืจืชื ืืช ืœื—ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืชืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืกืขื“ื™ื” ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื• ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ

:ืฉื™ืกื“ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•

All six hundred and thirteen mitzvot are included within the Aseret Hadibrot, and

Rabbeinu Saadya explained in the Azharot that he established for every one of the

dibrot the mitzvot that are dependent on it.

R. Yehuda Halevi, in Sefer Hakuzari asserts that the revelation at Sinai is a proof for

the Torahโ€™s authenticity; the fact that Matan Torah was experienced by an entire nation

rather than by an individual prophet is a testimony to the historical accuracy of the story.

Thus, the revelation of the Aseret Hadibrot set the stage for and substantiated the more

comprehensive revelation that Moshe experienced in the forty days that he spent on Har

Sinai immediately after the giving of the Aseret Hadibrot. Since all of Bnei Yisrael

experienced the initial stage of revelation and believed in its truth, they also accepted the

truth of the subsequent revelation that Moshe received.

Source 2a: Vayikra Ch. 25

ื™ื ื™)ื( ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืืœึพืžืฉื” :ืœืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืจ ืก

ื•ืฉื‘ืชื” ืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื”ื ื›ื™ ืชื‘ืื• ืืœึพื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื )ื‘( ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœึพื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉ :'ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”

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2b) Rashi

ื•ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ - ื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืืฃ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื” ืืœื ืžื”

ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื”ืŸ

What is the relevance of shemittah to Har Sinai? And werenโ€™t all of the mitzvot

said at Sinai?! Rather, just as shemittah was said with its principles and details

at Sinai, so too were all mitzvot said with their details at Sinai. This is how it is

taught in Torat Kohanim

Source 3: Rambam, Introduction to the Mishne Torah

ืืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•. ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื ื™

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• .ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื•ืฆื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ

All of the mitzvot which were given to Moshe at Sinai were given together with

their interpretations, as it says: โ€˜And I will give you the tablets and the Torah

and the mitzvahโ€™ (Shemot 24:12). โ€˜The Torahโ€™ refers to Torah shebikhtav, โ€˜and

the mitzvahโ€™ refers to its interpretation. And He commanded us to fulfill the

Torah in accordance with โ€˜the mitzvah.โ€™ This mitzvah is what is called Torah

she-be-al peh

Q: What obvious issue develops if we say that Moshe was given all of the mitzvoth and halachot at Har Sinai?

Source 4: Tosefta (Hagiga 2:9)

ืืž 'ืจ ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื›ืชื—ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช

3ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื ืฆืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช

ืš ืืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจื• ืื ืฉืžืขื• ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ื”ื•ืœื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื ืฉืžืขื• ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช ืืข" ืค ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืื ืฉืžืขื• ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืื ืœืื• ืืœื• ื•ืืœื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื” ื ืฆืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืจื•ืื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ืื ืœืื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจ ืขื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ

ืื ืฉืžืขื• ืืžืจื• ื ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื”ืจื• ืžืฉื ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ื™ืžืื• ืœื”ื ื•ืื ืœืื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ

ื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืจื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืช

Said R. Jose: Initially there was no controversy in Israel; but there was the court of

seventy in the Hall of Hewn Stone, and the other courts of twenty-three were in the towns of

the land of Israel . . . If one needs a court, he turns to the court in his town; if there is no court

in his town, he goes to a court near his town. If they [the court] heard [a tradition], they told

it to them [i.e., the litigants]; if not, [the initiator of the action] and the most eminent member

of the court go to the court on the Temple Mount. If they heard, they told it to them; and if

not, he and the most eminent of them go to the court on the Rampart. If they heard, they told

it to them; and if not, these and others go to the court in the Hall of the Hewn Stone. . . If they

heard, they told it to them; and if not, they stand up for a vote. If the majority is for

impurity, they declare it impure; if the majority is for purity, they declare it pure.

From there the law originates and is disseminated in Israel. When there multiplied

the students of Shammai and Hillel who did not serve their teachers sufficiently,

controversies multiplied in Israel and the law because like two sets of law.

