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• The impact of citizens opinions on Dutch police participation in the deportation of the Jews 1942-1943
Guus Meershoek
Dutch police in 1940
Civilian:
• Cities: Gemeentepolitie • Smaller towns: Gemeenteveldwacht• Villages: Rijksveldwacht
Military:
• Border regions: Koninklijke Marechaussee• Riot police Politietroepen
Jordaan-riot, Amsterdam 1934
German interferences and strategy
• Merging forces into state-police• National recruitment and training centre• Putting reliable Dutch officers at the top
of main forces
• Relying on local, trusted institution (Jewish council, local police forces)
• Territorial scissors movement
Scissors movement in rounding up
Four crucial moments in deportation
August 1942: chiefs of city police in A. and TH offer assistance
October 1942: too much hidden resistance in A. and TH, start rounding up in countryside
February 1943: ordinary policemen refuse after call of conscience archbishop
May 1943: end of almost all assistance
Citizens opinions & impact on police
• Population well-informed, anti-semitism not socially accepted: February-strike, tolerated by local police
• Summer 1942: rumours of mass-murder in Poland
• Local authorities loyal, patrolmen comply• Inner emigration population, covered
resistance in police• February 1943: call of conscience archbishop
Conclusion
• German authorities took the lead• Well-functioning polity stimulates compliance • Police enforced estranged
• Police and population well-informed• Some reports of genocide in summer of 1942
• Population went into inner emigration• Call to conscience came too late