• Particle pollution is linked to adverse health effects
• ~350,000 premature deaths a year within the EU are related to exposure to particulate matter (PM) (WHO, 2006)
• Concentrations levelling off
• National air quality objectives exceeded
Sokhi (2007)
PM10 = Particles <10µm in diameter
EU Objective WHO Objective
• Road transport is major source of atmospheric particles
• Accountable for 70% of the atmospheric particles in London
• Exhaust Emissions (Regulated)
• Non-Exhaust Emissions (Un-Regulated)
Road Surface WearTyre Wear Brake Wear Resuspended Dust
•Non-exhaust source contributions to the total PM10
emissions can range from 30-90%
•The majority of available data is based on simulated driving tests
•Non-exhaust emission contributions are currently underestimated
•Lack of real world data to establish evidence-based policy.
• Identify and quantify non-exhaust emissions within the urban atmosphere
• Improve non-exhaust emission calculations to assist with air quality assessments
• Provide a dataset for non-exhaust sources for use within emissions models
Tunnel Sampling
• Methodology developed at UH• Two sampling stations at the entrance and inside the tunnel• Samples collected every 12 hours for 5 weeks • Two sampling campaigns
Equipment Used
•2 HiVols•2 Partisols•2 DSFUs• Weather St’n•Traffic Monitor
Traffic VolumeParticle
Concentrations
Wind Speed
Tunnel Sampling
PM2.5
Concentrations
Organic Concentratio
ns
Mass Emission Factors
Source Emission Factors
PM10
Concentrations
Coarse
Concentrations
Metal Concentratio
ns
Chemical Analysis
Receptor Modelling
Traffic & Met Data
Traffic & Met Data
•Second phase of the project will provide unique tracers to reduce uncertainties.
• Development of methodology to measure non-exhaust emissions
• A unique and possibly the first UK dataset of this type for source apportionment of non-exhaust sources
• Users include Greater London Authority (GLA) and DEFRA
•Educate the general public regarding air pollution
•Make people aware that emissions not only originate from exhaust pipes
•Create a Facebook group and produce a website, which will provide an information portal
•Promote environmental science in classrooms by visiting schools
• NERC & BOC Foundation (Funding & Facilities)• Institution of Environmental Sciences• Prof. Sokhi, Dr. Mao, Dr. Luhana & Dr. Ravindra• Dr. Ian Bull and Dr. Emma Tomlinson• Sampling Assistants & Douglas Prain• Hatfield Tunnel Authorities & Highways Agency