Source 5: Rav Saadia Gaon, Introduction to Emunot Vโ€™Deot

ืžืฉืจื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืื“ื ื• ืžื–ื” )ืกื ื”' ืค"ื—( ื•ืœืžืชื•ืฉืœื ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืง ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ

ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืžื•ื“, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื 'ื›ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘

The sages of Israel said about one who is not complete in wisdom that from

the time that the students of Hillel and Shammai increased, and did not

sufficiently serve their masters, disagreements multiplied. We learn from this

that if the students had fully mastered their studies, there would have been no

controversies or arguments among them.

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Source 6: Talmud Eruvin 13b

ื”ืœืœื• ,ืฉื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืื‘ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ืฉืœืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื•. ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืœืœื•

..ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ื•ืืžืจื”: ืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื

R. Abba stated in the name of Shmuel: For three years there was a dispute

between Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel, the former asserting that โ€˜the law is in

agreement with our views,โ€™ and the latter contending that โ€˜the law is in

agreement with our views.โ€™ A bat kol came forth, announcing, โ€˜Both are the

words of the living God, but the law is in agreement with the rulings of Beit

Hillel โ€™

Source 7: Yerushalmi Hagiga 1:8

ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื‘ืจ ื  ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืชื™ืง ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•

Even that which a seasoned student will declare before his teacher was

already said to Moshe at Sinai.

Source 8: Ritvah on Eruvin 13b

ืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืœื• ืจื‘ื ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ืืš ืืคืฉืจืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืžืจื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจืื• ืœื• ืื•ืกืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื™ืจ, ื•ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืขืœื”

ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืž"ื˜ ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ืฉืืœ ืœื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืž"ื˜ ืคื ื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื”ื›ืจืขื” ื›ืžื•ืชื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืžืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื›ืžื™

.ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื•ืกื•ื“ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™

The French Rabbis asked: How is it possible that these and those should be as

living words of God, when one permits and the other prohibits? They

answered that when Moshe ascended to heaven in order to receive the Torah,

he was shown, with respect to each and every matter, forty-nine facets for

prohibition and forty-nine facets for license. He asked Hakadosh Barukh Hu

about this and he was told that the matter would be handed over to the sages

5 of Israel in each and every generation, and it would be resolved as they would

determine. This is correct according to the derash speculation, but at the

mystical plane, there is an arcane explanation.

Source 9: Shemot Rabbah 41:6

ื™ื( ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืืจืฅ ืžื“ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” )ืื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืžื“ื” ืžืฉื” ืืœื ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื”ื• ืžื ื™ ื™ื

Did Moshe learn the whole Torah? It is written โ€œIt is longer than the

land and wider than the seaโ€ (Iyov 11) and Moshe learned it in forty

days?! Rather, Hakadosh Baruch taught Moshe general principles.

Rambam, introduction to his commentary on the Mishna:

Source 10: RAMBAM โ€“ INTRODUCTION TO PERUSH HAMISHNAYOT

a) Halachot passed down by Moshe, with a hint either in the text or

as indicated by svara/logic

ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฉ ืœืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื”ืื•ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืขื“ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืื–, ืคื ื™ื

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, . ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื›ื•ืคืจ

ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื’"ื› ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ )ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’(, ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื

. ืืชืจื•ื’, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื• ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื–ื•ืœืชื•

. ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื’"ื› ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืก

. ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ )ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”(, ื•ืงืฆื•ืชื” ืืช ื›ืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืคืจื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ )ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื(, ื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื—ืœ ืœื–ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•' ื‘ืืฉ ืชื™ืฉืจืฃ, ืฉื–ื• ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”

. ืืœื ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ, ืขื›"ืค

ื™ืกืงืœื•ื”, ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ )ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘(, ื‘ื ืขืจื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉ, ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืžืžืฉื” ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืœื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ

. ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจืื”

ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื”. ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœ .ืคืจื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•

6

ืืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื”ื•ื”ืืกืžื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื. ื•ื›ืฉืชืจืื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช

ืžืืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” . ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืŸ

ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื• ื–ื•ืœืชื, ืขื“

, ื•ืืžืจื•: ืขืฅ ืฉื˜ืขื ืขืฆื• ื•ืคืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืื—ืจ, ืคืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืืœื• ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืื™ืœื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืื—ืจ, ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื.

ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืื‘ืœ ื—ืงืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื– ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื–ื” . ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช

.ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก, ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืช ืื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืœืฉื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•,

. ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”

ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•, ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืชื™ื”. ืจืฆื• ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื”,

, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืืชืจื•ื’, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืื• ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืœื ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ื•, ืฉืืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ ืž

. ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ืื• ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื ื•

b) Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai โ€“ no scriptural or logical basis

ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจืžื– ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, .ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ื ืืžืจ, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™

- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื•,

ื•ืืžืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ืŸ ื ืจืžื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื ื•ื” . ื—ื˜ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืจื” )ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—( ื‘ืคืกื•ืง, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•, ืืจืฅ

ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ืจื”, , ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ืกืžื›ื” ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืžื– ื‘ื›ืœ

. ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•, ืงืจื ืืกืžื›ืชื ื‘ืขืœืžื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื•ื”ื•

ื•ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืš . ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืื ื™ ืื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืืŸืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ืจื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืื•ืชื” , ืืžื™ืชืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™

ืœืคืกื•ืง ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืืกืžื›ืชื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจื ื•. ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• : ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืœืงื—ื•ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื‘"ื”

. .ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื”, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™

.ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืœืฃ, ื•ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื•ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ื“ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื™"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจืชื

7 .ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™

., ื•ืžืกื•ืจื’ืœ, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืก"ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•

According to Rambam, no mahloket exists with regard to any halakha that falls within the first two categories. For example, it has always been universally accepted that the term โ€œperi etz hadarโ€ refers to an trog; this, according to Rambam, is an example of a halakha that falls

within the first category.

c) Halachot derived from application of logic and exegetical principle

ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ืจื ื•, ื•ื ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘. . ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื”ืœื›ื” ื ืงื‘ืœ ื•ืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ืœ ื ืคืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“

ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื ืžื™ืคืœื’ื™, ืื• ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ื˜ืขื ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ืื• ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื•, ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื

. ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•

ืืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื“ืจืš ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืื• ื”ืฉื›ื—ื”, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืืžืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืชื•, ืื•

ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืฉืจื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืขืœืฉื›ื—, ืื• ืœื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื™ ืจื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ - ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืจื‘ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืช

ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืขื™ืงืจื™ื, ื•ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื ,ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ . ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ

ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื ืคืกื“ืช, ื”ื•ื*

ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“. ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืช, ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื• ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื . ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ

ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืืœ ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืกืคืง, ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจ

ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ืื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ )ืฉื

ื ื‘,ื‘(, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื•ืกืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืžื” ืœืืœื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช . ืฉื”ื ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื

The source of the mahloket between the students of Shammai and Hillel

8ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•, ืžืฉืจื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื ืจื‘ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ,

ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืขืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื”ื ืขื•ื˜ื. ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืกื‘ืจืชื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื ืคืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืž

ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ . ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืืœื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ . ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ืจื”. ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”

ืจืคืชื” ืฉืงื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืกื‘ืจืชื ื ื’ื“ ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื•ืฉืžืื™, ื•ื‘ื ื ืคืœื” ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืกื‘ืจืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื•, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืž

. ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื

He dismisses the Geonic view that human forgetfulness resulted in mahlokot about halakhot

that were transmitted by Moshe, since he thinks this view impugns the hakhamim in each

generation who were charged with transmitting the mesorah.

ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช. ืฉืœื ื ื›ืจื™ื— ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืคื ื—ืก. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกืคืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื”

ืžื”ื, ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืœ ื•ืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ืื”ืฉ

. . ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืคืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื”ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืืžืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืงืจ

.ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื•. ื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช

d) Gezeirot/Decrees

ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ืกื™ื™ื’ื”ื ื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ )ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—(, ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืชื™, ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ื•

. ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช. ื”ืงื‘ืœื” )ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›ื.(, ืขืฉื• ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœืžืฉืžืจืชื™

. ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืจ ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื›ื ืื—ืจ . ืœืžื•ื“, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื’ื–ืจ ื›ืš, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืช

ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืŸ

ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื ืืกืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืŸ . ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ

ื’ื–ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ . ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“

ื•ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ . ื•ื›ืฉืชื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื

ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœืืžืจื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืฉืืœื™ื”ื• ื–"ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช

. ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจืŸ ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

9

e) Enactments and Customs

ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื•ืกืคืช

ื•ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื ืชืงื ื•ืช . ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”

ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืข"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื )ืงื”ืœืช ื™(, ื•ืคื•ืจืฅ ื’ื“ืจ ื™ืฉื›ื ื• . ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

. ื ื—ืฉ

Rav Aharon Lichtenstein, in his article Torat Hesed and Torat Emet,

There is a Torah, firm and sharp, its outlines single-mindedly defined, hewn from the rock of

truth and limned in granite, its message emblazoned as meridian sun and lucid as polar night.

And there is a Torah, flexible and subtle, its frontiers boundless and shifting, supple as an

infantโ€™s flesh and luxuriant as an equatorial forest. Torat emet bespeaks unitary truth. It

denotes a definitive and static entity, an impenetrable and impregnable fortress,

impervious to the vicissitudes of time and culture, ante-historical and meta-historical. It is,

in the words of the midrash, identified with that which a person has received from his

masters . . . Hesed, on the other hand, suggests dynamic centrifugal thrust. The term is

associated with expansive hitpashtut, even excess . . . Torat hesed is therefore marked

by vitality and growth, by the opening of new chapters and the breaking of fresh

ground. Perhaps we can apply the images of Torat hesed and Torat emet to the views of

revelation that we have seen. Revelation can be understood as the transmission of a

monolithic, fully formulated truth, and it can also be understood as enabling and

inviting human creativity in the halakhic process. Through the process of Talmud Torah,

we receive the mesorah of previous generations at the same time that we forge new links in

the chain of mesorah. In internalizing the eternal, unchanging truth of the Torah, we also

recognize its vibrancy and the contributions of individual creativity in each generation. In

commemorating the giving of the Aseret Hadibrot on Shavuot, we reenact the moment

of the original revelation, while simultaneously delving into Talmud Torah and

seeking revelation in our own days.

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Addendum Keli Yakar on Devarim Ch. 17

ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ )ื™ื( ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ.

ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื›ื•'. ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ืงื“ืง ื–ื” ืžื“ืœื ืงืืžืจ ืœื ืชืกื•ืžื“ืงืืžืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ืื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš, ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ื–ื•ืœืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืชืงืฉื•

ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ:ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ )ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’ ื‘( ืฉืžื ื™ืืžืจ ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ

ืื“ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืกืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืืš ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ , ื•ืงืฉื” ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขืชื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืžืจื•ืขื” ืื—ื“ )ืงื”ืœืช ื™ื‘ ื™ื( ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืชื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'

ื”ืœื ื”ื“ืจื ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื•ื›ืชื ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืืš ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจื•, ื•ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื ืœื˜ืžืื•, ื•ืื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืคื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื•ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ )ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื– ื(

, ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืจืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื” ืœืคืกื•ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”' ื”ืคืจื• ืชื•ืจืชืš )ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜ ืงื›ื•(, ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื›ื ืื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœืกื‘ืจืช ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”' ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ

ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืื• ื ื“ื—ื• ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ืกื‘ืจื ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืื– ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื˜ื”ืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ื”ืจื• ืžื˜ืขื ืกืžื•ืš ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”' ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื•ืืชืจืข ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืžื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ

ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื˜ื”ืจื• ืืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื˜ื”ืจื• ืกืžื•ืš ืจื•ื‘ืืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจื• ื•ืืชืจืข ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”' ื›ื— ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื˜ื”

. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ื ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื˜ื”ืจื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ )ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’ ื‘( ืขืฉื” ืื•ื–ื ืš ื›ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื•ืงื ื” ืœื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘

ื”ืืžืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืœ ืžืฆื“

ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“:ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืžื” ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืื ื ืคืฉืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœ

ื‘ ื™ื˜ ื•( ื•ืขืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ -)ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ ื“ืขืชื• ื›ืžื•

ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ )ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื— ื˜ื–( ืืžืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื›ื. ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืคื˜ื• ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื›ื, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืื•ืžื“ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ ื›ื ื•ืก ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ืจืข ืœื”ื ื•ืจืข ืœืขื•ืœื )ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘(, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ

ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ: ื•ืื•ืžื“ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ืจืš


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